TOBRINER, J.

The union petitioned for an order compelling the company to arbitrate a pension eligibility grievance, and for appointment of an arbitrator, pursuant to a section of a collective bargaining agreement providing for arbitration of a "disagreement arising within the terms of this Agreement." Finding that the company was engaged in interstate commerce, and purporting to apply federal substantive law, the trial court nevertheless denied the petition. The court concluded that the dispute involved an interpretation of "the rules and regulations of the Pension Fund," which "constitute a written collateral agreement to the collective bargaining agreement that makes it clear that this area of dispute is not a matter for arbitration." We hold that the trial court failed to apply to this issue the required federal standard, which commands a state court to order arbitration unless, after resolving all doubts in favor of that procedure, it can determine "with positive assurance" that the dispute is not covered by the arbitration clause.

Since this case turns upon the legal effect and scope of the arbitration provision of the collective bargaining contract of the union and employer, entered into on May 23, 1960, we set it forth: "In the event of a disagreement arising within the terms of this Agreement [the parties shall first resort to the grievance procedure described, and then] if no agreement is reached at this latter meeting, the parties shall submit the matter to an Arbitrator. . . . This procedure shall apply to all disputes [with inclusions pertaining to discharge and suspension, and exceptions pertaining to management rights]. . . . While a dispute is in the process of discussion and/or arbitration under the terms of this section, there shall be no cessation of work or lockout. . . ."

In this collective bargaining contract the parties agreed that the company would not reduce benefits in the employees' pension fund of the Cudahy Packing Company, effective January 1, 1927, as previously amended and as amended by the collective bargaining negotiations leading to the 1960 contract. The parties expressed their negotiated changes as appendix I, which they made a part of the collective bargaining agreement.

Appendix I provided, inter alia, for "vested pensions" as follows: "An employee who is covered by the Agreement and whose employment is terminated with the Company under circumstances which entitle him to separation pay at the time when he has (A) attained age 55, and (B) completed 25 or more years of credited service will be entitled to a pension upon his attaining age 65. . . ." Section 7 likewise gave to the employee the option of electing a pension or accepting separation pay, provided that he exercised such election in writing within 18 months after termination of his employment.

Under the rules and regulations in effect before the 1960 agreement a pension board administered the pension fund. The board consisted of representatives appointed by the company; the members served so long as they continued in the employ of the company; section VI(g) provided that "The decision of the Pension Board upon any question of fact, interpretation, definition or administration under the plan shall be conclusive and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Pension Board is specifically empowered to determine at its discretion what constitutes continuous service and substantially full time employment hereunder. . . ."

The grievance arose when the company closed its San Diego plant and terminated the employment of one Saunders. Saunders, having been in the company's employment for 25 years, came within six working days of the attainment of the age of 55 years. The union requested "that a pension be paid to Mr. Saunders in accord with the provisions of [the collective] bargaining agreement. . . ."

Specifically the claim stated: "Your records will show that Mr. Saunders has completed more than 26 years of credited service. They will also show that Mr. Saunders was 55 years of age on May 3, 1961, and that he worked at your San Diego location through April 1, 1961, at which time he was paid for three weeks' vacation, pursuant to the Agreement, which paid him through April 21, 1961. Thus at the effective date of his termination — April 21, 1961 — he was but 6 working days short of his having been on the payroll until the age of 55." In these circumstances, the union said, "it is evident that Mr. Saunders . . . has substantially performed the contract. . . ." The sole question of the dispute, according to the union's claim, "is whether the age qualification set out in subparagraph (a) [of section 7 of the appendix to the collective bargaining agreement] has been met."

The company replied that its only "obligation in respect to pensions, as set forth in Section 16 [see fn. 1], is to continue the pension plan of the Company and see to it that pension benefits will not be reduced and eligibility requirements will not be changed, except as indicated in Appendix I [see fn. 2]. . . . The pension program is administered by a pension board of five members who are also the trustees under the pension trust. The pension board, you will observe under subparagraph (g) on page 17 [section VI(g), quoted supra at p. 4] are empowered to make a decision `upon any question of fact, interpretation, definition or administration under the plan' and such decisions shall be conclusive. Sub-section (1) on page 8 [of the rules and regulations] covers the matter of a vested pension. . . . In our opinion, the arbitrator, under the Collective Bargaining Agreement, has the power to determine only whether the Company has or has not carried out its obligations in respect to the pension plan [and] has no power or authority to decide that the pension board should or should not grant a pension in any particular case."

In brief, the employer contends that although disputes arising from the collective bargaining contract are subject to arbitration, this controversy emanates from the pension plan, which is entirely separate from the contract. The union, however, urges that the dispute involves the interpretation of a provision of the collective bargaining contract creating vested pensions, and that the dispute therefore falls under the clause, "a disagreement arising within the terms of this Agreement," contained in the arbitration provision.

We examine the cases to establish (1) that the instant matter must be decided according to the federal standard, (2) that the federal standard requires that a state court order arbitration unless, after resolving all doubts in favor of that procedure, it can determine "with positive assurance" that the arbitration clause does not cover the dispute, and (3) that the federal courts, confronting issues of pension eligibility similar to the instant one, have broadly applied the arbitration provision of the contract to cover the dispute.

[1] Since the activities of the company affect interstate commerce, the issue of arbitrability must be resolved under the substantive federal law fashioned by the federal courts pursuant to the command of section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947. ( 29 U.S.C. § 185(a) (1964).) In Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills (1957) 353 U.S. 448 [1 L.Ed.2d 972, 77 S.Ct. 912], the United States Supreme Court held that in enacting section 301(a), Congress promulgated more than a mere jurisdictional statute; it authorized the federal courts to draw together a body of federal law for the enforcement of collective bargaining agreements within the ambit of congressional power. The court declared that "state law, if compatible with the purpose of § 301, may be resorted to in order to find the rule that will best effectuate the federal policy," but noted that "any state law applied, however, will be absorbed as federal law. . . ." ( Id. at p. 457 [1 L.Ed.2d at p. 981].) In accord with the holding of Lincoln Mills, we said in O'Malley v. Wilshire Oil Co. (1963) 59 Cal.2d 482, 486 [ 30 Cal.Rptr. 452, 381 P.2d 188], that although "state courts exercise concurrent jurisdiction with federal courts [they must], in adjudicating an action which could have been brought in the federal courts under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, apply federal law."

Congress strongly expressed its policy favoring arbitration in section 203(d) of the Labor Management Relations Act: "Final adjustment by a method agreed upon by the parties is declared to be the desirable method for settlement of grievance disputes arising over the application or interpretation of an existing collective-bargaining agreement. . . ." ( 29 U.S.C. § 173(d) (1964); see United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior Gulf Nav. Co. (1960) 363 U.S. 574, 582 [4 L.Ed.2d 1409, 1417, 80 S.Ct. 1347].) Section 301 was reported by the Senate Labor Committee to be aimed at securing "mutual responsibility necessary to vitalize collective bargaining agreements," by prescribing "an effective method of assuring freedom from economic warfare for the term of the agreement." (S. Rep. No. 105, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 16-17; see Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney (1962) 368 U.S. 502, 509 [7 L.Ed.2d 483, 62 S.Ct. 519]; Textile Workers Union v. American Thread Co. (D. Mass. (1953) 113 F. Supp. 137, 141.)

[2] Under federal law, the function of a court in deciding whether a dispute is subject to arbitration "is confined to ascertaining whether the party seeking arbitration is making a claim which on its face is governed by the contract." (Italics added.) ( United Steelworkers of America v. American Mfg. Co. (1960) 363 U.S. 564, 568 [4 L.Ed.2d 1403, 1407, 80 S.Ct. 1343].) "An order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of coverage." (Italics added.) ( United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior Gulf Nav. Co., supra, 363 U.S. 574, 582 [4 L.Ed.2d 1409, at p. 1417].)

The policy bases of the rule are unmistakable: "One cannot reduce all the rules governing a community like an industrial plant to fifteen or even fifty pages. Within the sphere of collective bargaining, the institutional characteristics and the governmental nature of the collective-bargaining process demand a common law of the shop which implements and furnishes the context of the agreement. We must assume that intelligent negotiators acknowledged so plain a need unless they stated a contrary rule in plain words." (Cox, Reflections Upon Labor Arbitration (1959) 72 Harv.L.Rev. 1482, 1499.) "[T]he grievance machinery under a collective bargaining agreement is at the very heart of the system of industrial self-government. Arbitration is the means of solving the unforeseeable by molding a system of private law for all the problems which may arise. . . ." ( United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior Gulf Nav. Co., supra, 363 U.S. 574, 581 [4 L.Ed.2d 1409, at p. 1416].)

Pursuant to the Supreme Court policy that so deeply favors arbitration, a number of federal courts have ordered the arbitration of disputes involving eligibility of employees under pension plans. These courts have broadly applied the arbitration provision of the collective bargaining contract to cover any dispute between the parties even though it originates under a pension plan or analogous fringe benefit. Indeed, in enforcing arbitration provisions in a situation in which the employer closes his plant, these courts have recognized that rights to fringe benefits may survive termination of the employment relationship, and that the effect of the arbitration provision thereby extends beyond even the life of the collective bargaining agreement.

Goodall-Sanford, Inc. v. United Textile Workers (1st Cir. 1956) 233 F.2d 104, presented the issue of the pension eligibility of employees whose termination of employment foreclosed formal fulfillment of the requirements. The collective bargaining contract established continuous employment requirements for eligibility for various fringe benefits, including pensions; the contract gave management the right to terminate employment "where an entire operation has been discontinued." The arbitration clause applied to "any dispute which relates solely to the meaning and application of this Agreement or any individual grievance. . . ." The court held the grievance arbitrable under the provision in the collective bargaining agreement which established the pension benefits.

Butte Miners Union v. Anaconda Co. (D. Mont. 1958) 159 F. Supp. 431, involved the claim of an employee who was retired at age 68 under a mandatory retirement provision of the collective bargaining agreement before his continuous service qualified him for a pension. The union claimed that the company could not force retirement of the employee before he was entitled to a pension. The arbitration clause covered "any grievance or misunderstanding concerning any rule, practice or working condition." "The company refused to submit the dispute to arbitration, taking the position that the terminations were made under the provisions of the pension agreements, and that the pension agreements do not provide for the arbitration of such disputes." ( Id. at p. 432.) The court concluded that the dispute involved an arbitrable grievance, saying, "The arbitration is not sought under the pension agreements, but under the collective bargaining agreements." ( Id. at p. 435.)

Illustrative of the wide scope accorded an arbitration provision even after the closing of a plant is New Bedford Defense Products Div. of Firestone etc. Co. v. Local No. 1113 etc. U.A.W. (D. Mass. 1958) 160 F. Supp. 103. There a collective bargaining agreement afforded vacation benefits to workers employed on a certain date who otherwise met eligibility requirements. The company lost a defense contract and, before the eligibility date, laid off some of its employees, including those who claimed vacation benefits. The arbitration clause covered "any grievance concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement," with listed exceptions for grievances involving wages and hours. Another section excluded from arbitration issues involving "management of the plant and . . . all other functions normally incident to such responsibility." ( Id. at p. 106.) Denying the employer the injunctive relief by which it sought to restrain the union from securing an arbitral award, Judge Wyzanski held the issue arbitrable, despite the fact that the contract provided vacation pay under circumstances which plainly required employment on a date when, in this particular instance, the grievants were not employed. [3] "Issues do not lose their quality of arbitrability because they can be correctly decided only one way." [4] The issue before us must be examined in light of these decisions explaining the federal mandate that under a broad labor arbitration clause any grievance involving, on its face, the terms of a collective bargaining agreement is arbitrable. We list the specific reasons which support the conclusion that the instant dispute is arbitrable.

[5] (1) The instant dispute, on its face, involved the interpretation of a provision of the agreement. The question of the grievant's eligibility for a pension depends upon the interpretation of the term "attained age 55" in section 7 of appendix I. Appendix I sets forth "the changes to be made" in the "Pension Fund Rules and Regulations," and specifies that the appendix "forms a part of the agreement." Section 16 of the agreement, furthermore, expresses the understanding of the parties that the pension benefits will not be reduced and that eligibility requirements will not be changed, "except as indicated in Appendix I of this Agreement." Section 16 independently brings the dispute within the main body of the collective bargaining agreement.

"The function of the court . . . is confined to ascertaining whether the party seeking arbitration is making a claim which on its face is governed by the contract." ( United Steelworkers of America v. American Mfg. Co., supra, 363 U.S. 564, 568 [4 L.Ed.2d 1403, at p. 1407].) Such a prima facie claim under the agreement is presented here.

[6] (2) The inclusion of a "no-strike clause" further indicates that the parties intended an all-inclusive coverage of the arbitration provision. The parties chose an arbitration provision of the type loosely termed a "broad" arbitration provision, in that it applies to "all disputes . . . arising within the terms of this Agreement," with certain listed exceptions, and promises that "there shall be no cessation of work." (P. 2, supra.) The agreement does not merely state that the parties settle specified types of grievances by arbitration; rather it implies that any given grievance is to be subject to arbitration. Because the parties have established the arbitration process, and committed themselves to refrain from strikes or lockouts, that process, at least presumptively, should cover all their disputes.

As the United States Supreme Court has stated, when "an absolute no-strike clause is included in the agreement, then in a very real sense everything that management does is subject to the agreement, for either management is prohibited or limited in the action it takes, or if not, it is protected from interference by strikes." ( United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior Gulf Co., supra, 363 U.S. 574, 583 [4 L.Ed.2d 1409, at pp. 1417-1418]; see also United Steelworkers of America v. American Mfg. Co., supra, 363 U.S. 564, 565, 567 [4 L.Ed.2d 1403, at pp. 1405-1406]; Association of Industrial Scientists v. Shell Development Corp. (9th Cir. 1965) 348 F.2d 385, 387-388, fn. 2; Local Union No. 702 etc. Electrical Workers v. Central Illinois Public Service Co. (7th Cir. 1963) 324 F.2d 920, 921-923; Local No. 30, Pa. Leather Workers Union v. Hyman Brodsky Son Corp. (E.D. Pa. 1964) 243 F. Supp. 728, 729.)

[7] (3) The exceptions listed by the arbitration provision do not include the grievance here presented. The exceptions clause reads: ". . . providing, however, that with the exception of matters relating to suspension or discharge of employees, other prerogatives vested in Management by Section 13 shall not be affected by this clause." Section 13 lists such management rights as "management of the plant and direction of the working forces, including the right to hire, suspend, or discharge for just cause, to assign to jobs, the transfer of employees within the plant, to increase and decrease the working force, to determine the products to be produced or manufactured, the schedule of production and the methods, processes and means of production, and the management of the properties in the traditional manner. . . ." The determination of pension eligibility is not a listed exception.

[8] (4) The agreement indicates that the parties expected negotiated provisions to be interpreted by a mutually agreed upon tribunal. Since the pension provisions of the appendix require interpretation, and since they are benefits no less vital to union members than wages and hours, the appropriate forum for such interpretation would normally be the arbitration board. The parties, and particularly the union, would expect that the content of their agreement would be defined by a tribunal which they have established bilaterally. Because of the requirement of mutual consent to his appointment, the arbitrator is necessarily responsive to the interests of both sides. On the other hand, the pension board is unilaterally established and composed of only employer representatives.

[9] (5) The procedure for determining equivalent benefits should not be bifurcated. If we were to hold that the disputed provision does not fall under the arbitration section, we would create an anomaly whereby eligibility for alternative benefits would be determined by different tribunals. The disputed provision states that "the benefit payable under this Paragraph 7 is to be an alternative to the presently available separation pay. . . ." Since "severance pay" benefits are established by section 21 of the collective bargaining agreement, any issue as to whether an employee qualifies for such pay must clearly come under the arbitration section. In the first instance, the question arises whether "separation pay" is the same as "severance pay." Such an issue, so clearly interrelated with the basic contract, cannot be siphoned off to the pension board for final determination.

Other provisions in the agreement, if disputed by the parties, would present analogous problems of jurisdiction bifurcated between the pension board and arbitration. For example, section 1 of appendix I, another pension-rule-to-be, stipulates that in determining eligibility for pensions,"`continuous service' means continuous service administered under the Vacation provisions of the Agreement between the parties." Although the rules and regulations purport to repose authority in the pension board to interpret "continous service" for purposes of pension eligibility (section VI(g), quoted supra at p. 4), the arbitration clause clearly places in the arbitrator the authority to interpret "continuous service" in any dispute as to vacation provisions. Any dispute involving "continuous service" for pension eligibility must coincidentally be subject to arbitration; it would be highly unfair for one employee's service to be deemed "continuous" so as to entitle him to vacation benefits, while another employee's identical service is deemed noncontinuous for purposes of pension benefits.

Similarly, if confronted with the claims of two identically situated employees, we cannot logically place under the final authority of the pension board the claim of the one who chooses a pension, while holding arbitrable the claim of the other who chooses separation pay. In order to insure uniformity and to assure the application of the same standards to both, each must be provided equal access to the grievance machinery, including, if necessary, arbitration. The pension benefit under dispute is an alternative to separation pay; private adjudication of the scope of these two benefits, therefore, surely should not be bifurcated.

[10] (6) Even under ordinary principles of interpretation of contracts, the arbitration clause should prevail over a repugnant provision included only by indirect reference. (Civ. Code, § 1651) The employer's position depends upon a construction of the collective bargaining agreement whereby the parties are to be deemed to have displaced the direct application to the disputed provision of the arbitration clause, which they wrote themselves, by indirect reference in the introductory paragraph of the appendix to corollary regulations promulgated by the company alone. The instant dispute involves the interpretation of a term in the collective bargaining agreement which is also a rule-and-regulation-to-be. The company would have us turn not to the arbitration provision, where we find a broad presumption of arbitrability of "all disputes," but to the repugnant provision of the existing rules and regulations, which we may reach only through the ambiguous statement in the introductory paragraph of the appendix that all rules and regulations, "except as provided herein," shall remain in effect. We doubt that we should follow so circuitous a route, at odds even with common principles of contract interpretation, to avoid the stated national policy favoring arbitration.

[11] (7) Taken at best, the company's position is no more than that conflicting provisions repose authority in both the arbitrator and the pension board. The disputed provision certainly is a part of the collective bargaining agreement. The company may argue that the provision is also part of the rules and regulations, and thus subject to interpretation by the pension board. But under such circumstances, the command of federal law is clear. "An order to arbitrate should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of arbitration." (Italics added.) ( United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior Gulf Nav. Co., supra, 363 U.S. 574, 582-583 [4 L.Ed.2d 574, at pp. 1417-1418].)

We have set out the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and the federal courts which rest upon a deeply held conviction that arbitration provisions be broadly applied. Because arbitration substitutes for economic warfare the peaceful adjudication of disputes, and because controversy takes on ephemeral shapes and unforeseeable forms, courts do not congeal arbitration provisions into fixed molds but give them dynamic sweep. We follow the command of the United States Supreme Court that "doubts should be resolved in favor of arbitration." Although the issue here is subject to debate, we surely cannot say with "positive assurance" that the arbitration section does not cover the controversy. We interpret the arbitration provision as a viable and valuable means for the resolution of disputes that otherwise might erupt into social harm.

The judgment is reversed.

Traynor, C.J., Peters, J., Mosk, J., Burke, J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.