WHITE, District Judge.

Plaintiff Clarence Ray Allen, a condemned inmate at California's San Quentin State Prison, is scheduled to be executed on January 17, 2006. He applies for a temporary restraining order and an order to show cause why a preliminary injunction should not issue to stay his execution for alleged violations of his rights under the Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Plaintiff's Application is opposed by Defendants Roderick Hickman, Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation; S.W. Ornoski, Acting Warden of San Quentin State Prison; and Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor of California. The Court has read the moving and responding papers. The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2005) and finds that it is appropriate to resolve Plaintiff's Application without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b). For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies Plaintiff's Application for a Temporary Restraining Order and Order to Show Cause and dismisses Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint without prejudice.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1982. He is now 75 years old. Plaintiff suffers from coronary artery disease and diabetes. In addition, he is legally blind.

Over the course of his incarceration, Plaintiff alleges that he has received inadequate medical care. Prior to 2005, he alleges, this has included having his Vitamin E supplement arbitrarily not renewed in 1993 and his medication for diabetes arbitrarily halved in 1997. Also prior to 2005, Plaintiff was independently evaluated twice by psychologists: Dr. Eric S. Morgenthaler issued his report on January 10, 1991, and Dr. Gretchen E. White issued hers on July 25, 1996.

On January 24, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the denial of Plaintiff's federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus, denied his petition for rehearing and rejected his suggestion for rehearing en banc. Plaintiff was aware that, unless the Supreme Court of the United States granted him a writ of certiorari, his execution soon would be scheduled. Plaintiff's counsel, Michael Satris, Esq., visited Plaintiff on February 7.

Dr. Jahangir Sadeghi, an ophthalmologist, examined Plaintiff on June 30 and concluded that Plaintiff suffers from diabetic retinopathy and recommended that Plaintiff undergo laser surgery to correct his vision. On July 18, Sadeghi submitted a request to schedule the recommended laser surgery; to date, laser surgery has not been scheduled.

On September 2, Plaintiff experienced a heart attack (allegedly possibly due to the arbitrary withholding of critical medication from June 15 to August 4). Plaintiff was taken first to the prison hospital and then to Marin General Hospital, where doctors performed angioplasty and Plaintiff successfully underwent cardiac catheterization. After Plaintiff regained consciousness around September 9, Dr. Henry L. Zhu recommended to Plaintiff that he undergo coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; however, Plaintiff developed a staphylococcal infection that required treatment with intravenous antibiotics. On September 18, having been weaned off the IV, Plaintiff was transferred to Queen of the Valley Hospital for, among other things, revascularization and consideration of surgery. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff underwent another cardiac catheterization to determine whether surgery would be appropriate; Dr. Robert R. Klingman determined that it would be. However, Plaintiff refused treatment and was returned to San Quentin.

At San Quentin, on September 20, Plaintiff's counsel's capital-case consultant, Denise E. Ferry, visited Plaintiff, and a prison physician named Dr. Aydar explained the need for surgery to Plaintiff, who then consented to surgery. The following day, on September 21, Ferry visited Plaintiff again, and Plaintiff had a session with Dr. Dale G. Watson, a forensic psychologist retained by Plaintiff's counsel to assess Plaintiff's brain functioning to help prepare Plaintiff's clemency petition; Watson abbreviated the session due to Plaintiff's poor health. Later that day, Plaintiff was transferred to Corcoran State Prison due to the severity of his medical condition. Watson was scheduled to see Plaintiff again on September 22 but was advised at San Quentin's gate that Plaintiff was at Corcoran. Satris attempted to contact Plaintiff during the week that Plaintiff was at Corcoran, but Plaintiff was never advised of this.

On September 28, Plaintiff was returned to Queen of the Valley Hospital for further cardiology evaluation. Following repeat angiographic imaging, Klingman determined that surgery no longer was indicated and that Plaintiff's condition easily could be treated medically. Plaintiff was returned to San Quentin's hospital on September 30; on October 4, Plaintiff was released from the prison hospital and returned to his cell.

Meanwhile, on October 3, the Supreme Court of the United States denied Plaintiff's certiorari petition, thereby drawing Plaintiff's federal habeas proceedings to a close. Ferry visited Plaintiff on October 6. On October 11, the Glenn County Superior Court scheduled a public session for November 18 to set Plaintiff's execution date.

Dr. Peter Pompei independently examined Plaintiff on October 17. Pompei recommended that Plaintiff's primary-care physician consider the possibility of administering a stress test to Plaintiff to characterize his risk of myocardial ischemia. Plaintiff has requested a stress test but has not been given one to date.

Ferry visited Plaintiff again on October 20. Watson had a second session with Plaintiff on October 25. On October 27, Satris visited Plaintiff. Watson examined Plaintiff a third and final time on November 1. Ferry returned to San Quentin to see Plaintiff on November 8 and Plaintiff's counsel's investigator, David Hinckley, visited Plaintiff on November 10.

On November 16, the Supreme Court of California expanded its appointment of Satris to include Plaintiff's clemency proceedings, and Ferry visited Plaintiff one more time. On November 17, Defendant Schwarzenegger directed Plaintiff to file any clemency petition not later than 35 days prior to his scheduled execution date. Then, on November 18, the Glenn County Superior Court set January 17, 2006, for Plaintiff's execution; the due date for Plaintiff's clemency petition thereby became December 13, 2005. Also on November 18, Satris requested that San Quentin arrange for Plaintiff to undergo a SPECT test and an MRI scan pursuant to Watson's recommendation as part of Watson's investigation into whether Plaintiff suffers from brain damage; to date, however, Plaintiff has not been permitted to undergo these procedures.

On November 22, Ferry visited Plaintiff. Subsequently, in preparation of Plaintiff's clemency petition, Dr. Paul Good, a psychologist, examined Plaintiff on November 30 and December 5 and Dr. Pablo Stewart, a psychiatrist, examined Plaintiff on December 2 and December 6.

Plaintiff filed the present action on December 7. With the Application currently before the Court, Plaintiff seeks an injunction requiring a postponement of the due date for his clemency petition and staying his execution until he has a stress test and, if subsequently recommended, open-heart surgery, and has undergone laser surgery on his eyes, MRI procedures and a SPECT test to assist him in preparing his clemency petition.

The Court issued an expedited scheduling order for briefing Plaintiff's Application on December 8. Pursuant to that order, Defendants filed their Opposition to the Application on December 12 and Plaintiff filed his Reply to Defendants' Opposition on December 13. Also on December 13, Plaintiff petitioned Defendant Schwarzenegger for clemency: Plaintiff is asking Defendant Schwarzenegger to commute his sentence to life in prison or, alternatively, to grant him a reprieve, in part to enable him to receive care for his heart disease and to undergo laser surgery and tests to develop further evidence supporting his request for commutation.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has explained that a condemned inmate seeking a stay of execution is

required to demonstrate (1) a strong likelihood of success on the merits, (2) the possibility of irreparable injury to the plaintiff if preliminary relief is not granted, (3) a balance of hardships favoring the plaintiff, and (4) advancement of the public interest (in certain cases). Alternatively, injunctive relief could be granted if he demonstrated either a combination of probable success on the merits and the possibility of irreparable injury or that serious questions are raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in his favor. These two alternatives represent extremes of a single continuum, rather than two separate tests. Thus, the greater the relative hardship to the party seeking the preliminary injunction, the less probability of success must be established by the party. In cases where the public interest is involved, the district court must also examine whether the public interest favors the plaintiff. [¶] In capital cases, the Supreme Court has instructed that equity must take into consideration the State's strong interest in proceeding with its judgment.

III. DISCUSSION A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

It is undisputed that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust the available administrative remedies for his claims. The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub.L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (1996) (" PLRA"), amended 42 U.S.C. § 1997e to provide that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under [ 42 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). An action must be dismissed unless the prisoner exhausted his available administrative remedies before he or she filed suit, even if the prisoner fully exhausts while the suit is pending. McKinney v. Carey, 311 F.3d 1198, 1199 (9th Cir. 2002).

"[T]he PLRA's exhaustion requirement applies to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong." Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002). Exhaustion of all "available" remedies is mandatory; those remedies need not meet federal standards, nor must they be "plain, speedy and effective." Porter, 534 U.S. at 524; Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 739-40 n. 5 (2001). Even when the prisoner seeks relief not available in grievance proceedings exhaustion is a prerequisite to suit. Id. at 741. The obligation to exhaust persists as long as some remedy is available; when that is no longer the case, the prisoner need not further pursue the grievance. Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 934-35 (9th Cir. 2005).

The State of California provides its inmates and parolees the right to appeal administratively "any departmental decision, action, condition or policy perceived by those individuals as adversely affecting their welfare." Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3084.1(a). It also provides its inmates the right to file administrative appeals alleging misconduct by correctional officers. See id. § 3084.1(e). In order to exhaust available administrative remedies within this system, a prisoner must proceed through several levels of appeal: (1) informal resolution, (2) formal written appeal on a CDC 602 inmate appeal form, (3) second-level appeal to the institution head or designee, and (4) third-level appeal to the Director of the California Department of Corrections. Id. § 3084.5; Barry v. Ratelle, 985 F. Supp. 1235, 1237 (S.D. Cal. 1997). This satisfies the exhaustion-of-administrative-remedies requirement under § 1997e(a). Id. at 1237-38. A prisoner need not proceed further and also exhaust state judicial remedies. Jenkins v. Morton, 148 F.3d 257, 259-60 (3d Cir. 1998).

Plaintiff attempts to argue in his Reply that because he is seeking a stay of his execution, a remedy not available under the administrative appeals process, he is not required to exhaust his administrative remedies. Plaintiff is wrong. His Complaint plainly seeks relief from what he alleges is Defendants' inadequate medical care, and such relief is available through the administrative procedure. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court has stated, the available remedies need not be "plain, speedy and effective" in order for the exhaustion requirement to apply, Porter, 534 U.S. at 524, and exhaustion is a prerequisite even when the specific relief sought by a prisoner is not available in administrative proceedings, Booth, 532 U.S. at 739; Brown, 422 F.3d at 935 (recognizing that so long as "the possibility of some relief for the action complained of" is available through the relevant administrative procedures, the plaintiff is required to exhaust).

In addition, Plaintiff's Complaint seeks relief for allegedly inadequate medical care as far back as 1993. He has had ample time to pursue his administrative remedies for many of the violations alleged in the Complaint, and yet he has, by his own admission, failed to do so. Because he has not exhausted his administrative remedies with regards to the allegedly inadequate medical care he describes in his Complaint, this Court is required to dismiss his Complaint without prejudice. Notwithstanding this conclusion, the Court now turns to the merits of Plaintiff's Application.

B. Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments

In his second and third causes of action in his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants' interference with the preparation of his clemency petition violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as his right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. He asserts that Defendants' disregard for his medical needs has hindered his ability to prepare a petition, that his repeated transportation from one facility to another has prevented medical experts from examining him and has interfered with his attorneys' efforts to meet with him, and that Defendants' failure to perform laser eye surgery to correct his eyesight has impaired his ability to undergo certain mental examinations. He alleges that such exams, along with the MRI and SPECT procedures that Defendants have not authorized, would enable a determination of whether he suffers from organic brain damage resulting from a severe beating in 1946 and an episode of pediatric encephalitis that same year.

Under Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Woodard, 523 U.S. 272, 118 S.Ct. 1244, 140 L.Ed.2d 387 (1998), only minimal due-process protections apply to clemency proceedings. Clemency proceedings satisfy the Due Process Clause as long as the State follows the procedures set out in State law, the State does not arbitrarily deny the prisoner all access to the clemency process, and the clemency decision is not wholly arbitrary or capricious. See id. at 289, 118 S.Ct. 1244 (O'Connor, J., concurring) (controlling opinion) ("Judicial intervention might, for example, be warranted in the face of a scheme whereby a state official flipped a coin to determine whether to grant clemency, or in a case where the State arbitrarily denied a prisoner any access to its clemency process.") Courts have found that even a governor's adoption of a policy uniformly to refuse to grant clemency in all capital cases does not violate the minimal due-process protections applicable to clemency proceedings. See Anderson v. Davis, 279 F.3d 674, 676 (9th Cir. 2002).

Plaintiff has demonstrated neither a likelihood of success on the merits, nor serious questions going to the merits, of his due-process claim. Plaintiff cites incidents of alleged disregard for his medical needs, but presents no specific allegations regarding the effect the State's actions have actually had on his ability to prepare a clemency petition. He states, for example, that on June 15, Defendants arbitrarily cut off vital medications used to treat his heart disease, blood pressure and diabetes. The medications were not restored until August 4, which apparently was too late to prevent the heart attack he suffered one month later on September 2. He also states that Defendants have failed to provide him with recommended heart surgery. Although these alleged incidents may have led to the deterioration of Plaintiff's health, it is not clear how they actually impaired his ability to prepare a clemency petition. While Plaintiff alleges that he suffers from exhaustion as a result of Defendants' indifference to his medical needs, he does not allege that he is unable to communicate, comprehend or otherwise assist in the preparation of his clemency petition. Furthermore, Plaintiff cites incidents of alleged medical neglect dating as far back as 1993 and 1997. These alleged incidents took place too long ago to be relevant to the preparation of his clemency petition, for which the due date was established just this past November 18 when the Glenn County Superior Court set January 17, 2006, as Plaintiff's execution date.

Plaintiff's allegation that his repeated movement from one facility to another has prevented him from being examined by retained medical experts as well as meeting with his attorneys, is defeated by the fact that since his return to his cell on October 6, 2005, he has, in fact, been examined eight separate times by four different examiners, and since his heart attack in September 2005, has had at least nine separate visits from his legal team. He was examined by Pompei on October 17 and was evaluated by Watson on September 21, October 25 and November 1. He was visited by Good on November 30 and December 5. He was also visited by Stewart on December 2 and December 6. Satris visited Plaintiff on October 27. Ferry visited Plaintiff on September 20 and 21, October 6 and 20, and November 8, 16 and 22. Additionally, Hinckley visited Plaintiff on November 10. These numerous visits demonstrate that Plaintiff has had significant access to his legal team and medical experts.

Plaintiff contends that his legal team and medical experts were nonetheless denied access to him at "critical moments." He cites no authority requiring attorneys and medical experts to have unfettered access to a prisoner during such times. Here, the provision of medical care to Plaintiff imposed logistical demands that required his transfer to different facilities with different visitation requirements — for example, at one point Plaintiff was transferred to Corcoran State Prison because, according to his medical records, it was determined that Plaintiff could not be medically managed at San Quentin due to the severity of his medical condition at that time, and Plaintiff's legal team was denied access to Plaintiff following his heart attack on September 2 until September 20 because prison policy forbids such access when an inmate is confined in a community hospital. Plaintiff further contends that Watson's examination of Plaintiff on September 21 was impeded by Plaintiff's exhaustion and shackling, and that a visit planned for the following day was cancelled because Plaintiff was moved to Corcoran. But by Plaintiff's own account, this visit was in fact successfully rescheduled to October 25. Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the logistical difficulties his legal and medical team may have encountered in visiting him amounted to a violation of the minimal guarantees of due process applicable to clemency proceedings.

Finally, Plaintiff contends that Defendants have denied him laser eye surgery which would improve his vision and permit him to participate in tests to determine whether he suffers from organic brain damage. He asserts that evidence of brain damage would serve as a mitigating factor relevant to his clemency petition. To investigate the matter further, Plaintiff has requested to undergo MRI and SPECT procedures, which would provide a structural and functional picture of his brain and its activity. He alleges that Defendants have refused to provide such procedures, even though he maintains they are necessary for the completion of his clemency petition.

Defendants' denial of the eye surgery, MRI and SPECT procedures requested by Plaintiff does not violate due process. There is no case law or statutory authority suggesting that due process requires Defendants to help Plaintiff investigate and develop claims relevant to the preparation of his clemency petition. Although Defendants may have a duty to provide Plaintiff with medical care such as laser surgery for purposes of preserving his health, they do not have a duty to provide Plaintiff the same services for the purpose of preparing a clemency petition. Defendants' failure to provide Plaintiff with MRI and SPECT procedures likewise does not violate due process. Cf. Woodard, 523 U.S. at 289-90 (prisoner's allegations that three days' notice of interview with parole board members and ten days' notice of clemency hearing before Ohio Adult Parole Authority were inadequate; that he did not have a meaningful opportunity to prepare his clemency application because postconviction proceedings were pending; that his counsel was improperly excluded from the interview; and that he was precluded from testifying or submitting documentary evidence at the hearing did not amount to a due process violation).

Furthermore, as Defendants point out, Plaintiff's allegations of organic brain damage must be viewed against the backdrop of almost two decades of collateral litigation challenging his conviction and sentence. Plaintiff has access to the investigative materials generated by this litigation, including the results of two psychological exams performed at Plaintiff's counsel's behest. In 1991, Morgenthaler prepared a report describing his evaluation of Plaintiff. He noted that when Plaintiff was ten years old, he suffered head trauma during a fall, and that when he was sixteen, he contracted encephalitis. The report includes the conclusions that "there were no signs of neurobehavioral impairment and no basis to conclude that Mr. Allen suffers from organic brain dysfunction." The report prepared in 1996 by White included findings that Plaintiff is dysthymic, anxious and prone to hypochondria. Furthermore, on collateral review, Magistrate Judge John F. Moulds found that Plaintiff's trial counsel was not obligated to have Plaintiff examined by mental-health experts because there was no indication that he suffered from mental illness. Altogether, Plaintiff has ample psychological evidence, and has long been familiar with the encephalitis and head trauma which he cites as reasons for securing new mental exams.

In sum, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to allege State action resulting in a violation of due process or a denial of the right to counsel. Accordingly, Plaintiff has demonstrated neither a likelihood of success on the merits nor serious questions going to the merits of his second and third causes of action.

C. Eighth Amendment

In Plaintiff's first cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants' alleged failure to provide adequate medical care has resulted in a violation of his Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Plaintiff argues that a TRO is required because Defendants' failure to provide him with medical care has resulted in his inability to prepare his clemency petition.

Plaintiff's request for a TRO based on his first cause of action must be denied. Plaintiff has demonstrated neither a likelihood of success on the merits, nor serious questions going to the merits, of his first cause of action. Plaintiff argues in his reply brief that, even though much of the harm alleged in the first cause of action has already occurred, some of it more than a decade ago, the extraordinary remedy of a TRO to stop the execution and clemency process is required because "Defendants' failure to provide adequate medical care cannot be separated from Defendants' interference with Mr. Allen's clemency petition."

Plaintiff's argument is without merit. Plaintiff presents no specific allegations regarding the effect the state's actions have actually had on his ability to prepare a clemency petition. As already discussed, while Plaintiff has alleged that Defendants' actions have contributed to his ill health, he has not shown that Defendants' alleged indifference to his health needs have negatively impacted his due-process rights to prepare a clemency petition such that an order staying the scheduled execution is required. The record demonstrates that, since September 2005, Plaintiff has met with retained medical experts at least four times and with his legal team at least nine times. Furthermore, on December 13, Plaintiff filed a lengthy and thorough clemency petition, a fact which tends to belie his assertion that Defendants' behavior has interfered with his clemency rights. In sum, Plaintiff's allegations of inadequate medical care do not support his request for a stay of execution.

D. Possibility of Injury and Balance of Hardships

Plaintiff alleges that, absent a TRO, he is likely to face the irreparable injury of execution, and thus that the balance of hardships tips strongly in his favor. Defendants counter that it is not enough for Plaintiff to assert that he will be executed, as there is no authority for the proposition that irreparable injury warranting a stay of execution is present in every case brought by a person on death row. Defendants are correct. While this Court is mindful of the fact that Plaintiff is facing the ultimate punishment, that alone does not entitle to him to a stay. As detailed above, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that he is likely to succeed on the merits nor has he demonstrated serious questions going to the merits of his claims that Defendants have violated his rights regarding the filing of his clemency petition. Given this, even the fact that Plaintiff is facing execution cannot entitle him to the injunctive relief of a stay.

In his clemency petition (as well as with the present litigation), Plaintiff has made Defendant Schwarzenegger aware of his allegations of his need for medical treatment as well as further testing to explore the possibility that Plaintiff may suffer from organic brain damage. As a result, Defendant Schwarzenegger may do one of three things. First, he may commute Plaintiff's sentence based on the information already before him, in which case a stay from this Court would serve no legitimate purpose. Second, Defendant Schwarzenegger may conclude that he is not moved to grant clemency even if Plaintiff's allegations of organic brain damage were to be demonstrated, also in which case a stay from this Court would serve no legitimate purpose. Finally, Defendant Schwarzenegger may decide that he requires the evidence proffered by Plaintiff before making a determination about commutation, in which case he will grant Plaintiff a reprieve that would make a stay issued by this Court duplicative. Accordingly, and in light of "the State's strong interest in proceeding with its judgment," Gomez v. United States Dist. Ct. for N.D. Cal., 503 U.S. 653, 654 (1992), the balance of hardships tips sharply against granting Plaintiff's Application for a stay of execution.

IV. DISPOSITION

There is no question that Plaintiff is old and infirm. These may be factors to be considered in a bid for clemency. But it is not for this Federal Court to intrude on the prerogatives of the State Executive to determine what information he requires in deciding whether to have mercy on a condemned prisoner.

Accordingly, and for the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's Application for a Temporary Restraining Order and Order to Show Cause is denied and Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint is dismissed without prejudice.

It is so ordered.