OPINION

Slaughter, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which Keller, P.J., Keasler, Hervey, Richardson, Yeary, and Walker, JJ., joined.

This case involves Appellant Ruben Lee Allen's facial challenge to the constitutionality of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 102.011, subsections (a)(3) and (b). That statute assesses court costs against a convicted defendant to recoup law-enforcement expenses incurred in serving and summoning witnesses for the defendant's prosecution. The statute is silent with respect to where the funds are directed once received by the district clerk. Appellant argues that because Article 102.011 does not direct the collected fees toward a specific account to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes, the statute operates as an impermissible tax on criminal defendants rather than as a permissible court cost, thereby violating the separation of powers provision in the Texas Constitution. As support for his argument, Appellant relies on this Court's precedent in Peraza v. State and Salinas v. State.

On direct appeal, in its opinion on rehearing, the First Court of Appeals rejected Appellant's facial challenge to the statute. It acknowledged that the statute does not contain any language expressly directing that the collected fees be used for a legitimate criminal justice purpose. But, the court found that because the summoning witness/mileage fee was imposed to reimburse an expense directly incurred by the State in the prosecution of this particular case, it was "unquestionably for a legitimate criminal justice purpose," which renders it a constitutional court cost, as opposed to an impermissible tax. We agree and affirm.

I. Background Facts and Procedural Posture

Appellant was convicted by a jury of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. In the judgment of conviction, the trial court ordered Appellant to pay court costs, which included a $200 charge for a "summoning witness/mileage" fee. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 102.011(a)(3), (b) (providing that a convicted defendant "shall pay" fees "for services performed in the case by a peace officer," including a fee of $5 per witness summoned plus a fee for the officer's mileage to deliver the summons).

On direct appeal, Appellant complained that the statute imposing the $200 summoning witness/mileage fee facially violated the separation of powers clause in the Texas Constitution. Relying on Peraza and Salinas , he argued that because the funds received were not statutorily directed toward a designated fund to be used for a criminal justice purpose and instead were deposited into the county's general fund, the fee was an unconstitutional tax collected by the judiciary. Appellant claimed that this Court's precedent mandates that any statute imposing court costs must always direct the collected funds to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes, otherwise the statute violates the separation of powers clause.

The court of appeals disagreed with Appellant's interpretation of Peraza and Salinas . Allen v. State , 570 S.W.3d 795, 804 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018) (op. on reh'g). The court observed that long before Peraza and Salinas, this Court had approved of court costs that were for the reimbursement of expenses incurred during a defendant's trial, so long as such costs were " ‘necessary’ and ‘incidental’ to the trial of a criminal case." Id. at 804 (citing Peraza v. State , 467 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (discussing standard from Ex parte Carson , 143 Tex.Crim. 498, 159 S.W.2d 126, 130 (1942) (op. on reh'g))). Peraza , the court found, then expanded the scope of constitutionally-permissible court costs beyond this necessary/incidental standard to also include non-reimbursement-type court costs (e.g., those untied to the particular prosecution of the defendant that are to be expended in the future to offset legitimate criminal-justice costs). Id. at 805 (citing Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 517-18 ). The court noted that although Peraza expanded the scope of permissible court costs beyond the previous necessary/incidental standard, nothing about this expansion undermined the continued constitutionality of reimbursement-based costs, which remained "proper and facially valid." Id. at 804-05.

In examining Salinas , the court of appeals viewed that decision as clarifying that a statute imposing costs to offset future criminal justice expenses must expressly allocate those funds toward an account " ‘to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes,’ " otherwise the statute violates separation of powers. Id. at 805-06 (quoting Salinas v. State , 523 S.W.3d 103, 109 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) ). But the court reasoned that this requirement from Salinas did not apply to reimbursement-based court costs, and instead applied only to the type of cost that had been at issue in that case—a fee to be expended to offset future criminal justice expenses. Id. at 807. Thus, it concluded that Salinas did not apply to Appellant's case because the summoning witness/mileage fee was a reimbursement of expenses incurred in Appellant's prosecution, rather than a collection of funds for future criminal justice expenses. Id.

Based on this view of our precedent, the court of appeals upheld the summoning witness/mileage fee as "an expense incurred by the State in the prosecution of this particular case [which] is unquestionably for a legitimate criminal justice purpose." Id. The court further held that "the Legislature's failure to require that the monies be deposited into a segregated account does not make the courts tax gatherers when the fee is directly tied to reimbursement for past judicial expenses incurred in the case." Id. at 808.

Disagreeing with the court of appeals' decision, Appellant filed a petition for discretionary review. The State cross-petitioned. We granted a single ground in each party's petition to address the following issues:

1. For the Appellant: Whether the First Court of Appeals erred when it misinterpreted Peraza and failed to apply Salinas in upholding the summoning witness/mileage fee statute even though the statute does not direct the funds collected to be used for a legitimate criminal justice purpose?

2. For the State: Whether this Court should overrule Carson , Peraza , and Salinas and find that there should be no limitations on the Legislature's ability to assess court costs?

II. Analysis

In this opinion, we solely address Appellant's issue, and we agree with the court of appeals' conclusion that the summoning witness/mileage fee does not violate separation of powers principles. Because the statute imposes a fee to reimburse the government for expenses directly incurred in connection with a defendant's prosecution, the fee falls within the core category of reimbursement-based court costs that this Court has long recognized as constitutionally permissible, regardless of how the fees are spent once collected. The statute's failure to direct the funds to be expended for a legitimate criminal justice purpose in the future does not render the courts tax gatherers in violation of separation of powers.

With respect to the State's cross-petition, we have determined, based on our review of the parties' arguments and the specific nature of the statute at issue in this case, that the State's issue was improvidently granted. Therefore, we dismiss the State's petition for discretionary review. After reviewing the applicable law below, we explain these conclusions in turn.

A. Applicable Law

Because Appellant challenges the constitutionality of Code of Criminal Procedure Article 102.011, Subsections (a)(3) and (b), he bears the burden of establishing the statute's unconstitutionality. Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 514 (citing Ex parte Granviel , 561 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) ). When considering a statute's constitutionality, we begin with the presumption that the statute is valid. Id. ; see also TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.021 ("In enacting a statute, it is presumed that ... compliance with the constitutions of this state and the United States is intended[.]"). From there, we "seek to interpret [the] statute such that its constitutionality is supported and upheld[,]" and we "must make every reasonable presumption in favor of [its] constitutionality, unless the contrary is clearly shown." Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 514 (citing Luquis v. State , 72 S.W.3d 355, 365 n.26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ; Granviel , 561 S.W.2d at 511 ).

With the statute's presumed constitutionality, Appellant already faces a high burden. But because Appellant has launched a facial challenge, he bears an even greater burden. " ‘A facial challenge is an attack on a statute itself as opposed to a particular application.’ " Id. (quoting City of Los Angeles v. Patel , 576 U.S. 409, 135 S. Ct. 2443, 2449, 192 L.Ed.2d 435 (2015) ); Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 106. Such a challenge requires Appellant to establish that "no set of circumstances exists under which [the] statute would be valid." Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 514 ; see also State v. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ("[T]o prevail on a facial challenge, a party must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances."). Thus, if there is any possible constitutional application of the statute, then Appellant's facial challenge fails. Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 515-16. Given this high burden, a facial challenge is "the most difficult challenge to mount successfully." United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987).

Appellant's facial challenge is rooted in the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution. TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1. This provision expressly guarantees that our three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—are separate and distinct branches, "and no person, or collection of persons, being of one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the others" unless expressly permitted in the Constitution. Id. "This division ensures that power granted one branch may be exercised by only that branch, to the exclusion of the others." Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (op. on State's motion for reh'g). One way the separation of powers provision is violated is when "one branch of government assumes or is delegated a power ‘more properly attached’ to another branch." Id. (quoting Ex parte Gill, 413 S.W.3d 425, 431-32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ).

Appellant's argument that the summoning witness/mileage fee violates the separation of powers clause stems from the fact that the judicial branch, under the Texas Constitution, has no taxing authority. See TEX. CONST. art. V. The authority to impose taxes is vested in the legislative branch, and the authority to collect taxes is delegated to the executive branch. Id. arts. III, IV, VIII. In view of this division of power, we have held that "[t]he courts are delegated a power more properly attached to the executive branch if a statute turns the courts into ‘tax gatherers[.]’ " Salinas , 523 S.W.3d at 107 (citing Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 517 ). But we have further recognized that, under certain circumstances, a court's collection of fees in a criminal case is a proper part of the judicial function and does not constitute an impermissible tax. Id. Three of our previous decisions are relevant to determining this dividing line between an impermissible tax and a permissible court cost: Ex parte Carson , Peraza v. State , and Salinas v. State .

Ex parte Carson

In 1942, this Court held in Ex parte Carson that for a court cost to be legitimate it must be "necessary" or "incidental" to the trial of a criminal defendant. 143 Tex.Crim. 498, 159 S.W.2d 126, 130 (1942) (op. on motion for reh'g). In Carson , the Court considered the constitutionality of a statute imposing a $1 fee on criminal defendants and directing the collected monies into a fund for a county law library. Id. at 127 (noting that funds were to be used "for certain costs and expenses in acquiring, maintaining and operating a law library available to the judges of the courts and to the attorneys of litigants in the courts") (orig. op.). Concluding that this fee was too "remote" from the prosecution to "be logically considered a proper item of cost[,]" the Court struck down the statute. Id. It reasoned that such cost was "neither necessary nor incidental to the trial of a criminal case, and that it [was] not a legitimate item to be so taxed[.]" Id. at 130. Although Carson did not state that its holding was based on separation of powers principles, its standard would later be cited as the "litmus test" for establishing whether a court cost comported with the separation of powers clause. See Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 517.

Peraza

More than seventy years later, this Court revisited Carson 's "necessary" or "incidental" standard in Peraza v. State , 467 S.W.3d at 515. Peraza involved a facial separation of powers challenge to a statute assessing a $250 "DNA Record Fee" against defendants convicted of certain crimes, including Peraza who was convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child. Id. at 511 ; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 102.020. Under the statute, 35 percent of the funds were directed to the state highway fund, and 65 percent were directed to the criminal justice planning account in the general revenue fund. Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 511 ; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 102.020(h). Peraza argued that the collected fees were being used for services that were "neither necessary nor incidental to the trial of a criminal case," as required by Carson , and therefore constituted an unconstitutional tax. Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 512-13.

In upholding the statute over Peraza's facial challenge, this Court first examined the "necessary" or "incidental" standard from Carson and concluded that it had become too restrictive in light of intervening changes to our criminal justice system. Id. at 517. The Court reaffirmed the general principle that "court costs should be related to the recoupment of costs of judicial resources." Id. But it further observed that in the decades since Carson was decided, "the prosecution of criminal cases and our criminal justice system have greatly evolved." Id. Accordingly, the Legislature had enacted a scheme of costs "with the intention of reimbursing the judicial system for costs incurred in the administration of the criminal justice system." Id. Given these considerations, the Court reasoned that to continue to require court costs to be necessary or incidental to the trial of a criminal case "ignores the legitimacy of costs that, although not necessary to, or an incidental expense of, the actual trial of a criminal case, may nevertheless be directly related to the recoupment of costs of judicial resources expended in connection with the prosecution of criminal cases within our criminal justice system." Id. Thus, the Court held that it would no longer limit the scope of constitutionally-permissible court costs to only those that were "necessary" or "incidental" to the trial of a criminal case. Id. Instead, it explained:

[I]f the statute under which court costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides for an allocation of such court costs to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes, then the statute allows for a constitutional application that will not render the courts tax gatherers in violation of the separation of powers clause. A criminal justice purpose is one that relates to the administration of our criminal justice system. Whether a criminal justice purpose is "legitimate" is a question to be answered on a statute-by-statute/case-by-case basis.

Id. at 517-18 (footnotes and citations omitted).

In applying this new standard, the Court analyzed both of Article 102.020's allocations and concluded that both passed constitutional muster because each of the accounts allocated resources "to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes." Id. at 518-21. Accordingly, the Court upheld the DNA record fee statute as facially constitutional. Id. at 521.

Salinas

This Court once again considered a facial separation of powers challenge to a statute imposing court costs in Salinas v. State , 523 S.W.3d at 108-09. The statute at issue in Salinas was a consolidated fee statute that imposed a flat fee of $133 for a felony conviction and then disbursed the money into fourteen different state accounts according to percentages dictated by the statute. Id. at 105 ; see TEX. LOCAL GOV'T CODE § 133.102. The fee did not seek to recoup funds expended during Salinas' prosecution, but was instead imposed to provide future funding for the various accounts identified by the statute. Salinas challenged the statute as facially unconstitutional by arguing that two of the fourteen accounts listed, the "abused children's counseling" account and the "comprehensive rehabilitation" account, were not sufficiently related to the criminal justice system. Salinas , 523 S.W.3d at 105-06. Thus, he contended the statute was unconstitutional in its entirety because some of the funds were statutorily apportioned to accounts that did "not serve legitimate criminal justice purposes." Id. at 106.

In resolving this matter, this Court relied on Peraza and observed that, although a statute that turns the courts into "tax gatherers" violates separation of powers, "the collection of fees in criminal cases is a part of the judicial function ‘if the statute under which court costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides for an allocation of such court costs to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes.’ " Id. at 107 (citing and quoting Peraza, 523 S.W.3d at 517). The Court further added that the answer to this question is "determined by what the governing statute says about the intended use of the funds, not whether the funds are actually used for a criminal justice purpose." Id.

In analyzing the two challenged accounts, the Court examined where the allocated funds were channeled under the statute. Ultimately, the Court determined that neither of the challenged allocations constituted funds that would serve legitimate criminal justice purposes, and therefore concluded that both allocations violated the separation of powers clause. Id. at 107-110. Rather than strike down the statute in its entirety, the Court determined the statute could be saved by severing the invalid provisions allocating funds to the impermissible accounts. Id. at 111.

B. The summoning witness/mileage fee is not unconstitutional on its face.

Having examined the Court's precedent, we now consider the facial constitutional challenge that is at issue in this case. We first note that the court of appeals correctly observed that "neither [ Peraza nor Salinas ], individually or collectively, explicitly addresses whether a court cost linked to an expense incurred in the past in the criminal prosecution of the defendant and collected to reimburse the cost of actually expended judicial resources must also be specifically directed to a future use that is a criminal justice purpose." Allen, 570 S.W.3d at 806. We address that issue now and conclude that a reimbursement-based court-cost statute need not direct the collected funds to be expended for a criminal justice purpose in order to comport with separation of powers principles.

Appellant's position that the summoning witness/mileage fee is unconstitutional in light of Peraza and Salinas is based on an erroneous interpretation of those decisions. Peraza 's expansion of constitutionally-permissible court costs beyond those that are "necessary" or "incidental" to a trial signaled that costs that are untied to the particular defendant's prosecution would pose no separation of powers problem, so long as the funds are intended to be used for future legitimate criminal justice purposes. Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 517-18. Nothing about that expansion, however, undermines the continued viability of reimbursement-type court costs. Given this, the court of appeals was correct in finding that Peraza implicitly recognized two types of constitutionally-permissible court costs: (1) those that reimburse criminal justice expenses incurred in connection with the defendant's particular criminal prosecution, and (2) those that are to be expended to offset future criminal justice costs. See Allen , 570 S.W.3d at 805.

Following Peraza , Salinas solely addressed the second category of court costs—those to be expended in the future to offset the general costs of running the criminal justice system. Salinas , 523 S.W.3d at 107. Salinas held that a statute assessing costs for future expenses (or an interconnected statute) must expressly direct the collected fees to be expended for a legitimate criminal justice purpose. Id. But Salinas did not, either expressly or implicitly, purport to address the requirements for reimbursement-based court costs that seek to recoup expenses actually and directly incurred in the prosecution of the defendant's case. Thus, contrary to Appellant's contention, Salinas did not erect a new requirement that all court-cost statutes, including those imposing reimbursement-type costs, must explicitly allocate funds to be expended in the future for legitimate criminal justice purposes. Salinas applies only to the type of cost that was at issue in that case—a cost imposed to offset future criminal justice expenses.

Having determined that the allocating/directing language from our recent decisions is inapplicable to reimbursement-based court costs, what remains is our longstanding recognition that such costs are legitimate when they are imposed to recoup expenses incurred during a defendant's prosecution. See Carson, 159 S.W.2d at 130. Although Carson did not directly consider separation of powers principles, Appellant has not pointed to any reason why Carson was wrongly decided in light of separation of powers principles. Furthermore, aside from relying on the language in Peraza and Salinas , Appellant has presented no compelling argument as to why this Court should now hold that reimbursement-based court costs must direct collected funds toward legitimate criminal justice purposes in order to avoid a separation of powers violation. Given that Appellant bears the burden of establishing his constitutional challenge, we decline to impose such a new restriction on reimbursement-based court costs in the absence of any compelling reason for doing so.

Therefore, we resolve Appellant's ground for review by holding that reimbursement-based court costs pose no separation of powers problem, regardless of where the funds are directed once received. When a court-cost statute seeks to recoup expenses legitimately incurred in connection with the prosecution of a defendant's criminal case, then the collection of such fees is a proper part of the judicial function and does not render the courts tax gatherers in violation of the separation of powers clause. And this is true without reference to where the funds are directed or what they are ultimately used for once collected.

Turning to the statutory provisions at issue here, Article 102.011(a)(3) and (b) seek to reimburse the expenses and mileage actually incurred by peace officers in serving process on witnesses needed for the defendant's proceedings. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 102.011(a) ("A defendant convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor shall pay the following fees for services performed in the case by a peace officer: ...") (emphasis added). It is undisputed that such costs are for the reimbursement of expenses directly incurred in a defendant's prosecution. The legitimate purpose of the fee is satisfied as soon as the expenses are incurred by the peace officer performing the services. After the defendant pays the statutory costs to reimburse these expenses, the collected costs do not have to also serve a legitimate criminal justice purpose in the way they are used after collection, and the statute need not specify how the collected funds will be used. Accordingly, the challenged subsections of Article 102.011 are not facially unconstitutional, and we reject Appellant's facial challenge to the statute.

C. The State's petition for discretionary review was improvidently granted .

We also granted the State's petition for discretionary review. The ground upon which we granted review asked this Court to consider overruling its precedent in Carson , Peraza , and Salinas , effectively eliminating all limitations on court costs stemming from separation of powers principles. Upon further consideration, we decline at this time the State's invitation to reconsider our precedent in this area.

The basis for the State's position is that the approach established by our decisions is inconsistent with the original understanding of the Texas Constitution. According to the State, that original understanding permitted the government "to recoup the amount it had spent on the trial, and there were no restrictions on how that money would be spent" once collected. State's Brief on Cross-Petition , at 12. Thus, to uphold this principle, the State proposes that this Court should eliminate any limitations on how monies collected as court costs are expended by the government, so long as the total amount collected does not exceed the cost of prosecution. Id. at 44.

Our holding today with respect to reimbursement-based court costs is entirely consistent with the State's proposed approach. We agree with the State's basic position that where the challenged statute involves the recoupment of expenses directly incurred as a result of a defendant's prosecution, the separation of powers clause imposes no limitations on how the funds are used once collected. Given our agreement with the State on this point and our decision to uphold the summoning witness/mileage fee by applying this reasoning, it would be imprudent in the instant case to conduct any further analysis of the State's contentions.

To the extent the State seeks to challenge the portion of Peraza and Salinas addressing the requirements for non-reimbursement-type court cost statutes (e.g., those that collect a fee untied to the particular defendant's prosecution to fund future legitimate criminal justice expenses), that issue is not directly implicated here. As discussed above, the instant case concerns a reimbursement-type statute that does not trigger any allocating requirement. Because this aspect of our precedent has no bearing on our analysis of the summoning witness/mileage fee, it would be improper for us to consider the State's challenge to this rule in this case. We decline to do a freestanding reevaluation of our precedent where the challenged rule has no application to the situation at hand. Accordingly, we dismiss the State's petition for discretionary review as improvidently granted. See TEX. R. APP. P. 69.3.

III. Conclusion

We conclude that Appellant has failed to meet his burden to establish that the summoning witness/mileage fee, on its face, violates the separation of powers clause. We affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

Yeary, J., filed a concurring opinion.

Keel, J., filed a concurring and dissenting opinion.

Newell, J., concurred.

Yeary, J., filed a concurring opinion.

I agree with the Court's resolution of Appellant's petition for discretionary review in this cause, for the reasons the Court gives: This case is about the recoupment of actually (and already) expended court costs, and is therefore not implicated by our recent spate of cases involving the validity of what are essentially anticipatory court costs. See Peraza v. State , 467 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) ("We hold that, if the statute under which the court costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides for an allocation of such court costs to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes, then the statute allows for a constitutional application that will not render the courts tax gatherers in violation of the separation of powers clause.") (emphasis added); Salinas v. State , 523 S.W.3d 103, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (quoting Peraza ). I therefore readily join that part of the Court's opinion that affirms the court of appeals' opinion notwithstanding the arguments Appellant has brought to bear in his petition for discretionary review.

I am somewhat less sanguine, however, about joining the Court in improvidently granting the State's cross-petition for discretionary review. The State's brief has convinced me that we should indeed revisit the doctrinal basis for our conclusion in Peraza that anticipatory-court-cost provisions implicate our state constitutional separation of powers clause. On further reflection, I am not at all convinced that the case that supposedly set the ball rolling in this regard— Ex parte Carson , 143 Tex. Cr. R. 498, 159 S.W.2d 126 (1942) —even purported to address Article II, Section 1 of the Texas Constitution. TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1. When the proper case comes along (and we have a number of cases that have been pending in the Court awaiting the resolution of this case that could fit the bill), the Court would do well to grant the State's petition for discretionary review in that case so that we may tackle the State's substantial argument. If the Court does not, I shall surely dissent to its failure to do so at that time.

For now, I am content to join the Court's opinion in full, though it declares the State's petition for discretionary review to have been granted improvidently—at least in this case. Because here the State has prevailed without the necessity of our addressing the need to overrule precedent, it is not an ideal case to contemplate a departure from stare decisis . For this reason, I am able to join the Court's present opinion in full.

Keel, J., filed a concurring and dissenting opinion.

The idea that a court cost might really be a tax because of the separation-of-powers doctrine is a recent hybrid of doubtful stock. We should root it out now.

Our separation-of-powers clause has never substantively changed. Compare TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1 with TEX. CONST. OF 1845 art. II, § 1 ; TEX. CONST. OF 1861 art. II, § 1 ; TEX. CONST. OF 1866 art. II, § 1 ; TEX. CONST. OF 1869 art. II, § 1. And for more than a century it was no impediment to statutes that directed court costs to the State treasury without dedicating them to particular purposes. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 956 (1856); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 1061 (1879) (court costs directed to State treasury); Act of March 19, 1846, 1st Leg., An Act Defining the Duties of State Treasurer, § 5, reprinted in 2 H.P.N. Gammel, The Laws of Texas 1822–1897 , at 1317 (Austin, Gammel Book Co. 1898) (1846 law directing state treasurer to keep a single account for State property and money); TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. Art. 2769 (1879) (same); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 1059 (1879) (court costs not directed to particular expenditures).

Peraza , however, overlooked our legal history and relied on Ex parte Carson , 143 Tex.Crim. 498, 159 S.W.2d 126 (1942) (orig. op. and op. on reh'g), to hold that court costs might really be taxes because of the separation-of-powers doctrine. Peraza v. State , 467 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). That reliance was misplaced. Carson never used the words "separation" or "powers" or any variations of them, it did not cite article II, section 1 of the Texas Constitution, and its only use of the noun "tax" meant "assessment." Carson , 159 S.W.2d at 127 ("We, therefore, conclude, as several states have, that the tax imposed by the bill is not and cannot be logically considered a proper item of cost in litigation, particularly in criminal cases."). Carson was not a separation-of-powers case and did not try to distinguish between court costs and taxes. Peraza 's misreading of it created a separation-of-powers issue where none existed before.

Peraza also relied on Weir v. State , 278 S.W.3d 364 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), for the proposition "that court costs should be related to the recoupment of costs of judicial resources." Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 517 (emphasis added). But Weir said no such thing. Weir held that the Legislature intended the court cost statute at issue there to be "a nonpunitive ‘recoupment of the costs of judicial resources expended in connection with the trial of the case.’ " Weir , 278 S.W.3d at 366. Weir did not say that court costs generally must be such a recoupment.

Peraza 's last-resort authority was out-of-state cases, from one of which it imported an angst about courts becoming "tax gatherers." Peraza , 467 S.W.3d at 516–17. The problem was that the out-of-state cases shed no light on the meaning of the Texas Constitution's separation-of-powers provision.

On the strength of these underpinnings, Peraza decided that a court cost statute offends separation of powers unless it dedicates the money to a legitimate criminal justice purpose, i.e., one "that relates to the administration of our criminal justice system." Id. at 517–18. But the criminal justice system is not a branch of government, so Peraza 's holding makes little sense in a separation-of-powers context, especially since it upheld a statute that directed the judiciary to collect a fee funding an executive branch agency. Id. at 518–20 ; TEX. GOV'T CODE § 411.142 (DPS to manage DNA database); TEX. GOV'T CODE , Title 4, Subtitle B (DPS is part of the executive branch).

Nevertheless, Peraza led to Salinas v. State , 523 S.W.3d 103, 109–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017), in which this Court struck two parts of a court-cost statute for their failures to fund criminal justice purposes. See TEX. LOCAL GOV'T CODE § 133.102 (2013) (hereafter " Section 133.102"). Salinas erred in two ways.

The first error was to overlook the underlying purpose and constitutional basis for Section 133.102. The purpose of Chapter 133 of the Local Government Code was:

to consolidate and standardize:

(1) collection of fees in criminal and civil matters by:

(A) an officer of a court for deposit in a county or municipal treasury; or

(B) an officer of a county or municipality for deposit in the county or municipal treasury, as appropriate;

(2) remittance of those fees to the comptroller as required by this chapter and other law; and

(3) distribution of those fees by the comptroller to the proper accounts and funds in the state treasury.

TEX. LOCAL GOV'T CODE § 133.001. The constitutional basis for the program was Texas Constitution Article III, section 46 (b). Given that constitutional authorization, any separation-of-powers concern about the fees collected under Section 133.102 should have been dispelled.

Salinas 's second error was to violate the separation-of-powers doctrine. The State budget is the constitutional domain of the legislative and executive branches. See TEX. CONST. art. IV, § 9 (Governor's duty to present the budget to the Legislature); id. art. IV, § 14 (Governor's authority to veto the budget and line items within the budget); id. art. VIII, § 22(b) (Legislature's authority to raise the appropriations limit in emergencies); id. art. III, § 49a(b) (Legislature's duty to enact a balanced budget). Undue interference with another branch's constitutionally assigned powers is a separation-of-powers violation. Vandyke v. State , 538 S.W.3d 561, 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Salinas unduly interfered with constitutionally assigned executive and legislative powers by striking part of the court-cost statute. Salinas thus violated the separation-of-powers doctrine. In any event, Peraza and Salinas depend on a fiction. As the State Prosecuting Attorney documents, the State of Texas spends more on the criminal justice system than it collects in court costs. And as the district attorney observes, money is fungible. Thus, any court cost directed to the general revenue fund is directed to a criminal justice purpose.

We have seventeen—and counting—court cost cases pending review. We would correctly resolve them all by overruling Peraza and Salinas . Doing so would put an end to this noxious court-cost litigation without offending stare decisis . See Febus v. State , 542 S.W.3d 568, 575–76 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (adhering to poor reasoning does not serve the goals of stare decisis ). Since the majority instead takes a narrow approach that disregards the State's arguments and dismisses its cross petition, I dissent to its methods and concur only in the result it reaches.