LYNCH, Circuit Judge.

This case raising several different federalism issues arose from a dispute in the courts of Puerto Rico over the sale of a house.

In August 1995, Amparo Fuentes-Gonzalez sued Ramon Badillo-Santiago ("Badillo"), along with Badillo's wife and brother, in the Superior Court of Puerto Rico in connection with a purchase and sale contract for a house. Badillo is the plaintiff and appellant here.

Before trial, Badillo never asserted that his hearing was disabled or that he would require accommodation. The only pre-trial reference to his hearing was in his answer to the complaint. In paragraph 20 of his answer, he stated: "The right to have witnesses and to have [the deed] read aloud was declined, especially by me, since I do not hear well and rely on hearing aids." Trial started on September 2, 1997. On that first day of trial, Badillo's counsel informed the court about Badillo's hearing impairment and asked that he be permitted to sit near witnesses. That request was granted. On the second day of trial, Badillo stated that he had heard very little of a witness's testimony. At that point, the trial judge stated that Badillo's demeanor indicated otherwise, as Badillo had made signs of approval and disapproval of the testimony.

On the third day of trial, defendant Badillo moved for a new trial on the ground that no reasonable accommodation had been provided to him for his hearing impairment, as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. In support of that motion, Badillo submitted a report that had been prepared by a clinical audiologist two days earlier, on September 6. The trial court, which had already accommodated both Badillo's request to sit near witnesses and his request that counsel be required to examine him from the podium, denied the motion. The court did, however, order that Badillo be provided with a chair on wheels that he could move around the courtroom. The court allowed Badillo to move freely around the courtroom in order to hear better and advised him to stand up and inform the court if he could not hear testimony. Badillo claims that he attempted to comply, but that he still could not hear witnesses, and claims that he was humiliated and embarrassed by the conditions. The court ultimately ruled in favor of the plaintiff on the merits and Badillo appealed, inter alia, on the ground that the trial court had failed to provide him with reasonable accommodation for his hearing impairment, which, in turn, prevented him from receiving a fair trial.

While he pursued his claims in the court system of Puerto Rico, Badillo also filed this suit, pro se, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico on August 31, 1998. The suit alleged claims under the ADA and under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of his due process and equal protection rights. Badillo named as defendants the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and numerous heads of Puerto Rico government entities in their official capacities, including the presiding judge of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court and the trial judge who had presided over the civil case against Badillo. Badillo also sued the trial judge in his individual capacity. He sought compensatory and punitive damages and an injunction ordering the defendants to bring the courts of Puerto Rico into compliance with Title II of the ADA.

The defendants in the federal suit filed motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim, which Badillo, still pro se, opposed. On February 11, 1999, the United States successfully moved for leave to appear as amicus curiae to oppose the motion to dismiss. On September 29, 1999, counsel entered an appearance for Badillo. On September 30, 1999, the district court (1) dismissed the ADA claim against the trial judge in his official capacity, (2) dismissed the claim against the trial judge in his individual capacity on grounds of judicial immunity, (3) dismissed the § 1983 claims against all of the individual defendants in their official capacities on the ground that those claims were barred by the Eleventh Amendment, and (4) declined to dismiss Badillo's ADA claims against the Commonwealth and the other individual defendants in their official capacities.

Badillo subsequently sought leave to amend his complaint to add claims under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, arguing that the court should grant him leave to amend because of the difficulties he had faced as a pro se litigant. The district court denied his requests to amend, noting that Badillo had almost a year after the filing of his federal complaint to retain a lawyer. Badillo also asked the court to reconsider its dismissal of the § 1983 claims for injunctive relief against the individual defendants in their official capacities, pointing to Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908). The district court denied these requests as well.

On August 31, 2000, Puerto Rico's intermediate appellate court, the Circuit Court of Appeals, reversed the judgment of the Puerto Rico Superior Court and granted Badillo a new trial, concluding that the accommodation provided by the trial court was not adequate under the ADA. Because the court found that a new trial was necessary, it did not reach several other issues raised by Badillo. The plaintiff in the Commonwealth action, Fuentes-Gonzalez, appealed the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.

In March 2001, the remaining defendants in the federal suit filed new motions to dismiss the Title II ADA claims on Eleventh Amendment grounds. On September 28, 2001, the district court entered judgment dismissing the ADA claims against those defendants on the ground that it had no jurisdiction in light of Puerto Rico's Eleventh Amendment immunity. Badillo-Santiago v. Andreu-Garcia, 167 F. Supp.2d 194 (D.P.R. 2001). Badillo appealed that ruling to this court, and also argued that the district court had erred both in not permitting him to amend to assert a § 504 claim and also in dismissing his Ex parte Young claims for injunctive relief.

We heard oral arguments in the case on September 12, 2002, at which time the parties agreed to stay the appeal pending the outcome of the parallel appeal in the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. On September 30, 2003, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico reversed the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals, finding no violation of Badillo's due process right to a fair trial, and remanded the case to the intermediate appellate court so that it could pass on the remaining issues appealed by Badillo. In analyzing whether the trial court had violated Badillo's procedural due process rights, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico explained that it "need not resort to the obligations imposed by the ADA on public entities, inasmuch as such obligations have been incorporated into the Puerto Rican law system as part of the due process of law." The court explicitly adopted the definition of the procedural due process rights under the U.S. Constitution as it was set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). The court then offered its definition of reasonable accommodation:

We define reasonable accommodation, within the context of the services rendered by the court system, as one that does not involve modification of such magnitude as may fundamentally alter the nature of the service — in this case, the trial on the merits. Reasonable accommodation must guarantee significant access to the benefits, rights, and guarantees that a trial on the merits entails; this, however, should not be mistaken for the creation or addition of substantive benefits different from those provided to persons without disabilities. The purpose of reasonable accommodation is to facilitate the equal and equitable use and enjoyment of recognized services and rights by all users. Thus, we deem unreasonable an accommodation that imposes a disproportionate financial or administrative burden on the court system and on the users.

[T]he determination to provide such an accommodation within the context of a trial requires a thorough consideration of the interests of all the parties affected by the procedure. . . . [I]t is vitally important to also consider the date on which the request for accommodation was submitted, [and] the quality and degree of evidence presented to show the degree and extent of the disability. . . .

The court noted that the audiology report submitted by Badillo indicated that his hearing impairment was partial and that he could hear people up to a distance of four feet if he faced them and resorted to lip reading. Accordingly, the court said, the accommodation provided by the trial court met due process requirements because it conformed to the degree of Badillo's disability.

The parties filed supplemental briefs addressing the effect of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court decision on this federal suit. We advised the parties that we would withhold ruling on this appeal until the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Tennessee v. Lane, 124 S.Ct. 1978 (2004), on the constitutionality of Title II of the ADA insofar as it purported to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity. The parties later provided supplemental briefing on how Lane impacts this appeal.

I.

We review de novo the district court's grant of the defendants' motions to dismiss and may affirm on any independently sufficient ground.Willhauck v. Halpin, 953 F.2d 689, 704 (1st Cir. 1991). The district court dismissed Badillo's Title II ADA claims against the Commonwealth and its officials in their official capacities on Eleventh Amendment grounds, concluding that Congress did not validly abrogate the Commonwealth's sovereign immunity to such claims. 167 F. Supp.2d at 198-201. That ruling, on these facts, turned out to be contrary to Tennessee v. Lane, 124 S.Ct. 1978 (2004), in which the Supreme Court held that Congress did validly abrogate states' sovereign immunity to certain constitutionally-based claims under Title II of the ADA, on an as-applied basis. Id. at 1994.

In Lane, the Court held that Title II of the ADA enforces a number of constitutional rights and that a history of unconstitutional disability discrimination supported Congress's enactment of prophylactic legislation. Id. at 1988-92 (applying the first two parts of the three-part analysis of Fourteenth Amendment legislation created by City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)). Considering next whether Title II is an appropriate response to the history and pattern of unequal treatment of individuals with disabilities, the Court declined to "examine the broad range of Title II's applications all at once" and instead concluded that the only question before it was "whether Congress had the power under § 5 to enforce the constitutional right of access to the courts." Id. at 1992-93. The Court held that Title II's "requirement of program accessibility . . . is congruent and proportional to its object of enforcing the right of access to the courts" as it requires only "'reasonable modifications' that would not fundamentally alter the nature of the service provided" and does not require states to "undertake measures that would impose an undue financial or administrative burden."Id. at 1993-94. The court thus concluded that Title II, "as it applies to the class of cases implicating the fundamental right of access to the courts," is a valid exercise of Congress's authority under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Here, at least one of Badillo's federal claims implicates his right of access to the courts and thus falls within the holding of Lane, and so is not barred by the Eleventh Amendment. That is his claim that during his trial he was denied due process because there was no reasonable accommodation of his hearing impairment.

It does not follow, though, that Badillo is now entitled to go forward in federal court and try to establish the merits of that claim. Given the decision of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, this case now presents a potential and separate bar to federal court jurisdiction under theRooker-Feldman doctrine (and/or the issue preclusion doctrine). TheRooker-Feldman doctrine provides that the district courts lack jurisdiction over any action that is effectively or substantially an appeal from a state court's judgment. See Wilson v. Shumway, 264 F.3d 120, 125 (1st Cir. 2001); Hill v. Town of Conway, 193 F.3d 33, 34-35 (1st Cir. 1999). Rooker-Feldman applies to state or territorial court judgments to which the federal courts would accord preclusive effect,Cruz v. Melecio, 204 F.3d 14, 21 n. 5 (1st Cir. 2000), and the federal courts "can ascribe no greater preclusive force to a state court judgment than would the courts of that state," id. at 21.

The law of Puerto Rico accords preclusive effect only to judgments that are "final and unappealable," id. at 20, so "a commonwealth court judgment cannot be accorded preclusive effect until all available appeals have been exhausted (or the time for taking them has expired)," id. When the district court issued its decision dismissing Badillo's ADA claims on September 28, 2001, Badillo's case in the Commonwealth courts was still pending review by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Accordingly, the lack of finality of judgment in the case at that time prevented theRooker-Feldman doctrine from coming into play. Because Puerto Rico's highest court has since issued a final judgment, and because the claims in this federal suit appear to be the functional equivalent of an appeal from that judgment, we remand the case to the district court so that it can address whether it has jurisdiction under Rooker- Feldman. For the same reasons, if the district court determines that it does have jurisdiction over the suit, then it should address the res judicata and issue preclusion effects (if any) of the judgment by the Commonwealth's highest court.

We remand because the issue whether the federal suit is barred is not straightforward, nor has it adequately been briefed to this court by the parties. Indeed, the Commonwealth has not raised Rooker-Feldman, but we are obliged to do so because the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional. Maymo-Melendez v. Alvarez-Ramirez, 364 F.3d 27, 33 n. 7 (1st Cir. 2004) (the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional).

It is true that the Commonwealth officer defendants were not nominally parties in the state court proceedings. Cf. Perez-Guzman v. Gracia, 346 F.3d 229, 238 n. 5 (1st Cir. 2003) (cautioning thatRooker-Feldman may not apply where there is no identity of parties under Puerto Rico law). It is equally true that the Puerto Rico Supreme Court has adjudicated the merits of Badillo's denial of due process claim and has done so under federal due process standards and has articulated a reasonable accommodation standard essentially equivalent to the Lane standard. We thus reject Badillo's argument that the standard used by the Puerto Rico Supreme Court was different from the ADA standard. We also reject Badillo's argument that the Puerto Rico Supreme Court's analysis was affected by its allocation of the burden of proof as to the reasonableness of an accommodation. Nothing about the outcome reached by the Puerto Rico Supreme Court turned on who had what burden of proof.

Although we remand, we caution Badillo about whether it is worth continuing his suit. Whether or not the decision of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico precludes him from having the lower federal courts adjudicate his claim, Badillo should be aware that the merits of his claim have been thoughtfully received and were found to be wanting.

II.

Badillo also appeals from the dismissal of his claims under § 1983 against Commonwealth officials. The only place where this might make a difference is in his request that the defendants be enjoined to prepare a plan to secure compliance with the ADA and educate the public.

It is not clear if Badillo intends this as an independent claim or whether he wishes to pursue it at all. If, on remand, he pursues the claim, then a number of issues must be resolved: whether such a claim is stated under the ADA, whether Badillo has standing, whether the Eleventh Amendment and Lane foreclose such a claim, and others. These issues may be addressed initially in the district court.

III.

This leaves only Badillo's appeal from the district court's refusal to allow him to amend his complaint to add claims under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. We review the district court's denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion and pay deference "to any adequate reason for the denial." Acosta-Mestre v. Hilton Int'l of P.R., Inc., 156 F.3d 49, 51 (1st Cir. 1998). We affirm.

Badillo filed this case on August 31, 1998. Before the end of 1998, the defendants had filed several motions to dismiss. Yet Badillo waited until September 1999 to retain counsel (counsel made his first appearance on September 29, 1999), and he did not file the motion to amend until October 22, 1999 — almost one month after the court had ruled on the defendants' motions to dismiss and more than a full year after the filing of the complaint. Under those circumstances, it was within the district court's discretion to deny the belated motion to amend. See Hayes v. New England Millwork Distribs., Inc., 602 F.2d 15, 20 (1st Cir. 1979) (undue delay can be a basis for denial of leave to amend).

IV.

The judgment of the district court dismissing the ADA claim is vacated, the denial of the motion to amend to add a § 504 claim is affirmed, and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. No costs are awarded.