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Andrews v. Department of Human Resources

United States District Court, D. Nevada
Oct 6, 2008
3:07-CV-00336-LRH-RAM (D. Nev. Oct. 6, 2008)

Summary

finding that three months was too remote in time

Summary of this case from Bement v. Cox

Opinion

3:07-CV-00336-LRH-RAM.

October 6, 2008


ORDER


Presently before the court is Defendants State of Nevada, Department of Human Resources, Michael Willden, and Vicki Pratt's Motion for Summary Judgment (#25). Plaintiff Angela Andrews has filed an opposition (#28) to which Defendants replied (#36).

Refers to the court's docket number.

I. Facts and Procedural History

This is a civil action brought for alleged violations of the Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA"), 29 U.S.C. § 2611 et seq. At all relevant times to this case, Plaintiff was employed with the State of Nevada, Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Welfare and Support Services, as a Family Services Specialist. Family Services Specialists handle cases involving a variety of welfare programs, including food stamps, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ("TANF"), and many others. The cases involving TANF are the most time-consuming, as they are more complex and require more extensive interviewing and paperwork. Until July of 2007, Plaintiff worked in the Winnemucca, Nevada office.

In November of 2004, Plaintiff was diagnosed with a serious medical illness. On March 28, 2005, as a result of her illness, Plaintiff requested intermittent leave under the FMLA. Defendants granted the intermittent leave. In 2005, Plaintiff took four days off of work pursuant to the FMLA intermittent leave. In 2006, Plaintiff took an additional forty-six days off of work pursuant to the FMLA intermittent leave. In 2007, she took an additional eighteen days off of work pursuant to the FMLA intermittent leave.

Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiff has a serious medical illness.

On July 24, 2006, Plaintiff requested leave under the FMLA due to her father's heart surgery. Defendants granted the leave, and Plaintiff was away from work from July 20, 2006, through August 4, 2006. In July of 2007, Plaintiff again requested leave under the FMLA to care for her father. Defendants granted her request, and Plaintiff was on leave from July 16, 2007, through August 6, 2007.

In addition to the above-described leave, in 2005, Plaintiff used 137.5 hours of sick leave. In 2006, she used 364.25 hours of sick leave, and in 2007, she used 245 hours of sick leave.

At the end of March and into early April of 2006, Plaintiff took a week of vacation. Plaintiff briefly returned to work from April 3 until April 6. At that time she again left work, taking three weeks of FMLA leave. When Plaintiff began her FMLA leave in April of 2006, Plaintiff's supervisor, Defendant Vicki Pratt ("Pratt"), asked Plaintiff to provide a doctor's note verifying that medical leave was needed. Because Pratt was unsure whether FMLA leave required a doctor's note, she told Plaintiff that she would find out and get back to her. In the meantime, Plaintiff requested and received a note from her doctor. The next day, Pratt informed Plaintiff that a doctor's note was not necessary.

On April 26, 2006, Pratt issued Plaintiff a "negative case review." The negative review arose out of a client's complaint that Plaintiff had not met a processing deadline in her case. Before going on vacation in March of 2006, Plaintiff informed Pratt that she would not meet the deadline in the case. Pratt instructed Plaintiff to meet the deadline before leaving for vacation. Plaintiff had hoped that Pratt would do the work to meet the deadline for Plaintiff and went on vacation without meeting the deadline. The client then complained, and Pratt subsequently gave Plaintiff a negative evaluation for her handling of the case.

When Plaintiff returned from her FMLA leave in late April of 2006, she requested additional time to conduct interviews. Pratt perceived Plaintiff's request as a request for a special accommodation relating to a medical disability. As a result, Pratt notified the Personnel Officer, who then sent Plaintiff an "Essential Functions Questionnaire." Plaintiff did not complete the questionnaire and made no further requests for additional time to conduct interviews.

In May of 2006, Plaintiff filed a discrimination complaint with the State of Nevada. The complaint alleged that Pratt retaliated and discriminated against Plaintiff for using FMLA leave. After conducting an investigation, the State concluded that Plaintiff's claims could not be substantiated.

On August 8, 2006, Plaintiff requested that the Division transfer her to the Carson City, Nevada, office so that she could be closer to her ailing father. The Division denied her request because the person who interviewed Plaintiff for the position concluded that Plaintiff was not a "team player." However, in July of 2007, the Division did transfer Plaintiff to the Carson City office.

In September of 2006, one of the three Family Services Specialists in the Winnemucca office resigned, and the Division decided not to fill that position. In October of 2006, Pratt retired. Plaintiff applied for Pratt's position, but was not selected. Instead, Defendants did not fill Pratt's position and had Jeanine Trujillo ("Trujillo"), the Ely office supervisor, supervise the Winnemucca office from the Ely office. In August of 2007, Trujillo denied Plaintiff's request for annual leave because Plaintiff was not current on her workload. Trujillo later approved Plaintiff's request for leave.

II. Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate only when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In assessing a motion for summary judgment, the evidence, together with all inferences that can reasonably be drawn therefrom, must be read in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); County of Tuolumne v. Sonora Cmty. Hosp., 236 F.3d 1148, 1154 (9th Cir. 2001).

The moving party bears the burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, along with evidence showing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). On those issues for which it bears the burden of proof, the moving party must make a showing that is "sufficient for the court to hold that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party." Calderone v. United States, 799 F.2d 254, 259 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Idema v. Dreamworks, Inc., 162 F. Supp. 2d 1129, 1141 (C.D. Cal. 2001).

In order to successfully rebut a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must point to facts supported by the record which demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact. Reese v. Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d 736 (9th Cir. 2000). A "material fact" is a fact "that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, summary judgment is not appropriate. See v. Durang, 711 F.2d 141, 143 (9th Cir. 1983). A dispute regarding a material fact is considered genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's position will be insufficient to establish a genuine dispute; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff. See id. at 252.

III. Discussion

Plaintiff's complaint alleges the following six causes of action: (1) interference with the exercise of her FMLA rights; (2) deprivation of her rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; (3) deprivation of her due process rights under the Nevada State Constitution; (4) violation of her rights under Chapter 284 of the Nevada Revised Statutes; (5) intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (6) declaratory relief. The court will address the relevant alleged violations below. A. Interference with the Exercise of FMLA Rights

In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants fail to address Plaintiff's fourth and sixth claims for relief. While it is questionable whether Count Six states a claim upon which relief can be granted, because Defendants fail to address the claims, both claims survive the motion for summary judgment.

Both parties appear to confuse the appropriate cause of action under the FMLA and mistakenly argue that Plaintiff has asserted a retaliation claim. The FMLA provides for the following three separate causes of action: (1) interference; (2) retaliation; and (3) discrimination. The Ninth Circuit has made clear that complaints alleging adverse employment actions taken against employees because they have used FMLA leave should be construed as claims of interference, not retaliation or discrimination. See Bachelder v. American West Airlines, Inc., 259 F.3d 1112, 1124 (9th Cir. 2001).
Here, Plaintiff alleges an interference claim. Count One does not allege that Defendants retaliated against Plaintiff for complaining about the unlawful leave policies. Instead, Count One states that Defendants retaliated against Plaintiff for taking FMLA leave. As a result, the court treats Count One as an interference claim.

The FMLA provides that an eligible employee shall be entitled to twelve workweeks of leave during any twelve-month period due to the birth of a child, adoption, to care for the spouse, son, daughter, or parent of the employee, or because of a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the function of his or her position. 29 U.S.C. § 2612.

Defendants do not dispute that Plaintiff is an eligible employee with a serious health condition.

Plaintiff first alleges that Defendants interfered with the exercise of her FMLA rights. It is unlawful for an employer to "interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise, any right provided under the FMLA." 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1). Section 2615(a)(1) prohibits an employer from using FMLA-protected leave as a negative factor in an employment decision. Bachelder v. American West Airlines, Inc., 259 F.3d 1112, 1124 (9th Cir. 2001). To prevail on an interference claim, a plaintiff "need only prove by a preponderance of the evidence that her taking of FMLA-protected leaves constituted a negative factor in [an adverse employment decision]." Id. at 1125.

Defendants argue that they did not consider Plaintiff's taking of FMLA leave as a negative factor in an employment decision. Plaintiff counters that Defendants did use her taking of FMLA leave as a negative factor in several employment decisions. Specifically, she argues that after she used FMLA leave, Defendants did the following: (1) assigned her to a disproportionate number of complex cases; (2) refused to give her adequate time to interview clients; (3) revealed to co-workers her medical condition; (4) denied her requested leave; (5) denied her request to transfer to another office; (6) denied her application for a promotion; and (7) issued a negative performance evaluation. The court will discuss each of these incidents below.

1. Assignment to Complex Cases

Plaintiff asserts that in 2003 and in April of 2007, as a result of her taking FMLA leave, Defendants assigned her a disproportionate number of complex cases. The assignment of cases in 2003 occurred before Plaintiff applied for FMLA leave. Therefore, the 2003 assignments are not causally related to her taking FMLA leave.

With regard to the assignment of complex cases in April of 2007, Plaintiff admits that Defendants assigned her the cases because her co-worker could not handle the cases correctly and Plaintiff had the ability to handle the cases. (Mot. for Summ. J. (# 28), Ex. 1 at 86-89.) At the time, Plaintiff and the co-worker were the only caseworkers in the Winnemucca office. This indicates that Defendants had a legitimate reason, unrelated to Plaintiff's taking of FMLA leave, to assign Plaintiff the complex cases. Plaintiff has failed to provide any evidence rebutting or calling into question Defendants' justification

Further, Defendants assigned the cases in April of 2007, several months after Plaintiff used just one day of FMLA leave in January of 2007, and a year after Plaintiff began using FMLA leave in April of 2006. Temporal proximity alone is generally insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact on the issue of causation. Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001). To present sufficient evidence of causality, the temporal proximity must be "very close." Id. (citing cases finding that a three or four month period was insufficient to prove causation). Here, at least three months lapsed between Plaintiff's use of one day of FMLA leave and the assignment of complex cases. Moreover, nearly a year lapsed between Plaintiff using a significant number of FMLA-leave days and the assignment of complex cases.

Because of the lack of temporal proximity and any other evidence indicating that Defendants assigned the cases because Plaintiff took FMLA leave, the court finds that Defendants have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the causal relationship between the assignment of complex cases and Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave. As a causal connection is an essential element of Plaintiff's interference claim, and one for which Plaintiff carries the burden of proof, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on these grounds.

2. Refusal to Provide Additional Time to Conduct Interviews

Plaintiff next asserts that, as a result of her taking FMLA leave, Defendants refused to provide her with the additional time needed to conduct interviews. On May 12, 2006, Plaintiff emailed Defendant Pratt, stating that since returning from her FMLA leave, she had not been able to complete her work as quickly and that her concentration had suffered. As a result, Plaintiff requested additional time to conduct her interviews. Defendant Pratt interpreted the email as a request for a special accommodation due to a disability. Defendant Pratt therefore ensured that Plaintiff received a Special Accommodations Questionnaire, which would help the Department determine whether and to what extent special accommodations were necessary. Upon receiving the questionnaire, Plaintiff denied wanting a special accommodation and made no further requests for additional interview time.

The evidence does not indicate that Defendants in fact denied Plaintiff's request for additional time to conduct interviews. Instead, they took the appropriate steps to comply with law and see that Plaintiff's needs were met. Plaintiff denied needing assistance. Defendants have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether Defendants denied Plaintiff's request for additional interview time. To succeed on her claim, Plaintiff must who that Defendants used FMLA leave as a negative factor in an employment decision. Here, there was no employment decision because Defendants did not deny Plaintiff additional interview time. Thus, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

3. Disclosure of Medical Condition to Co-Workers

Plaintiff also states that Defendant Pratt wrongfully disclosed information about her medical condition. Specifically, Plaintiff points to an incident when Defendant Pratt had the receptionist mail Plaintiff's doctor's note back to Plaintiff. The court agrees with Defendants that as a matter of law, returning a doctor's note is not the type of adverse employment action against which the FMLA is intended to protected employees. Thus, Defendant Pratt did not use FMLA leave as a negative factor in an employment decision. As a result, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

4. Denial of Leave

Plaintiff next argues that as a result of her taking FMLA leave, Defendants denied her annual leave. In August of 2007, Plaintiff requested annual leave. Her supervisor denied the request because Plaintiff was behind on her work. The FMLA does not entitle an employee to additional benefits to which the employee would not otherwise have been entitled. 29 U.S.C. § 2614. Defendants have provided a legitimate reason for the denial of annual leave, and Plaintiff has offered no evidence rebutting this showing. Defendants have thereby demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the denial of annual leave was causally related to Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave. As a result, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

5. Denial of Transfer

In August of 2006, Plaintiff requested a transfer to the Carson City office. Barbara Taylor ("Taylor"), the supervisor of the Carson City office, interviewed Plaintiff for the position. Based on this interview, Taylor concluded that Plaintiff should not transfer to the Carson City office because Plaintiff was not a team player. Taylor came to this conclusion after asking Plaintiff what she would do if she received a case containing errors from another worker. Plaintiff stated that, if she had a good relationship with the other worker, she would discuss the errors. This concerned Taylor because she felt that a professional would not let her emotions or opinions interfere with assisting other team members. When she denied Plaintiff's request to transfer, Taylor did not know that Plaintiff had used or requested FMLA leave.

Because Taylor was solely responsible for the decision to transfer Plaintiff and because she had no knowledge of Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave, Defendants have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the causal connection between Plaintiff's FMLA-protected rights and the denial of her transfer. Plaintiff has failed to point to additional evidence indicating a causal link between the two. As a result, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

6. Denial of Promotion

When Defendant Pratt retired in October of 2006, Plaintiff applied to fill her position as the supervisor of the Winnemucca office. However, because the Winnemucca office had been reduced to only three employees, the Department decided not to fill Defendant Pratt's position. Instead, the Department had the supervisor of the Elko office supervise the Winnemucca office. Plaintiff states that Defendants sought a supervisor for the Winnemucca office after Plaintiff transferred to the Carson City office in December of 2007. Defendants deny ever seeking a supervisor to replace Defendant Pratt at the Winnemucca office.

Defendants have provided a legitimate reason, unrelated to Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave, for denying Plaintiff the promotion. Even if Defendants sought a supervisor for the Winnemucca office in December of 2007, the temporal proximity between Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave and December of 2007 is too remote to establish a causal connection. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to rebut Defendant's evidence and bring forth evidence demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the denial of her promotion was causally related to her use of FMLA leave. As a result, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

7. Negative Evaluation

Finally, Plaintiff asserts that she received a negative evaluation because she took FMLA leave. On April 26, 2006, Defendant Pratt issued Plaintiff a "negative case review." The negative review arose out of a client's complaint that Plaintiff had not met a processing deadline in her case. Before going on vacation in March of 2006, Plaintiff informed Pratt that she would not meet the deadline in the case. Pratt instructed Plaintiff to meet the deadline before leaving for vacation. Plaintiff had hoped that Pratt would do the work to meet the deadline for Plaintiff and went on vacation without meeting the deadline. The client then complained, and Pratt subsequently gave Plaintiff a negative evaluation for her handling of the case. Plaintiff admits that Pratt handled the situation properly.

While undeserved negative employment evaluations may qualify as adverse employment actions, Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 928 (9th Cir. 2000) (emphasis added), the use of FMLA leave does not insulate Plaintiff from employment actions to which she otherwise would have been subject. Plaintiff has failed to provide evidence indicating that Defendants were motivated by her use of FMLA leave in issuing the negative evaluation. Instead, the evidence indicates that Plaintiff's failure to complete her work arose out of her use of vacation time, rather than FMLA leave. Thus, Defendants have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the causal relationship between Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave and the negative evaluation. As a result, Plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment on this basis.

8. FMLA Conclusion

Defendants have demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning the causal connection between the above-cited actions and Plaintiff's use of FMLA leave. As a result, summary judgment as to Plaintiff's FMLA interference claim is appropriate.

B. Due Process Violations

Plaintiffs second and third claims for relief allege that Defendants denied her the right to due process of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and under the Nevada Constitution, respectively. However, in her Opposition to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff does not address the alleged constitutional violations. To successfully rebut a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must point to specific evidence indicating that there is a genuine issue of material fact. Reese, 208 F.3d at 738. Here, Plaintiff has pointed to no such evidence. As a result, summary judgment on Plaintiff's constitutional claims is appropriate.

C. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

Plaintiff's fifth claim for relief alleges intentional infliction of emotional distress. To establish a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must show the following: (1) the defendant engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct with either the intention of, or reckless regard for, causing emotional distress; (2) she suffered severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual or proximate causation. Star v. Rabello, 625 P.2d 90, 92 (Nev. 1981) (citing Cervantes v. J.C. Penney, Inc., 595 P.2d 975 (Cal. 1979)). Extreme and outrageous conduct "is that which is `outside all possible bounds of decency' and is regarded as `utterly intolerable in a civilized community.'" Maduike v. Agency Rent-A-Car, 953 P.2d 24, 26 (Nev. 1998) (citations omitted).

In this case, Defendants argue that none of the alleged conduct rises to the level of extreme and outrageous conduct. Further, they argue that Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that she suffered "severe emotional distress" caused by Defendants' conduct. In opposition, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Pratt knew that stress aggravated her medical condition, and that Defendant Pratt intentionally engaged in conduct that increased Plaintiff's stress and thereby aggravate her medical condition.

The court finds that Plaintiff has failed to present evidence demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she suffered severe emotional distress as a result of Defendants' conduct. Plaintiff presents no evidence of medical or psychiatric harm arising out of the alleged incidents. Moreover, neither Plaintiff's complaint nor her opposition appear to allege that she suffered from severe emotional distress. In her opposition, Plaintiff states that "the doctor's note indicated that stress required [her] to take time from work to manage her illness." (Opp'n to Mot. for Summ. J. (# 28) at 10.) However, the note from Dr. Scully does not state that Plaintiff suffered from stress. As a matter of law, Plaintiff has not demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she suffered severe emotional distress. Summary judgment is therefore appropriate.

IV. Conclusion

Defendants have shown that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Plaintiff's FMLA interference, constitutional, and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims. The court will therefore grant the motion for summary judgment as requested in this order. Because Defendants have failed to address Plaintiff's state employment law claim and Plaintiff's request for declaratory relief, these claims will survive the motion for summary judgment. However, because all federal claims have been dismissed, the court will not retain supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state employment law claim and request for declaratory relief.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (#25) is hereby GRANTED as reflected in this order.

The court declines to retain supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state employment law claim and request for declaratory relief.

The Court Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.


Summaries of

Andrews v. Department of Human Resources

United States District Court, D. Nevada
Oct 6, 2008
3:07-CV-00336-LRH-RAM (D. Nev. Oct. 6, 2008)

finding that three months was too remote in time

Summary of this case from Bement v. Cox
Case details for

Andrews v. Department of Human Resources

Case Details

Full title:ANGELA ANDREWS Plaintiff, v. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES, STATE OF…

Court:United States District Court, D. Nevada

Date published: Oct 6, 2008

Citations

3:07-CV-00336-LRH-RAM (D. Nev. Oct. 6, 2008)

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