JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge

Jason Charles Webster, Esq., Webster Law Firm, Houston, TX, Plaintiff–Appellant.

Wade R. Quinn, Ramey, Chandler, Quinn & Zito, P.C., Houston, TX, Arthur Kittredge Smith, Esq., Law Offices of Arthur K. Smith, Allen, TX, for Defendant–Appellee Home Depot Usa, Incorporated.

Wade R. Quinn, Ramey, Chandler, Quinn & Zito, P.C., Houston, TX, for Defendant–Appellee Advantage Sales & Marketing, L.L.C., doing business as Advantage CMN, L.L.C.

Opinion

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

Stephan Bechuck appeals an order dismissing, without prejudice, Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. (“Home Depot”), and Advantage Sales & Marketing, L.L.C. (“ASM”) and requiring that any suits that Bechuck refiles against those parties be brought in the same court. Bechuck contends that the district court lacked jurisdiction to attach the refiling restriction with respect to ASM because Bechuck had already voluntarily dismissed ASM under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i). Bechuck further claims that the dismissal of Home Depot was in error and that the refiling restriction with respect to Home Depot was improper. We agree that the district court lacked jurisdiction to impose the refiling restriction on ASM. We also agree that the court erred in dismissing Home Depot, but the error, being without prejudice, was harmless. Finally, we agree that the imposition of the refiling restriction with respect to Home Depot was an abuse of discretion, so we affirm the judgment as modified to omit that condition.

I.

In July 2014, Bechuck allegedly sustained injuries from a fall caused by a defective chair that was located in the common area of a Home Depot. Two months later, Bechuck sued Home Depot and Ambrose Witkowski, the general manager of the store, in state court. A month after that, Home Depot removed to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, contending that Witkowski had been fraudulently joined. With leave of court, Bechuck filed an amended complaint in November 2014, omitting Witkowski and adding Sales Managers Inc., doing business as Advantage Sales & Marketing, Inc. (“SMI”), as a defendant. Bechuck alleged that SMI was negligent in failing adequately to assemble and inspect the chair before its distribution. After serving SMI, Bechuck learned that ASM, not SMI, was the distributor of the chair; Bechuck therefore filed a second amended complaint with leave of court on January 14, 2015, replacing SMI with ASM as a defendant. ASM was served on January 29, 2015, and its response was due February 19, 2015.

On February 2, the district court held a pretrial conference at which counsel for Bechuck and Home Depot, but not ASM, appeared; the district court announced, without warning, that it was going to dismiss the claim against Home Depot, noting that “Home Depot wouldn't have put [the chair] out there if they had known there was a defect,” that “the defect arose because of the preparation of these other folks,” and that “[y]ou don't sue somebody and then figure out if you have a claim.”

Shortly after the pretrial conference, the court issued a “Partial Dismissal” that stated that “[b]ecause he cannot explain what it did wrong, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., are dismissed with prejudice.” A few hours later, Bechuck filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice against ASM pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i), noting that ASM had not yet filed an answer or motion for summary judgment. Thereafter, the same day, the district court issued a “Final Dismissal” that stated,

1. On his motion, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Advantage Sales & Marketing LLC are dismissed without prejudice.

2. Because he cannot explain what it did wrong, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Home Depot are dismissed with prejudice.

3. If Bechuck sues Advantage for the same cause of action, he must do so before this court.

On February 24, 2015, Bechuck filed a “Motion to Alter, Amend or Vacate the Judgment” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), urging that the district court had erred in sua sponte dismissing his claims against Home Depot with prejudice and in imposing a refiling restriction on his dismissal without prejudice of his claims against ASM. In response, Home Depot deferred to the court's “determination of the merits of Plaintiff's Motion” but advised the court that it was “unopposed to the Court amending the order of dismissal from ‘with prejudice’ to ‘without prejudice.’ ”

On March 18, 2015 the district court entered an order entitled “Corrected Final Dismissal” that stated,

1. On his motion, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Advantage Sales & Marketing

LLC and Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. are dismissed without prejudice.

2. If Bechuck sues Advantage or Home Depot again for the same cause of action, he must do so before this court.

Thus, the corrected order did not affect the dismissal of ASM, but it modified the dismissal of Home Depot from with prejudice to without prejudice, and it extended the refiling restriction to Home Depot as well. The court offered no explanation or opinion with the revised final dismissal.

II.

Bechuck contends that the district court lacked jurisdiction to impose the filing restriction on his voluntary dismissal of the claims against ASM under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i), and he requests that that condition be vacated. ASM responds that the court retained inherent supervisory authority to place the restriction on the dismissal to prevent forum-shopping. Jurisdictional issues related to a Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) dismissal are reviewed de novo.

A.

Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) provides that “the plaintiff may dismiss an action without a court order by filing ... a notice of dismissal before the opposing party serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment.” “Unless the notice or stipulation states otherwise, the dismissal is without prejudice.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 41 (a)(1)(B). “The notice of dismissal is self-effectuating and terminates the case in and of itself; no order or other action of the district court is required.” In re Amerijet Int'l, Inc., 785 F.3d 967, 973 (5th Cir.2015) (per curiam). Indeed,

Rule 41(a)(1) is the shortest and surest route to abort a complaint when it is applicable. So long as plaintiff has not been served with his adversary's answer or motion for summary judgment he need do no more than file a notice of dismissal with the Clerk. That document itself closes the file. There is nothing the defendant can do to fan the ashes of that action into life and the court has no role to play. This is a matter of right running to the plaintiff and may not be extinguished or circumscribed by adversary or court. There is not even a perfunctory order of court closing the file. Its alpha and omega was the doing of the plaintiff alone. He suffers no impairment beyond his fee for filing.

Am. Cyanamid Co. v. McGhee, 317 F.2d 295, 297 (5th Cir.1963); see also Amerijet, 785 F.3d at 973 (affirming Am. Cyanamid ).

Thus, once a plaintiff has moved to dismiss under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i), “the case [i]s effectively terminated.” Williams v. Ezell, 531 F.2d 1261, 1263–64 (5th Cir.1976). “The court ha[s] no power or discretion to deny plaintiffs' right to dismiss or to attach any condition or burden to that right.” Id. “Accordingly, the district court may not attach any conditions to the dismissal.” Amerijet, 785 F.3d at 973.

Nevertheless, “[t]hat the court loses jurisdiction over the litigation does not, however, deprive the district court of its inherent supervisory powers.” Qureshi, 600 F.3d at 525. “It is well established that a federal court may consider collateral issues after an action is no longer pending,” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 395, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990), including “the imposition of costs, attorney's fees, and contempt sanctions, [and] the imposition of a Rule 11 sanction,” id. at 396, 110 S.Ct. 2447. We have added pre-filing injunctions to the list of permissible collateral issues. Qureshi, 600 F.3d at 526. “[T]he reason that these actions survive dismissal is that each ‘requires the determination of a collateral issue: whether the attorney has abused the judicial process, and, if so, what sanction would be appropriate.’ ” Id. at 525 (quoting Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 396, 110 S.Ct. 2447).

B.

There is no dispute that Bechuck terminated the litigation against ASM by filing the Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) notice of dismissal. The issue is whether the district court's inherent supervisory power included the ability to impose the refiling condition. Thus, we must decide whether a condition requiring the plaintiff to refile in the same federal district court is in the same class as the imposition of sanctions, costs, attorney's fees, contempt proceedings, and pre-filing injunctions.

On in its face, the imposition of a pre-filing injunction might be a close analogue to the refiling condition imposed here. Nevertheless, in Qureshi, 600 F.3d at 526, we explained that a pre-filing injunction fit into the class of permissible collateral issues because it “serves the same purpose” as sanctions, costs, attorney's fees, and contempt proceedings, “namely, a sanction against abuse of the judicial process.” Notably, all of the collateral issues that the Supreme Court has permitted to be considered are related to the past—seeking to remedy wrongs that have already been committed. Likewise, the test for pre-filing injunctions does not focus on whether the plaintiff will file a vexatious suit but whether he has filed such suits.

In contrast, Bechuck has not displayed a pattern of past vexatious behavior. This is his first suit against ASM and his first voluntary dismissal. ASM maintains that the refiling restriction was necessary to prevent Bechuck from engaging in future forum-shopping. Yet, because this is his first suit, Bechuck has not yet engaged in any forum-shopping, so is there no history of abuse that renders such a condition appropriate.

Proper collateral issues “are ‘independent proceeding[s] supplemental to the original proceeding and not a request for a modification of the original decree.’ ” Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 395, 110 S.Ct. 2447 (alteration in original) (quoting Sprague v. Ticonic Nat'l Bank, 307 U.S. 161, 170, 59 S.Ct. 777, 83 L.Ed. 1184 (1939)). Court-ordered sanctions should be neither “a consequence” of a voluntary dismissal without prejudice nor a “condition” placed upon such dismissal. Id. at 396–97, 110 S.Ct. 2447. Absent Bechuck's dismissal of ASM, it is unlikely that the court would have had an independent reason to sanction him. Therefore, because there was no behavior to sanction, the refiling limitation appears to be an impermissible condition.

Although forum-shopping is not a trivial concern, “Rule 41(a)(1) essentially permits forum shopping.” Harvey Specialty & Supply, Inc. v. Anson Flowline Equip. Inc., 434 F.3d 320, 324 n. 15 (5th Cir.2005) (discussing Wilson v. City of San Jose, 111 F.3d 688, 694 (9th Cir.1997)). It is not uncommon for plaintiffs to use voluntary dismissal to “secure their preferred forum,” such as when they seek to undo removal and return to state court. Id. “While this may seem distasteful to opposing parties, we have ‘consistently held that Rule 41(a)(1) means what it says ... [and] [d]efendants who desire to prevent plaintiffs from invoking their unfettered right to dismiss actions under Rule 41(a)(1) may do so by taking the simple step of filing an answer.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Carter v. United States, 547 F.2d 258, 259 (5th Cir.1977)).

“[T]he effect of a Rule 41(a)(1) dismissal is to put the plaintiff in a legal position as if he had never brought the first suit.” Yesh Music v. Lakewood Church, 727 F.3d 356, 359 (5th Cir.2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Harvey Specialty & Supply, Inc., 434 F.3d at 324). Therefore, “the plaintiff is free to return to the dismissing court or other courts at a later date with the same claim.” Id. By placing him back into the situation as though he had never brought suit, Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) necessarily allows him to choose his forum anew. Upholding the refiling restriction would not return Bechuck to the same legal position that he occupied before suit.

Such a holding does not mean that there can be no mechanisms to prevent forum-shopping; Additionally, by requiring that a second voluntary dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1) operate as an adjudication on the merits, the federal rules already limit a plaintiff's ability to engage in forum-shopping. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1)(B). Therefore, notwithstanding ASM's forum-shopping concerns, once Bechuck filed his Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) motion, the district court lacked jurisdiction to attach any refiling restrictions.

III.

Bechuck contends that the district court erred by sua sponte dismissing Home Depot as well as by attaching a condition requiring Bechuck to file any other suits against Home Depot in the same court. The order is difficult to understand. In its first order of final dismissal, the district court stated that “[b]ecause he cannot explain what it did wrong, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., are dismissed with prejudice.” That order sounds much like a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Nevertheless, after Bechuck moved the court, under Rule 59(e) to “alter, amend, or vacate” its judgment, the court entered a corrected final dismissal stating, “On his motion, Stephan Bechuck's claims against Advantage Sales & Marketing LLC and Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., are dismissed without prejudice.” Considering that Bechuck's voluntary dismissal of ASM was made under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) and that the dismissal of both Home Depot and ASM occurred in the same pen stroke, it appears that the court likewise was dismissing Home Depot under a related provision—Rule 41(a)(1)(A) or (2).

It is entirely possible (and even likely) that the court actually meant to dismiss Bechuck's claims against Home Depot under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. Nevertheless, this is not what the corrected final dismissal said, and it is that order that binds Bechuck. According to the order, “Bechuck's claims against ... Home Depot” were dismissed “[o]n his motion.” It is conceivable that Bechuck could have made a request to dismiss his claims against Home Depot without prejudice, but a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is an affirmative defense. There is no way that Bechuck could have (or would have) moved to dismiss Home Depot for his own failure to state a claim. Therefore, we cannot construe the revised order as a dismissal for failure to state a claim; instead, we interpret it as falling under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii) or (2).

The glaring problem with a dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii) or (2) is that Bechuck never asked the court to dismiss his claims against Home Depot. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a) (covering plaintiff-requested dismissals). To the contrary, after the sua sponte first order of dismissal, Bechuck contended that dismissing of Home Depot “was unfair and prejudicial” and asked the court to “vacate its order of dismissal with prejudice.” Although the order, no doubt, was mistaken, it still binds the parties, so we must consider its effect. A.

Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii) allows a plaintiff to “dismiss an action without a court order by filing ... a stipulation signed by all parties who have appeared.” In its response to Bechuck's Rule 59(e) motion asking the court to vacate its first order of dismissal, Home Depot “advise[d] the Court that it [wa]s unopposed to the Court amending the order of dismissal from ‘with prejudice’ to ‘without prejudice.’ ” It is possible that the court construed that as acquiescence in a motion for voluntary dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii). If the court dismissed Bechuck's claims against Home Depot under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii), then the analysis regarding the refiling condition would be the same as the analysis with respect to the refiling condition against ASM outlined in Part II above. Once the parties agreed to a voluntary dismissal, the court was deprived of jurisdiction to add a refiling restriction.

B.

Nevertheless, it is not obvious that this is what the district court was doing; possibly it was trying to dismiss Bechuck's claim against Home Depot under Rule 41(a)(2), which allows an action to “be dismissed at the plaintiff's request only by court order, on terms that the court considers proper.” Thus, we also must evaluate the result if the order was made under Rule 41(a)(2), given that we cannot tell which prong of Rule 41(a) the court was using.

1.

“Generally, an order of voluntary dismissal without prejudice entered at the plaintiff's request is not an involuntary adverse judgment.” Mortg. Guar. Ins. Corp. v. Richard Carlyon Co., 904 F.2d 298, 300 (5th Cir.1990). Thus, in the normal course, if a voluntary dismissal was entered under Rule 41(a)(2), the plaintiff would be barred from appealing. “This can easily be understood since the plaintiff has acquired that which he sought, the dismissal of his action and the right to bring a later suit on the same cause of action, without adjudication of the merits.” LeCompte v. Mr. Chip, Inc., 528 F.2d 601, 603 (5th Cir.1976). “An appeal may sometimes be allowed, however, where the court imposes conditions upon a voluntary dismissal.” Mortg. Guar., 904 F.2d at 300. Indeed, we “will permit an appeal if (1) the plaintiff is ‘legally prejudiced’ by the conditions accompanying the grant of dismissal; and (2) the plaintiff has not agreed to or legally acquiesced in those conditions.” Id. (quoting Yoffe v. Keller Indus., Inc., 580 F.2d 126, 130 (5th Cir.1978)).

a.

“Although the district court's order in this case is labeled a ‘dismissal without prejudice,’ at least with respect to determining appealability, we do not believe the order had that effect” because the district court conditioned dismissal on refiling before it. LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 603. In LeCompte, the district court distinguished between conditions attached to dismissal that work “practical” prejudice, such as “paying costs or expenses, producing documents, producing witnesses,” and conditions that work “legal prejudice,” by “severely circumscrib[ing] ... freedom to bring a later suit.” Id. at 603–04. Conditions that create practical prejudice are not appealable, but those that cause legal prejudice are. Id.

The conditions imposed in LeCompte were of the second variety. The court granted the plaintiff's motion for voluntary dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(2) but required: “(1) that any subsequent suit must be filed in the same court; (2) that plaintiff must show extraordinary circumstances to justify reopening the case; and (3) that plaintiff must make an affirmative demonstration to the court's satisfaction that a valid cause of action can be maintained against defendants.” Id. at 602. Although we said the plaintiff was “not totally precluded from bringing a second suit,” because he “must, nevertheless, prove his case preliminarily to the district court before being allowed the right to relitigate,” we held that he was legally prejudiced. Id. at 604.

Obviously, the refiling restriction here is identical to the first condition in LeCompte, creating a strong inference that such a condition is legally prejudicial. We have not had occasion to consider whether a forum-filing restriction by itself is sufficient to constitute prejudice. The only court to do so determined that a filing limitation was not prejudicial, but that case is easily distinguishable. In Versa Prods., Inc. v. Home Depot, USA, Inc., 387 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir.2004) (per curiam), the district court conditioned a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal on a requirement that the plaintiff file any subsequent suit in the Northern District of Georgia, where the first suit had been dismissed. Id. at 1327. Nevertheless, at the time of dismissal the defendant had already obtained a forum non conveniens (“FNC”) transfer between districts. Thus, conditioning the voluntary dismissal on refiling in the new district was necessary to “protect[ ] Home Depot from the unfairness of having to relitigate the issue of the more convenient forum for this dispute.” Id. at 1329. The condition also promoted “judicial economy” by ensuring that a future court would not have to adjudicate another FNC request. Id.

Considering that granting a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal is discretionary and that courts may be hesitant to dismiss if the defendant will be prejudiced, the Eleventh Circuit's decision to uphold the conditions is not surprising. In contrast, there is no FNC motion here, so there is no need to protect Home Depot by imposing a refiling restriction. Likewise, this case is still in its early stages, so there is no need to impose a refiling restriction to promote judicial economy.

As with the plaintiff in LeCompte, to refile Bechuck will have to “come before the same court and affirmatively demonstrate that the case should be reopened.” LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 604. Though there is no explicit requirement, in the dismissal order, that Bechuck convince the court of the worthiness of reopening his case, that is what he will be doing by being required to submit his claims before the same court. The dismissal of Home Depot does not “put the plaintiff in a legal position as if he had never brought the first suit.” Id. at 603. Instead, his ability to refile is “severely circumscribed”; any subsequent suit must be in the Southern District of Texas. Therefore, because the condition attached to Home Depot's dismissal is of the same type as the prohibited conditions in LeCompte, and because there is no need for a refiling restriction to protect an FNC transfer, the dismissal of Home Depot, conditioned on Bechuck's refiling in the same court, was legally prejudicial.

b.

There is no question that Bechuck meets the second prong of the appealability test. See Mortg. Guar., 904 F.2d at 300. He failed to acquiesce in the refiling restriction; instead, he has actively opposed it. He objected to a similar restriction on ASM in the first order of final dismissal and sought appeal after the sua sponte imposition of that condition in the revised final dismissal. Therefore, because the restriction was prejudicial, and because Bechuck has not agreed to it, the dismissal of Bechuck's claims against Home Depot without prejudice is an appealable order.

2.

We review a dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(2) for abuse of discretion. LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 604; Davis, 936 F.2d at 199. The district court abused its discretion by sua sponte dismissing Home Depot and claiming that it was at Bechuck's request and by not giving Bechuck an opportunity to acquiesce in (or alternatively reject) the refiling condition and dismissal without prejudice.

Nevertheless, we conclude that any error that resulted from the Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal itself is harmless because it was without prejudice. As discussed, in cases in which no conditions are imposed on the Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal without prejudice, the plaintiff cannot seek review on appeal because the dismissal “does not qualify as an involuntary adverse judgment.” LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 603. As this reasoning demonstrates, any error from a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal without prejudice (to which no conditions are attached) is negligible: The plaintiff is put “in a legal position as if he had never brought the first suit” and can refile to avoid any harm. Id. Indeed, in the context of failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), when a court sua sponte dismisses a complaint, “if the dismissal was without prejudice,” any error is “ameliorated.” Bazrowx v. Scott, 136 F.3d 1053, 1054 (5th Cir.1998) (per curiam). Likewise, the error in sua sponte ordering the Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal of Home Depot was harmless because it was without prejudice.

C.

We must resolve whether the district court abused its discretion by attaching the refiling restriction to its dismissal of Bechuck's claims against Home Depot. “By its very language 41(a)(2) gives the court power to grant or deny a motion made under the rule and ‘upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper.’ ” “[We] follow the traditional principle that dismissal should be allowed unless the defendant will suffer some plain prejudice other than the mere prospect of a second lawsuit.” Thus, “[t]he purpose of authorizing the court to place conditions on a voluntary dismissal is to prevent unfair prejudice to the other side in the case.”

“In ruling on motions for voluntary dismissals, the district court should impose only those conditions which will alleviate the harm caused to the defendant.” LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 604–05. Typical examples of permissible conditions include payment of costs and attorney's fees. Id. at 603. Other conditions could include “making available to defendant at second suit certain records, producing certain witnesses at trial, and paying one-half cost of defendant bringing in other witnesses.” Id. (describing the holding of Stevenson v. United States, 197 F.Supp. 355 (M.D.Tenn.1961)).

In contrast, a condition limiting the plaintiff's right to refile to the original forum is “not the type usually found in Rule 41(a)(2) dismissals.” Id. Instead of concerns about cost or reproducing discovery, the “only alleged prejudice in this case, upon refiling,” absent the forum limitation imposed by the district court, is that “plaintiffs may gain a tactical advantage.” Am. Nat'l, 931 F.2d at 1412. Yet, “[i]t is no bar to dismissal that plaintiff may obtain some tactical advantage thereby.” LeCompte, 528 F.2d at 604 (quoting Holiday Queen, 489 F.2d at 1032). Indeed, the “fact that a plaintiff may gain a tactical advantage by dismissing its suit without prejudice and refiling in another forum is not sufficient legal prejudice to justify denying a motion for voluntary dismissal.”

If the possibility of tactical advantage does not justify the denial of a voluntary dismissal, likewise the possibility of tactical advantage should not justify the imposition of a refiling condition. In sum, the potential for forum-shopping does not count as legal prejudice. Therefore, any advantage Bechuck might receive from refiling in another forum cannot constitute legal prejudice to Home Depot.

That does not mean that a condition limiting subsequent suit to the original forum is never appropriate. In a situation such as the one in Versa, where a defendant has already been granted an FNC venue transfer, where a plaintiff has a repeated history of vexatious forum-shopping causing significant inconvenience to the defendant, perhaps a refiling restriction would be called for. We need not resolve such questions today.

Apart from forum-shopping, Home Depot has failed to allege any prejudice it will suffer without the refiling restriction. The district court's order of dismissal similarly did not show any justifications for its refiling condition. Absent evidence of legal prejudice to Home Depot from a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal that contains no conditions, we cannot sustain the refiling restriction. To rule otherwise would unnecessarily prevent Bechuck from returning to the legal position he had before the suit. The court abused its discretion in attaching the filing condition to its Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal.

The judgment with respect to the dismissal without prejudice of Home Depot and ASM is AFFIRMED, and the judgment with regard to imposition of conditions restricting refiling against these parties to the Southern District of Texas is AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED to remove those conditions.