[40] J. SKELLY WRIGHT, Chief Judge, concurring in the result:

I agree that the judgment of the District Court must be affirmed for the reasons that this case is not ripe for judicial review and the District Court is without jurisdiction. I write separately, however, to voice my disagreement with the majority's analysis of the District Court's jurisdiction and its characterization of the procedural rules being followed by the Commission in this ongoing rulemaking proceeding.

I

The issue presented for review on this appeal is whether the District Court erred in dismissing these collateral actions seeking interlocutory judicial review of procedures governing an ongoing Federal Trade Commission trade regulation rulemaking proceeding. The alleged basis for pursuing this unusual interlocutory judicial intrusion is that the FTC's rulemaking procedure involves "clear violations of law by the FTC which cannot be effectively remedied upon ultimate review of any trade regulation rule that may be forthcoming." For the reasons stated herein I see no clear error of law requiring a judicial intrusion of this kind.

II

This children's advertising rulemaking proceeding is being conducted by the Commission pursuant to the authority of Section 18 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 57a (1976), which empowers the Commission to promulgate trade regulation rules, i. e., "rules which define with specificity acts or practices which are unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section [5(a)(1) of the FTC Act])." 15 U.S.C. § 57a(a)(1)(B). It was initiated by the Commission upon consideration of petitions for rulemaking filed by Action for Children's Television (ACT) on April 6, 1977, and by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) on April 26, 1977. 43 Fed.Reg. 17968 (1978). The petitions cited evidence indicating that large numbers of television advertisements for sugared products are seen by children each year, that young children — particularly preschoolers — have limited ability to recognize "selling intent" in advertisements, that commercial television messages have "believability" for children, and that television advertisements for sugared products tend to promote unbalanced, over-sugared diets which have led to pandemic levels of tooth decay in this country. The petitions argued that television advertising of sugared products directed to children is unfair and deceptive in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act and deleterious to the children's health. 43 Fed.Reg. at 17968-17969.

After considering a report by its staff based on an initial investigation of the allegations of the petitions, the Commission voted to commence a rulemaking proceeding under Section 18 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 57a. Accordingly, it issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, together with a set of procedural rules to govern the proceeding. 43 Fed.Reg. 17967-17972 (1978).

The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking explained that "[b]ecause the Commission has found that the public interest requires expeditious procedures for the [proposed rulemaking], it has determined, pursuant to 16 CFR 1.20, to employ the procedures set forth in this notice for this proceeding." 43 Fed.Reg. at 17968. Under the Notice the rulemaking began with a period for submission of written comments and proposed testimony for delivery at a legislative-type hearing. Following the written submissions the Notice contemplated a legislative hearing — which was in fact conducted — at which the statements would be delivered and the witnesses could be questioned by the presiding officer. Id. at 17968, 17970. Although no cross-examination of witnesses by other participants was permitted at the legislative hearings, interested persons could submit written questions to the presiding officer, who could ask them of the witnesses. Id.

Following the legislative hearing, interested persons will be afforded an opportunity to propose, based upon the rulemaking record, "disputed issues of fact that are material and necessary to resolve [by cross-examination] within the meaning of Section 18 of the FTC Act." Id. at 17971. If the Commission finds that there are such issues it will hold a second hearing, at which cross-examination of relevant witnesses and written rebuttal submissions on those issues will be allowed. Id. Following the hearings the Commission staff and the presiding officer will issue reports and recommendations as to the form of a final rule, id., post-record comments may be filed, id., and the Commission will proceed to consider the rule.

Section D(2)(e) of the Notice, id., announced that the following procedure would pertain to both the legislative and disputed issues hearings:

e. Other information relevant to the rule. Any person who seeks to present information[,] either orally or in writing, shall also present any studies or surveys in the possession, custody or control of the person or the organization he represents or is otherwise compensated by in connection with this proceeding which support, contradict or otherwise pertain to the person's presentation. This need not include information submitted by any other person or information which is publicly available.

Since publication of the Notice, and indeed after the decision of the District Court in this case, the Commission revised Section D(2)(e). As a result of one of the changes, for example, the presiding officer at the hearings may accord in camera treatment to materials claimed to contain trade secrets or other confidential information. See 44 Fed.Reg. 3495, 3496 (1979).

Also applicable to the children's advertising rulemaking was the Commission's rule, promulgated in 1977, disallowing ex parte communications to the Commissioners and their personal staffs by persons outside the FTC, but not similar communications by the FTC staff. See 16 C.F.R. § 1.18(c) (1979). The proscription on ex parte contacts applies after commencement of any trade regulation rulemaking proceeding.

III A

Undeterred by the District Court's dismissal of their complaint, appellants attack the Commission's procedural rules in this ongoing children's advertising rulemaking proceeding. Appellants raise three issues purportedly demonstrating "clear violations of law by the FTC which cannot be effectively remedied upon ultimate review of any trade regulation rule that may be forthcoming." Their first allegation is that the rules of practice announced in the notice of proposed rulemaking have a "substantial impact" upon rights guaranteed them under Section 18 — particularly cross-examination rights — and thus notice and comment under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701- 706 (1976), was required before the rules could be used in these proceedings. Appellants also argue that Section (D)(2)(e), requiring submission of all pertinent studies and surveys, exceeds the Commission's authority and violates their statutory and constitutional rights to participate in the rulemaking. Finally, appellants allege that the FTC's 1975 rule governing ex parte contacts, to the extent it permits intra-agency communications between FTC staff and the Commissioners, violates the due process clause and the statutory requirement that rulemaking be based on the record.

In light of the special judicial review provisions contained in Section 18, it would appear that the District Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the claims presented here by appellants; thus this court would have no subject matter jurisdiction with respect to interlocutory review. The District Court pretermitted this jurisdictional issue, probably because lack of ripeness was so obvious.

B

Section 18 provides that judicial review of a trade regulation rule lies exclusively in a proper Court of Appeals after the administrative proceeding is concluded. The court shall set aside the rule if it determines that the rule is not supported by substantial evidence in the record or that

a Commission rule or ruling under subsection (c) of this section limiting the petitioner's cross-examination or rebuttal submissions,

has precluded disclosure of disputed material facts * * *.

15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(3)(B)(ii) (emphasis added). The statute further provides:

(C) A determination, rule, or ruling of the Commission described in paragraph (3)(B)(i) or (ii) may be reviewed only in a proceeding under this subsection and only in accordance with paragraph (3)(B). * * *[]

Among other things, paragraph (3)(B) requires the reviewing court to "tak[e] due account of the rule of prejudicial error * * *." And, according to the APA, the way to determine prejudicial error is on the record taken as a whole. 5 U.S.C. § 706.

In Section 18 Congress also specifically provides that a Court of Appeals, upon the filing of a petition for review of a final trade regulation rule, should conduct judicial review in accordance with the provisions of the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706, as well as the more specific review provisions of Section 18(e). The reviewing court must determine whether the final rule resulted from agency action which was "without observance of procedure required by law," id. § 706(2)(D), "in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations," id. § 706(2)(C), or "contrary to constitutional right," id. § 706(2)(B). If the court finds that the agency action falls within one or more of the above categories, and that such action was not harmless error, 15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(3), the court shall set aside the trade regulation rule and remand to the agency for corrective action.

All of appellants' claims appear to be cognizable and remediable under this statutory procedure for review of a final trade regulation rule. To the extent that appellants' notice and comment claim turns on the alleged impact of the procedural rules on cross-examination and rebuttal rights, it is a challenge to "Commission rule[s] * * limiting * * * cross-examination or rebuttal submissions," 15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(3)(B)(ii), which may be reviewed only in accordance with the very specific judicial review provisions of Section 18. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(5)(C). Pursuant to Section 18(e)(3), 15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(3), which incorporates the judicial review provisions of 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)-(D), a Court of Appeals, upon review of a final trade regulation rule, could consider and remedy appellants' grievances, to wit: that the FTC unlawfully failed to comply with the notice and comment provisions of the APA, an alleged violation of 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(D); that the FTC exceeded its authority in issuing Section (D)(2)(e), an alleged violation of id. § 706(2)(C); and that Section (D)(2)(e) and the ex parte communications rule violate the FTC Act, see id. § 706(2)(A), (C), and the Constitution, see id. § 706(2)(B).

Rather than awaiting final agency action and pursuing the statutorily prescribed method of review, appellants rushed to the District Court in an effort to obtain a nonstatutory, interlocutory remedy. Although appellants relied on the saving clause of Section 18 as giving the District Court, and in turn this court, jurisdiction over their claims, I believe the District Court was without subject matter jurisdiction. As this court stated in Nader v. Volpe, 151 U.S.App.D.C. 90, 95, 466 F.2d 261, 266 (D.C. Cir. 1972):

[W]hen Congress has specified a procedure for judicial review of administrative action, courts will not make nonstatutory remedies available without a showing of patent violation of agency authority or manifest infringement of substantial rights irremediable by the statutorily-prescribed method of review * * *.

(Footnotes omitted.) Accordingly, appellants could properly resort to nonstatutory remedies under the saving clause only if they could show that the Commission's actions were patently ultra vires or patently violated substantial rights in a manner not remediable upon Section 18 review. See id., 151 U.S.App.D.C. at 100, 466 F.2d at 271.

The District Court determined that the rules governing the children's advertising rulemaking proceeding and the Commission's actions in establishing them were not patently ultra vires. In this regard the court relied in part on the Supreme Court's teaching that an agency's interpretation of its own statute should be accorded "great deference" by the judiciary. Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16, 85 S.Ct. 792, 13 L.Ed.2d 616 (1965).

As to appellants' allegations that these procedural rules "clearly violated" constitutional and statutory rights, the District Court, having assumed the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, correctly concluded that the claims were not ripe for judicial resolution. In dismissing the case the court relied heavily on and quoted the following classic formulation of the ripeness doctrine from Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148-149, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967):

Without undertaking to survey the intricacies of the ripeness doctrine it is fair to say that its basic rationale is to prevent the courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract disagreements over administrative policies, and also to protect the agencies from judicial interference until an administrative decision has been formalized and its effects felt in a concrete way by the challenging parties. * *

(Emphasis added; footnote omitted.)

IV

Appellants' claims on this appeal must be examined with reference to two benchmarks — whether the Commission's actions were patently inconsistent with its statutory authority, and whether the rules applicable to the children's advertising rulemaking proceeding clearly violate substantial statutory or constitutional rights in a manner beyond the capability of a Court of Appeals to repair upon review of any final trade regulation rule. See Nader v. Volpe, supra, 151 U.S.App.D.C. at 95, 101, 466 F.2d at 266, 272; see also Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, supra, 387 U.S. at 152, 87 S.Ct. at 1507.

A

Appellants attack these procedural rules as invalid because they are in some respects different from the set of procedural rules issued for rulemaking under Section 18 in 1975 and were not subjected to notice and comment rulemaking under the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 553(b) (1976). Thus appellants would have the Commission provide a Section 553(b) notice and comment proceeding for the children's advertising rulemaking procedural rules before undertaking the Section 553(b) notice and comment proceeding required to consider the proposed Section 18 substantive rules. As the District Court held, this contention is without merit. Section 553(b) of the APA by its terms does not apply to procedural rules except where required by the statute they are implementing. The Federal Trade Commission Act has no such requirement.

Despite the fact that no statute expressly requires these procedural rules to be subjected to notice and comment, appellants argue that compliance with Section 553(b) of the APA is necessary here because these procedural rules will "have a substantial impact on the rights and obligations of parties who intend to participate in the proceeding." Assuming the continued vitality of the "substantial impact" test, I, in agreement with the District Court, conclude that the test does not avail appellants in this case. Appellants have failed to demonstrate that the rules governing the children's advertising proceedings are likely to substantially restrict their rights or increase their obligations with respect to participation in this Section 18 rulemaking. Moreover, to the extent that the rules as applied may ultimately affect appellants' participatory rights, their remedy lies in a challenge to the final trade regulation rule, as specifically directed by Congress. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(e)(3)(B).

When it published the initial notice of proposed rulemaking under Section 18 in this case, the Commission published the new procedural rules and stated that expeditious procedures were in the public interest because health issues were involved. 43 Fed.Reg. at 17968. In so doing the Commission invoked its authority under 16 C.F.R. § 1.20 (1978) — a 1975 rule which had been subjected to notice and comment before promulgation:

§ 1.20 Expeditious procedure.

Any or all of the procedures established in this subpart may be dispensed with by the Commission, to the extent that they are not otherwise required by law, when it finds, for good cause, that such procedures are impractical, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest. In that case the Commission shall publish with the rule or amendment a brief statement of its reasons for dispensing with any such procedures.

(Emphasis added.) The Commission was aware that the children's advertising rulemaking, considering the public interest and the special interests involved, might be almost interminable, as indeed is proving to be the case, unless some change was made in the 1975 rules. So the children's advertising rules are "experimental" procedural rules designed "to avoid unnecessary costs or delay." 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2). See 43 Fed.Reg. at 17968. And provided those rules appear consistent with applicable law, 16 C.F.R. § 1.20 (1979), appellants are not entitled to judicial review at this juncture.

A proper reading of the language and legislative history of Section 18 clearly indicates that the format of the children's advertising proceedings is consistent with the congressional mandate. The bifurcation of the statutory "informal hearing" into a first stage "legislative hearing" and a second stage "disputed issues hearing" not only basically follows the 1975 rules, but parallels subsections (c)(1)(A) and (c)(1)(B) of Section 18 as well. During the legislative hearing interested persons may present their positions orally as well as in writing, consistent with subsection (c)(1)(A). Cross-examination of persons presenting information is not required at this stage because statutory cross-examination rights do not attach until and unless the Commission designates "disputed issues of material fact." The designation will occur after the legislative hearing, and rebuttal and cross-examination on those disputed issues will occur in the second stage hearing, satisfying subsection (c)(1)(B).

While the FTC concedes that this procedure differs marginally from that under the 1975 rules, appellants exaggerate the degree of difference. Under the 1975 rules the FTC would publish an initial notice of proposed rulemaking, inviting interested persons to submit written comments on the rule and to propose disputed issues of fact. 16 C.F.R. § 1.11 (1979). After evaluating only these written submissions the Commission would designated the issues which it determined to be disputed, and it would publish the designated issues in the final notice of proposed rulemaking. Id. § 1.12. An informal hearing, including oral presentations in addition to rebuttal and cross-examination, would then be held to resolve the designated disputed issues. Id. §§ 1.12, 1.13. Thus the principal difference between the 1975 procedure and the children's advertising procedure is that under the latter the designation of disputed issues is deferred until after oral presentations at a legislative hearing. Under both procedural formats rebuttal and cross-examination occur only after disputed issues are designated and must pertain to those issues.

To the extent that the legislative hearing, after notice and comment under the children's advertising rules, better enables the parties to suggest, discuss, and hopefully to agree on some issues, and the Commission to designate, only issues which are in fact "disputed," thereby eliminating unnecessary cross-examination, this bifurcated hearing comports more than the 1975 rules with the congressional mandate "to avoid unnecessary costs or delay" in the rulemaking proceedings. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2).

This bifurcated hearing procedure has no "substantial impact" on participants' rights to cross-examination. Actually, it allows the parties greater participation in determining the really disputed issues of fact to be reserved for cross-examination. Moreover, Congress granted parties only qualified cross-examination rights, not trial-type cross-examination. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2), (3). Parties have a "right" to cross-examination only on disputed issues of material fact, only after the Commission designates such issues, and only if the Commission determines that cross-examination (rather than rebuttal) is both appropriate and required for resolution of the disputed issues. Even after satisfying these hurdles the parties themselves do not necessarily put their own questions to the witnesses. The statute provides that the Commission or the Administrative Law Judge may decide to cross-examine witnesses on behalf of the interested parties. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2).

Appellants also criticize the Commission's definition of "disputed issues of material fact," which under Section 18 give rise to cross-examination rights, that is contained in the initial notice of the children's advertising rulemaking. The FTC statute provides for cross-examination on "disputed issues of material fact it is necessary to resolve." The notice of rulemaking provides that persons may propose "disputed issues of fact that are material and necessary to resolve within the meaning of Section 18 * * *." It then goes on to explain that persons should propose only issues of "specific or adjudicative, in contrast to legislative, fact," and only "crucial issues about which a bona fide dispute * * exists * * *." Appellants focus on a distinction between "material" and "crucial" facts in alleging that the notice's definition will sharply crucial the scope of, and thus appellants' ability to participate in, the disputed issues hearing. But the plain language of the statute is that a "disputed fact" must be both material and "necessary to resolve." The Commission's use of the word "crucial" obviously does not contradict or substantially alter the statutory standard of "necessary to resolve." This "crucial" controversy is nothing more than lawyers' nitpicking. To suggest that it provides a basis for a judicial intrusion into an ongoing agency rulemaking proceeding is pure reaching for a result prohibited by Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 98 S.Ct. 1197, 55 L.Ed.2d 460 (1978), and a legion of cases stemming from Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 58 S.Ct. 459, 82 L.Ed. 638 (1938).

B

Appellants also contest the applicability of the Commission's 1977 rule, 16 C.F.R. § 1.18(c) (1979), governing communications to Commissioners after the commencement of rulemaking proceedings. Rule 1.18(c) provides that members of the public may not communicate with Commissioners or their personal staffs except as provided in the rules concerning public participation in the proceedings. If any prohibited ex parte communication occurs the Commissioner or staff member must make public the form and content of the communication.

Unlike the Commission rule governing ex parte communications during adjudicative proceedings, 16 C.F.R. § 4.7 (1979), Rule 1.18(c) in terms does not prohibit communications between the FTC staff and the Commissioners and their personal staffs during the course of rulemaking proceedings. Appellants urge that Rule 4.7, rather than Rule 1.18(c), should apply to this Section 18 rulemaking because it is "a proceeding in which facts will be adjudicated" and the FTC staff "has wedded its allegiance to one side of the dispute * * *." Appellants point to the possibility that the FTC staff might "secretly * * * plead their convictions" before individual Commissioners, thus irreparably biasing the decisionmakers and rendering invalid any final trade regulation rule.

Any attempt to characterize the children's advertising proceedings as an "adjudication" or "adversarial process" completely disregards the congressional mandate in Section 18 requiring informal rulemaking. 15 U.S.C. § 57a(b), (c). Moreover, the District Court correctly perceived that the law in this circuit is unsettled with regard to the propriety of various types of intra-agency communications that might occur during the course of a rulemaking. Since the nature of the contacts which may occur between the FTC staff and the Commissioners during this rulemaking is a matter of speculation, and since a court could not now determine whether any such communications would constitute prejudicial error, this claim is clearly unripe for review. Staff recommendations and other information which the Commission considers relevant to any final trade regulation rule will be included in the rulemaking record, and thus appellants' claims may be adequately considered by a Court of Appeals upon review of a final rule. Having shown neither a patent violation of agency authority nor a manifest infringement of substantial rights irremediable by the statutory method of review, appellants were not entitled to relief from the District Court.

C

Finally, appellants argue that Section (D)(2)(e) of the children's advertising rules, requiring participants to submit all studies and surveys in their possession that pertain to their presentations at the hearings, burdens their allegedly "unconditional right" under Section 18 and the First Amendment to present written and oral comments at the rulemaking proceedings.

It flies in the face of reason to suggest that Congress intended Section 18 to grant a rulemaking participant the unqualified right to suppress relevant documents and studies in its possession while making a possibly biased and inaccurate presentation to the Commission, perhaps using other favorable documents and studies which it had prepared for the occasion, when that body is exercising legislative powers delegated to it by Congress. Indeed, the legislative history suggests the contrary:

Participation of any interested person in an oral hearing would be subject to rules and rulings which the Commission is authorized to make to avoid unnecessary costs or delay. This would assure that oral presentations and cross-examination could not be used as devices to interfere with the Commission's effective use of rulemaking.[]

The Commission issued Section (D)(2)(e) pursuant to its congressional mandate "to avoid unnecessary costs or delay." 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2). Obviously, it assists the Commission and the parties in identifying the "disputed issues of material fact" to be reserved for cross-examination, the purpose of which is to cut through to the heart of the matter to find the truth.

The question then is whether the existence of Section (D)(2)(e) is likely to subject parties wishing to participate in this rulemaking to obligations substantially different from those already applicable under the FTC Act. Section 18 subjects all participants to cross-examination by both the Commission and other participants in order to assure a full and fair presentation of relevant facts. Section (D)(2)(e) is designed to achieve the same end. It is hoped that participants will voluntarily comply with the rule's provisions in furtherance of the public interest in efficient and responsible rulemaking. However, if participants choose not to comply, then the Commission will achieve that end, albeit less efficiently, through means of enforcement that are within its recognized authority. To the extent Section (D)(2)(e) is enforced by subpoena, participants are subject to the FTC's usual statutory subpoena power. And to the extent other consequences may be attached to noncompliance with its requirements, Section (D)(2)(e) accords with this court's prior rulings that agencies may rely on measures other than subpoenas when parties withhold information uniquely within their control. Thus I think the apparent effect of Section (D)(2)(e) simply consists of obligations now extant, and appellants' claims of illegality are, at best, purely conjectural.

Appellants also see a First Amendment problem with Section (D)(2)(e) in that it somehow inhibits their right to participate in the rulemaking proceeding. The point is so trivial and so lacking in merit that the District Court did not even address it. In any event, appellants may not participate in the rulemaking on their own terms. Unless they can show that the Commission's terms are unlawful under the First Amendment or otherwise, they become the price for participation. Certainly appellants have not here shown Section (D)(2)(e) to be so obviously unlawful as to justify interlocutory judicial review in the middle of the administrative proceedings.

As the District Court held, appellants' claims are not ripe for judicial resolution in any court, regardless of whether the focus is on the substantive merits of the rule or on the "substantial impact" which allegedly makes procedural rules "substantive" for purposes of APA notice and comment. In addition, the Commission's revision of Section (D)(2)(e) while this appeal was pending indicates that the District Court did not err in finding that the rules lacked finality. Indeed, the Section (D)(2)(e) revision may well have rendered this aspect of the case moot.

V

Congress in Section 18 set the substantive rules for this proceeding. The rules being employed by the Commission in the children's advertising proceeding are, as Judge Gesell held, clearly rules of procedure. In their effort to disrupt and frustrate the Commission's proceeding, appellants have mischaracterized both the general nature and the specific nature of participants' rights under Section 18. Congress never intended that persons interested in an FTC rulemaking proceeding could present only information that suited their own purpose; participants have always been subject by statute to cross-examination and subpoena, and by prior court decision to other measures designed to achieve a balanced consideration of facts. Congress never intended that participants in informal rulemaking under Section 18 would have the type of wide-ranging cross-examination rights afforded parties in formal adjudication; participants were authorized to cross-examine witnesses only on designated disputed issues and only when the Commission considered that procedure to be both appropriate and necessary.

The Supreme Court made this observation in Vermont Yankee, supra, 435 U.S. at 524, 98 S.Ct. at 1202:

[T]his Court has for more than four decades emphasized that the formulation of procedures [in rulemaking proceedings] was basically to be left within the discretion of the agencies to which Congress had confided the responsibility for substantive judgments. * * *

The Court has also lectured us, again and again, that an agency's interpretation of its own statute should be accorded "great deference" by the judiciary. Udall v. Tallman, supra, 380 U.S. at 16, 85 S.Ct. 792, 13 L.Ed.2d 616. If there is one thing the Congress made clear in passing the legislation we interpret today, as did a unanimous Supreme Court in Vermont Yankee, it is that courts should allow agencies breathing room to comply with the congressional mandate to work their will within the law, to experiment and to innovate in the public interest in an effort, among other things, to relieve the three constitutional branches of some of the more mundane chores of government. Courts should at least wait until the agency, particularly one experimenting with and interpreting a new statute, has exercised its responsibility under law before subjecting it to judicial judgment. Disrupting an ongoing administrative process is not done with grace, even by judges. It is a tactic of delay and frustration which Congress has outlawed in this case. See 15 U.S.C. § 57a(c)(2), (e)(5)(C); Nader v. Volpe, supra.