Summary
In Beaudin the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that a copyright for a pattern of "black splotches on a white background," similar to the look of Holstein cows, received "thin" protection.
Summary of this case from Harner v. Wong Corp.Opinion
No. 1810, Docket 95-7983.
Argued June 6, 1996.
Decided August 19, 1996.
Louis P. Beaudin, Burlington, Vt., submitted a pro se brief.
Christopher J. McVeigh, Paul, Frank Collins, Inc., Burlington, Vt., for defendant-appellee.
This appeal concerns a claim of copyright infringement of hand-painted artwork on cloth caps, in a design that uses the pattern of the black splotches on a white background seen on Holstein cows. The appeal is brought pro se by Louis P. Beaudin, who appropriately styles himself "Louie The Cowman," from the September 8, 1995, judgment of the District Court for the District of Vermont (J. Garvan Murtha, Chief Judge) dismissing his suit against Ben Jerry's Homemade, Inc. for copyright infringement. Beaudin v. Ben and Jerry's Homemade, Inc., 896 F. Supp. 356 (D.Vt. 1995). We agree with the District Court that no protectable elements of appellant's copyright could reasonably be found to have been infringed and therefore affirm.
Background
Beaudin holds two copyrights for "cow" artwork. In 1988 he obtained a copyright for a fabric design for "Lophdin Jeans," white jeans with black splotches. He calls the product "cow jeans." In 1992, he applied for a copyright on a similar design for use on hats. The Copyright Office initially rejected the application, but approved it after Beaudin acceded to the Office's suggestion to change the description to "artwork on hats." The application characterizes the artwork as "Holstein, Dalmat[ia]n, or Appaloosa spots on hats. However you perceive them." Beaudin hand-paints his "Holstein" patterns on cloth caps, which he calls "cow hats."
In 1990 Beaudin sold Ben Jerry's 12 cow hats for resale at its Montpelier, Vt., store. Thus alerted to the idea of selling caps with Holstein cow patterns, Ben Jerry's contracted with various manufacturers for production of cow hats.
Discussion
The District Court correctly applied basic copyright principles in concluding that no triable issue was raised by Beaudin's claim that his "artwork on hats" copyright was infringed by Ben Jerry's cow hats. The idea of placing Holstein-like black splotches on a white background is not the subject of the copyright, which protects only Beaudin's expression of this idea. See Folio Impressions, Inc. v. Byer California, 937 F.2d 759, 765 (2d Cir. 1991); Herbert Rosenthal Jewelry Corp. v. Honora Jewelry Co., 509 F.2d 64, 65 (2d Cir. 1974). Indeed, it is doubtful whether taking a pattern that appears in nature and rendering it in a variety of minute variations that inevitably result from hand-painting satisfies even the minimal originality requirement of copyright. Protecting Beaudin's particular renderings of black splotches on a white background against identical copying would run the risk of infringement liability for anyone else who happened to see one of his hand-painted articles and, despite having no intent to replicate, in fact created a fabric design that was indistinguishable from the Beaudin "original."
In this case, we need not go so far as to rule that Beaudin has no protectable features in his copyright, nor need we accept Ben Jerry's suggestion that hand-painted expressions of an idea can be infringed only by identical copying. If a copyright protected more than the minimal extent of expression evidenced in Beaudin's copyright, the owner might well have protection against those who copied his works and published substantially similar versions, even though the owner himself rendered his protected expression with the variety of slight variations to be expected in hand-painted items.
As the District Court ruled, however, whatever aspects of Beaudin's expression of his idea merit protection have indisputably not been infringed by Ben Jerry's. Where the quantum of originality is slight and the resulting copyright is "thin," infringement will be established only by very close copying because the majority of the work is unprotectable. See I William F. Patry, Copyright Law and Practice 607, n. 369 (1994). Such close copying has not occurred here. Applying the "ordinary observer" test in the "more discerning" manner appropriate to such cases, see Folio Impressions, 937 F.2d at 766, we agree with Chief Judge Murtha that a reasonable trier could not find substantial similarity between Beaudin's and Ben Jerry's hats. The white background is a minimal feature of Beaudin's hat, but is an extensive feature of the Ben Jerry's versions of the Holstein splotch pattern.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.