BOTSFORD, J.

Adam C. Ponte for the defendant.

Mark B. Johnson, Andover, for the plaintiff.

Lawrence P. Heffernan & Danielle Andrews Long, Boston, for The Abstract Club & another, amici curiae, submitted a brief.

Present: GANTS, C.J., SPINA, CORDY, BOTSFORD, DUFFLY, LENK, & HINES, JJ.

BOTSFORD, J. We consider two questions certified to this court by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (First Circuit). The questions, which arise in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding, concern the power and effect of an affidavit of an attorney executed pursuant to G.L. c. 183, § 5B, in relation to a mortgage containing a defective certificate of acknowledgment. The two questions ask:

“1. May an affidavit executed and recorded pursuant to [G.L. c.] 183, § 5B, attesting to the proper acknowledgment of a recorded mortgage containing a Certificate of Acknowledgment that omits the name of the mortgagor, correct what the parties say is a material defect in the Certificate of Acknowledgment of that mortgage?

“2. May an affidavit executed and recorded pursuant to [G.L. c.] 183, § 5B, attesting to the proper acknowledgment of a recorded mortgage containing a Certificate of Acknowledgment that omits the name of the mortgagor, provide constructive notice of the existence of the mortgage to a bona fide purchaser, either independently or in combination with the mortgage?”

For the reasons that follow, we answer both questions yes, in certain circumstances.

1. Background. By quitclaim deed dated September 29, 1999, Alvaro and Lisa Pereira (collectively, Pereiras) acquired title to the property located at 107 Colonial Drive in New Bedford (property). On October 1, 1999, the deed was recorded with the Southern Bristol County registry of deeds (registry). On December 27, 2005, the Pereiras refinanced the property, granting to Bank of America, N.A. (bank), a mortgage in the principal amount of $240,000. The Pereiras individually initialed the bottom of each page of the mortgage agreement except the signature page, on which the full signature of each appears. Attorney Raymond J. Quintin also signed this page, as witness to the Pereiras' execution of the mortgage. The mortgage agreement contains a certificate of acknowledgment (acknowledgment) on a separate page. The Pereiras individually initialed the acknowledgment page at the bottom, but the acknowledgment itself is blank in the space designated for the names of the persons appearing before the notary public, and the Pereiras' names do not appear elsewhere on the page. Quintin notarized the acknowledgment, affixing his signature and his notary public seal. The mortgage agreement, with the acknowledgment included, was recorded in the registry on December 28, 2005.

On January 19, 2012, Quintin caused to be recorded in the registry an affidavit titled “Attorney's Affidavit, M.G.L. Ch. 183, Sec. 5B ” (attorney's affidavit) that was dated January 11, 2012. The attorney's affidavit states in relevant part:

“I, Raymond J. Quintin, do under oath depose and say that I am a practicing [a]ttorney ...; that I have personal knowledge of the facts stated herein; that they are relevant to the title to land in the property described herein; and that this affidavit will be of benefit to clarify the chain of title; and do hereby under oath depose and say as follows:

“1. On December 27, 2005, I witnessed the execution of a [m]ortgage from Lisa M. Pereira and Alvaro M. Pereira to Bank of America, N.A. in the original principal amount of $240,000.00, for the property located at 107 Colonial Drive, New Bedford.... I subsequently recorded this mortgage at the [registry] on December 28, 2005, in Book 7940, Page 14.

“2. Through inadvertence, the names of the parties executing this mortgage, Lisa M. Pereira and Alvaro M. Pereira, were omitted from the notary clause.

“3. I hereby certify that I witnessed their signatures on said mortgage, that they provided satisfactory evidence of their identity to me, and that they acknowledged that they signed

said mortgage voluntarily.

“Signed under the pains and penalties of perjury this 11th day of January, 2012.

“/s/ Raymond J. Quintin

“Raymond J. Quintin”

Approximately six months later, in July, 2012, Alvaro Pereira (debtor) filed a voluntary petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Massachusetts, Eastern Division (Bankruptcy Court), seeking bankruptcy relief pursuant to Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq. (2012) (Chapter 7). In September, 2012, Debora Casey, the Chapter 7 trustee (trustee), filed an adversary complaint in the bankruptcy action, seeking to avoid the 2005 mortgage granted by the Pereiras to the bank on the ground that the mortgage contained a material defect, namely, the omission of the mortgagors' names from the acknowledgment. On April 16, 2013, the bank filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that any material defect in the mortgage was cured by Quintin's attorney's affidavit. The trustee opposed the motion, and after a hearing, a judge in the Bankruptcy Court granted summary judgment to the trustee, concluding that the material defect in the mortgage—the incomplete acknowledgment—was not cured, and could not be cured, by the attorney's affidavit. Ruling on the bank's appeal, a judge in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (District Court) reversed and granted summary judgment to the bank, based on the judge's determination that Quintin's attorney's affidavit did clarify the chain of title and in substance cured the material defect in the mortgage created by the absence of the mortgagors' names from the acknowledgment. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Casey, 517 B.R. 1 (D.Mass.2014). The trustee appealed to the First Circuit, which concluded that a proper resolution of the appeal turned on undecided issues of Massachusetts law and accordingly certified to this court the two questions previously set out.

2. Discussion. The starting point for both of the First Circuit's questions is that a recorded mortgage, like the Pereiras,' that omits the names of the mortgagors from the mortgage's certificate of acknowledgment contains a material defect. Both questions then focus on whether and, if so, how an attorney's affidavit prepared pursuant to G.L. c. 183, § 5B (§ 5B ), may affect the material defect and the recording of the mortgage. Before turning to the questions, it is useful to summarize certain principles relating to deeds and mortgages that provide context for the questions.

Under Massachusetts law,

“[t]itle to real estate may be transferred by a deed which has not been acknowledged or which contains a certificate showing a defective acknowledgement, and the deed is good against the grantor and his heirs and those having actual notice, G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 183, § 4 ...; but the grantor must acknowledge that he has executed the instrument as his free act and deed, and a certificate reciting that the grantor appeared before the officer making the certificate and made such acknowledgment must be attached to the instrument in order to entitle it to be recorded, G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 183, § 29 ; ... so that notice of the conveyance shall be given to all the world.... The certificate of acknowledgment furnishes formal proof of the authenticity of the execution of the instrument when presented for recording” (citations omitted).

McOuatt v. McOuatt, 320 Mass. 410, 413, 69 N.E.2d 806 (1946). Although mortgages are not specifically mentioned in G.L. c. 183, § 4, referenced in the quoted passage from McOuatt, that statute applies to mortgages, and requires that a mortgage be recorded in the appropriate registry of deeds in order to provide effective notice to anyone beyond the parties to the mortgage transaction and those with actual notice of it. See Tramontozzi v. D'Amicis, 344 Mass. 514, 517, 183 N.E.2d 295 (1962). In other words, unless a mortgage is recorded, it does not provide constructive notice of its existence.

General Laws c. 183, § 29, also referenced in the quoted passage from McOuatt, provides:

“No deed shall be recorded unless a certificate of its acknowledgement or of the proof of its due execution, made as hereinafter provided, is endorsed upon or annexed to it, and such certificate shall be recorded at length with the deed to which it relates....”

The acknowledgment required for proper recording of a mortgage by § 29 need not take any one specific form. See G.L. c. 183, § 42.

The reason for requiring a certificate of acknowledgment to be appended to a deed as a condition of the deed's proper recording is most fundamentally to ensure that public notice of the transfer of title to the land, appearing in the registry's record, is accurate. See Pidge v. Tyler, 4 Mass. 541, 543, 545–546 (1808). See also McOuatt, 320 Mass. at 414–415, 69 N.E.2d 806. This reason applies with equal force to mortgages. See In re Giroux, U.S. Bankr.Ct., No. 08–14708–JWF, slip op. at 12–16, 2009 WL 1458173 (D.Mass. May 21, 2009), aff'd, U.S. Dist. Ct., No. 09–CV–10988–PBS, 2009 WL 3834002 (D.Mass. Nov. 17, 2009).

a. Question 1. The first question asks whether an attorney's affidavit like Quintin's, executed and recorded pursuant to § 5B and attesting to the proper acknowledgment of a recorded mortgage that, as originally executed and recorded, omitted the name of the mortgagor from the acknowledgment and thereby contained a material defect, may correct that omission and thereby the material defect. The trustee argues that the answer to this question must be no. Although she does not dispute the veracity of any of the facts averred in Quintin's attorney's affidavit—i.e., she does not question that Quintin, in fact, did witness the Pereiras' voluntary execution of the mortgage agreement with the bank on December 27, 2005—she contends that the affidavit nonetheless does not and legally cannot cure the defect reflected in the acknowledgment. She advances three reasons in support of her position that we next discuss; we disagree with each of them.

i. “Functus officio. ” The trustee argues that the doctrine or principle of “functus officio” prohibits a public official, including a notary public such as Quintin, from unilaterally recording what essentially constitutes a formal reacknowledgment of the mortgage agreement without the assent of the mortgagors, here the Pereiras. Functus officio is a common-law principle that has been referenced in our cases since at least the early Nineteenth Century. In those early cases, the term appeared to signify that because of identified actions taken by one or more relevant parties, a particular pleading (e.g., a writ) or document with legal significance (e.g., a note or mortgage) was of no further legal effect and could not be the basis of any subsequent legal action. See, e.g., Kidder v. Browne, 63 Mass. 400, 9 Cush. 400, 401–402 (1852) (writ filed by plaintiff after statutory deadline for filing was functus officio); Claflin v. Godfrey, 38 Mass. 1, 21 Pick. 1, 8–9 (1838) (where note or mortgage was paid off, it was functus officio, i.e., no longer operative); Clarke v. Lyman, 27 Mass. 45, 10 Pick. 45, 47–48 (1830) (attachment of property with altered writ of attachment in violation of statute was functus officio). Currently, the principle appears to be used primarily, if not exclusively, in relation to arbitration awards and the power of an arbitrator. In this context, functus officio has been defined as meaning “that an arbitrator is without power to modify his final award except where the controlling statute or the parties authorize modification.” Ciampa v. Chubb Group of Ins. Cos., 26 Mass.App.Ct. 941, 941, 525 N.E.2d 1344 (1988). See Connecticut Valley Sanitary Waste Disposal v. Zielinski, 436 Mass. 263, 268, 763 N.E.2d 1080 (2002). Cf. Eastern Seaboard Constr. Co. v. Gray Constr., Inc., 553 F.3d 1, 4 & n. 2 (1st Cir.2008) (Federal Arbitration Act).

We conclude that the principle of functus officio does not apply here for two reasons. First, as just suggested, it is doubtful the principle continues to be recognized outside the arbitration context. Second, § 5B, by its terms (see note 8, supra ), appears to contemplate that an attorney's affidavit prepared and recorded in accordance with the requirements of that statute, by “clarifying” the chain of title, will necessarily alter at least in some respect that chain of title as it is reflected in the documents previously recorded. In other words, when its requirements are met, § 5B effectively supersedes any continuing common-law functus officio principle in this arena. See, e.g., Coburn v. Palmer, 64 Mass. 273, 10 Cush. 273, 275 (1852) (“the common law remains in force in all the cases in which the statutes have not altered it”).

ii. Curative provisions and effect of § 5B affidavit. The trustee argues the following: the omission of the mortgagor's name in the acknowledgment is a material defect that renders invalid the recording of the mortgage to which the acknowledgment is affixed; a § 5B attorney's affidavit like Quintin's in this case is insufficient to correct such a defect because G.L. c. 184, § 24, prescribes the sole means of curing a defect in an acknowledgment; relief under § 24 was not pursued here, and therefore, the recording of the Pereiras' mortgage remained legally defective at the time the debtor filed his Chapter 7 petition; and accordingly, the trustee, through the exercise of her statutory “strong-arm” powers, see 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(3) (2012), was entitled to avoid the mortgage for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate because the mortgage did not represent a perfected security interest held by the bank.

We disagree with the premise of the trustee's argument that § 24 provides the sole means by which to cure a defect in an acknowledgment of a mortgage; rather, as the Federal District Court judge concluded, § 24 in effect creates a statute of repose to protect the chain of title to real property from attenuated challenges. The ten-year period stated in § 24 simply allows those individuals whose rights have been affected by the purported conveyance to commence a proceeding to vindicate their rights, but once ten years have elapsed, the rights of those parties to challenge the validity of the conveyance are lost. See Opinion of the Justices, 360 Mass. 894, 899, 274 N.E.2d 336 (1971) (describing § 24 as “curative legislation providing for saving periods during which existing rights can be preserved”). See also Nett v. Bellucci, 437 Mass. 630, 639, 774 N.E.2d 130 (2002) (“The purpose of a statute of repose is to give particular types of defendants the benefit of a date certain on which their liability for past conduct will definitively come to an end”). Nothing in the language of § 24 states or implies that it defines the exclusive permissible method of curing any and all defects that may exist in an acknowledgment. Indeed, the Legislature has enacted statutes in addition to § 24 that provide solutions to certain types of problems relating to acknowledgments; in this regard, see G.L. c. 183, §§ 36, 37. We consider § 5B to be another example of such a statute, providing a method to correct certain types of errors that may affect the validity of an acknowledgment that accompanies or is annexed to a recorded deed or mortgage.

The question then becomes, what types of errors relating to a defective acknowledgment may properly be corrected with an attorney's affidavit prepared and recorded under § 5B. The answer derives from the text of § 5B, and in particular, the requirements that (1) facts contained in the affidavit must be based on the personal knowledge of the affiant; and (2) the affidavit include a certification by an attorney that the facts stated are both relevant to the title of specifically identified property and “will be of benefit and assistance in clarifying the chain of title.” The Legislature's choice of the word “clarifying” suggests that the attorney's affidavit must be limited to facts that explain what actually occurred, and are not inconsistent with the substantive facts contained in the original document. See Allen v. Allen, 86 Mass.App.Ct. 295, 299–300, 305–308, 16 N.E.3d 1078 (2014) (facially proper acknowledgment, reflecting grantor signed deed in presence of notary, deemed invalid where evidence established grantor in fact did not execute deed in notary's presence on date stated in deed).

Here, the undisputed facts indicate that the § 5B attorney's affidavit recorded by Quintin was sufficient to correct or cure the defect in the acknowledgment and, in turn, the recording of the mortgage given by the Pereiras to the bank. The defect in the acknowledgment was the omission of the names of the mortgagors; Quintin's attorney's affidavit supplies the missing information and confirms that all the steps necessary to acknowledge the mortgage properly were taken, namely, that the mortgagors, Lisa M. Pereira and Alvaro Pereira, personally appeared before the affiant, Quintin; that Quintin confirmed their identities; that he witnessed them execute the mortgage agreement; and that they did so voluntarily. The affidavit also attests that the omission of the mortgagors' names was inadvertent, and, finally, references the book and page number of the previously recorded mortgage—a step that enables the two documents to be connected, thereby effectuating the intended clarification of the chain of title.

iii. Illegally recorded mortgage. Finally, the trustee argues that because the defect in the certificate of acknowledgment precluded the mortgage to which it was annexed from being legally recorded, see G.L. c. 183, § 29, the mortgage did not and could not enter the chain of title relating to the property. As a consequence, she claims, nothing exists on record to be “clarified” by an attorney's affidavit recorded pursuant to § 5B. See In re Mbazira, U.S. Bankr.Ct., No. 13–16586–WCH, 2015 WL 1543908 (D.Mass. Mar. 31, 2015) (“[I]f a [mortgage] is improvidently recorded due to a defective acknowledgement, the court must honor [G.L. c. 183, § 29,] by adopting a fiction that the [mortgage] is unrecorded and outside the chain of title”). We disagree. As indicated previously, we have accepted the premise on which the First Circuit's questions are based, namely, that the omission of the names of the mortgagors in an acknowledgment is a material defect. It follows that under G.L. c. 183, § 29, the defect should operate to preclude the legal recording of the mortgage. For the reasons previously discussed, however, an attorney's affidavit filed and recorded pursuant to § 5B that supplies the omitted names of the mortgagors, explains the circumstances of the omission, and confirms that in fact the affiant did witness the voluntary execution of the mortgage by the mortgagors on the date stated operates to cure the original defect in the acknowledgment. The curing of the defect in the acknowledgment also cures the defect in the original recording of the mortgage, and the mortgage thereafter is properly considered within the mortgage property's chain of title.

b. Question 2. The second question asks whether an attorney's affidavit, attesting to the proper acknowledgment of a previously recorded mortgage accompanied by an acknowledgment that omitted the name of the mortgagor, may provide constructive notice to a bona fide purchaser of the existence of the mortgage, by itself or in combination with the mortgage.

We answer as follows. As applied to the chain of title to real property, constructive notice arises by operation of law under G.L. c. 183, § 4, in any case where the mortgage is properly recorded. See Allen, 86 Mass.App.Ct. at 298–300, 16 N.E.3d 1078, and cases cited. See also Tramontozzi, 344 Mass. at 517, 183 N.E.2d 295. If a deed or mortgage is recorded without an acknowledgment, it is not properly recorded, see G.L. c. 183, § 29, and does not provide constructive notice. See, e.g., Graves v. Graves, 72 Mass. 391, 6 Gray 391, 392–393 (1856) (“But the instrument of defeasance, not being acknowledged, was improvidently admitted to registration, and the record does not operate as constructive notice of the execution of the assignment of the equity of redemption, as against an attaching creditor of the equity; and therefore the title of the attaching creditor, though subsequent in time, takes precedence of the assignment”). See also McOuatt, 320 Mass. at 413–414, 69 N.E.2d 806. Similarly, a mortgage recorded with an acknowledgment that contains a material defect is not properly recorded and does not provide constructive notice of the mortgage. See id. at 415, 69 N.E.2d 806 (where lack of proof that grantor in fact acknowledged conveyance of property to his wife as his free act and deed, deed was not properly acknowledged; although deed with acknowledgement was recorded, no effect could be given to it). See also Allen, 86 Mass.App.Ct. at 299–300, 16 N.E.3d 1078 (although deed was accompanied by facially correct acknowledgement, where proper acknowledgement never actually occurred, deed not entitled to be recorded).

As our answer to the first question indicates, where, as here, the attorney's affidavit complies with the formal requirements of § 5B, attests to facts that clarify the chain of title by supplying information omitted from the originally recorded acknowledgement, and references the previously recorded mortgage, the affidavit—not by itself but in combination with that mortgage—provides legally adequate constructive notice to a bona fide purchaser or, here, a trustee in bankruptcy. This is so because the prior recording of the mortgage has been remedied and is deemed proper through the curative effect of the affidavit.

3. Conclusion. We respond to the certified questions as follows.

An attorney's affidavit filed pursuant to G.L. c. 183, § 5B, attesting to the proper acknowledgment of a recorded mortgage that has annexed to it an acknowledgment that omitted the mortgagors' names, in certain circumstances (such as those present in this case) may cure the defect in the acknowledgment and, in turn, effectuate a proper recording of the mortgage. Second, in a case in which the § 5B attorney's affidavit does cure the defect in the acknowledgment, the attorney's affidavit, considered in combination with the originally recorded mortgage, provides constructive notice of the existence of the mortgage to a bona fide purchaser; in a case where the attorney's affidavit does not cure the material defect in the acknowledgment, the affidavit, whether alone or in combination with the mortgage, does not provide constructive notice.

The Reporter of Decisions is directed to furnish attested copies of this opinion to the clerk of this court. The clerk in turn will transmit one copy, under the seal of the court, to the clerk of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, as the answer to the questions certified, and will also transmit a copy to each party.