Opinion
Record No. 091378.
September 16, 2010.
Present: Koontz, Kinser, Goodwyn, Millette, and Mims, JJ., and Carneo and Lacy, S.JJ.
In an underlying personal injury action, instructions were given without objection setting forth potential liability findings against a defendant ski resort entity on both general negligence and premises liability theories. The instructions informed the jury about respondeat superior liability predicated upon negligent acts of employees -and a separate premises liability theory that the defendant resort was an occupant of the property on which plaintiff was an invitee and had duties of ordinary care to have the premises in a reasonably safe condition for an invitee's use consistent with the invitation, and to warn an invitee of any unsafe condition which the occupant knows, or by the use of ordinary care should know, unless the unsafe condition is open and obvious to a person using ordinary care for his or her own safety. At the conclusion of the personal injury trial, the jury returned separate verdicts exonerating the two individual employee defendants in that action, but finding the resort liable, and the circuit court entered an $8.3 million judgment against the resort. Counsel for the resort filed a notice of appeal but failed to ensure that the trial transcripts were timely filed. As a result, the petition for appeal of the personal injury judgment was dismissed. The resort then filed, as plaintiff, the present action for legal malpractice against its former counsel. In the court below, the defendant law firm filed a motion for summary judgment on the grounds that, as a matter of law, the plaintiff resort could not meet the standard for proving a valid legal malpractice claim. The circuit court granted summary judgment for the defendant law firm, and the legal malpractice plaintiff appeals.
1. With respect to legal malpractice claims involving an appeal, the standard of review is whether the client can prove that, had a timely appeal been filed, as a matter of law the judgment against him would have been reversed.
2. It is well settled in Virginia that where a master and servant are sued together in tort, and the master's liability, if any, is solely dependent on the servant's conduct, a verdict for the servant necessarily exonerates the master. The master's liability may be predicated upon evidence showing his own tortious acts or omissions independent of, or in combination with, the acts of the servant or upon the actions of another employee. In these situations, a judgment entered against the master will be allowed to stand, notwithstanding the servant's exoneration.
3. In this case the jury was instructed, without objection, regarding both respondeat superior and premises liability theories concerning the resort's alleged negligence. Instructions given without objection become the law of the case and thereby bind the parties in the trial court and on this appeal.
4. Because the personal injury plaintiff was an invitee on the resort's premises, one of the instructions given in this case permitted the jury to find that the resort, as the occupant of the premises, failed to exercise ordinary care in rendering the premises reasonably safe for her visit or failed to warn of unsafe conditions that were known to it and unknown to her. Violation of these duties supports an independent basis of liability against the resort, separate and apart from its responsibility for any alleged negligence perpetrated by its employees.
5. The resort's potential liability asserted in the premises liability instruction is not derived solely from its employees' actions on the ski slope on the date of the accident; the instruction provides a basis upon which it could be liable for tortious acts or omissions in addition to and independent of the acts of its employees. Therefore, even though the jury found that the employees were not negligent, the premises liability instruction permitted the jury to find that the resort was negligent, independent of the acts of its employees, for failing to keep the premises reasonably safe or for failing to warn properly.
6. Under these circumstances, even if the appeal of the judgment against the resort had not been dismissed, reversal of the personal injury judgment would not have been required as a matter of law, because the jury instruction supported the jury's finding that the resort could be liable for plaintiff's injuries independent of the acts of its employees. Therefore, the circuit court did not err in granting the defendant law firm's motion for summary judgment.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond. Hon. Melvin R. Hughes, Jr., judge presiding.
Affirmed.
Wyatt B. Durrette, Jr. (Barrett E. Pope; J. Buckley Warden IV; Patrick M. Regan; Amy S. Gurgle; DurretteBradshaw; Regan Zambri Long, on briefs), for appellant.
James W. Morris HI (Michael R. Ward; Sandra S. Gregor; Melissa Y York; Morris Morris, on brief), for appellee.
In this appeal concerning a legal malpractice action, we consider whether the circuit court erred in ruling that the client could not prove, as a matter of law, that the judgment against it would have been reversed if a timely appeal had been filed.
Background
At the conclusion of a jury trial, the Circuit Court of Albemarle County entered an $8.3 million judgment against Wintergreen Partners, Inc. (Wintergreen), for damages arising out of a skiing accident at its resort. McGuireWoods, LLP (McGuireWoods), as legal counsel for Wintergreen, filed a notice of appeal for Wintergreen, but failed to ensure that the trial transcripts were timely filed. Because the issues on appeal required consideration of the transcripts, this Court dismissed Wintergreen's petition for appeal. Wintergreen Partners, Inc. v. Grigg, Record No. 042956 (July 7, 2005) (unpublished).
Wintergreen filed an action against McGuireWoods, its appellate counsel, in the Circuit Court for the City of Richmond, alleging legal malpractice. McGuireWoods filed a motion for summary judgment on the grounds that, as a matter of law, Wintergreen could not meet the standard for proving a valid legal malpractice claim. The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of McGuireWoods. Winter-green appeals.
On the night of January 20, 2003, Jessica Grigg (Grigg) was severely injured after crashing into a snow groomer as she descended the Eagles Swoop ski slope at Wintergreen Ski Resort. Wintergreen employees Brett Henyon (Henyon) and Jeffrey T. Eimutus (Eimutus) were transporting the snow groomer up the slope at the time of the collision.
Milton Grigg, as conservator for Grigg, filed an action against Wintergreen and its two employees, Henyon and Eimutus, in the Circuit Court of Albemarle County. The action alleged that Grigg was injured as the result of negligence on the part of Wintergreen and its two employees.
The jury was instructed on general negligence and premises liability theories of recovery. Instruction 13 stated, "Negligence is the failure to use ordinary care. Ordinary care is the care a reasonable person would have used under the circumstances of this case." Instruction 10A concerned the principle of respondeat superior, stating that "[a]n employer is liable for all damages proximately caused by the negligence of its employees." Jury Instruction 16 provided the following regarding premises liability:
Wintergreen was an occupant of the property on which Jessica Grigg was an invitee. An occupant of premises has the duty to an invitee:
(1) To use ordinary care to have the premises in a reasonably safe condition for an invitee's use consistent with the invitation, but an occupant does not guarantee an invitee's safety; and
(2) To use ordinary care to warn an invitee of any unsafe condition which the occupant knows, or by the use of ordinary care should know, unless the unsafe condition is open and obvious to a person using ordinary care for his or her own safety.
If an occupant fails to perform either or both of these duties, then the occupant is negligent.
Wintergreen did not object to Instructions 10A, 13, or 16, but objected generally to all instructions on the grounds that the circuit court should have granted its previous motion to strike. Without objection, the jury was provided a verdict form that allowed the jury to indicate, separately for each of the three defendants, whether it found for or against that defendant.
The jury found for Henyon and Eimutus but against Wintergreen, awarding Grigg $8.3 million in compensatory damages against Wintergreen. Wintergreen challenged the verdict as inconsistent and filed a motion to set aside the verdict or, in the alternative, for a new trial. The circuit court denied the motion and entered judgment for Grigg against Wintergreen in the amount of $8.3 million.
Analysis
Wintergreen's appeal of the underlying personal injury judgment was dismissed because of the failure to timely file transcripts of the trial with this Court. This Court has stated that, with respect to legal malpractice claims involving an appeal, the standard of review "is whether the client can prove that, had a timely appeal been filed, as a matter of law the judgment against him would have been reversed . . . ." Goldstein v. Kaestner, 243 Va. 169, 172, 413 S.E.2d 347, 349 (1992).
Wintergreen claims that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment to McGuireWoods because Wintergreen established its legal malpractice claim under the standard set forth by this Court in Goldstein. Specifically, Wintergreen asserts that had a timely trial transcript been filed in its appeal, it would have been entitled, as a matter of law, to a reversal of the judgment against it because of the jury's inconsistent verdict in finding Wintergreen liable but exonerating its employees. McGuireWoods contends that the circuit court did not err because two possible theories of recovery were presented to the jury, and the jury's verdict finding Wintergreen liable but exonerating Henyon and Eimutus was not inconsistent as a matter of law.
It is well settled in Virginia that "`where a master and servant are sued together in tort, and the master's liability, if any, is solely dependent on the servant's conduct, a verdict for the servant necessarily exonerates the master.' " Shutter v. Augusta Healthcare for Women, P.L.C., 272 Va. 87, 92, 630 S.E.2d 313, 316 (2006) (quoting Roughton Pontiac Corp. v. Alston, 236 Va. 152, 156, 372 S.E.2d 147, 149 (1988)); see also Hughes v. Doe, 273 Va. 45, 48, 639 S.E.2d 302, 304 (2007) ("the crux of respondeat superior liability is a finding that the employee was negligent"). However, this Court recognizes exceptions to the rule "where the master's liability is not derived solely from the servant's acts." Roughton Pontiac Corp., 236 Va. at 156, 372 S.E.2d at 149. The master's "liability may be predicated upon evidence showing his own tortious acts or omissions independent of or in combination with the acts of the servant or upon the actions of another employee. In these situations, a judgment entered against the master will be allowed to stand, notwithstanding the servant's exoneration." Id. at 156, 372 S.E.2d at 149-50 (internal citations omitted); see also Virginia State Fair Ass `n v. Burton, 182 Va. 365, 370-71, 28 S.E.2d 716, 719 (1944) (holding that the fair association was independently negligent for failing to keep the premises reasonably safe for invitees).
In this case, the jury was instructed regarding both respondeat superior and premises liability theories concerning Wintergreen's alleged negligence. This Court has stated that "instructions given without objection become the law of the case and thereby bind the parties in the trial court and this Court on review." Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Thomas Baker Real Estate, Ltd., 237 Va. 649, 652, 379 S.E.2d 344, 346 (1989); see also Ulloa v. QSP, Inc., 271 Va. 72, 80, 624 S.E.2d 43, 48 (2006); T.L. Garden Assocs. v. First Savings Bank of Va., 262 Va. 28, 31, 546 S.E.2d 705, 706' (2001). Jury Instructions 10A, 13, and 16 and the verdict form, which allowed the jury to assess Wintergreen's and the employees' liability separately, were given without objection from Wintergreen. Because Wintergreen neither objected nor assigned error to the instructions or the verdict form, they became the law of the case.
[4-5] Because Grigg was an invitee on Wintergreen's premises, Instruction 16 permitted the jury to find that Wintergreen, as the occupant of the premises, failed to exercise ordinary care in rendering the premises reasonably safe for Grigg's visit or failed to warn of unsafe conditions that were known to it and unknown to Grigg. Violation of these duties supports an independent basis of liability against Wintergreen, separate and apart from Wintergreen's responsibility for any alleged negligence perpetrated by Henyon and Eimutus. Wintergreen's potential liability asserted in Instruction 16 is not derived solely from Henyon and Eimutus' actions on the slope on the date of the accident; Instruction 16 provides a basis upon which Wintergreen could be liable for tortious acts or omissions in addition to and independent of the acts of Henyon and Eimutus. Therefore, even though the jury found that the employees were not negligent, Instruction 16 permitted the jury to find that Wintergreen was negligent, independent of the acts of its employees, Henyon and Eimutus, for failing to keep the premises reasonably safe or for failing to warn properly.
McGuireWoods did not, on Wintergreen's behalf in the dismissed appeal, assign error regarding the sufficiency of the evidence proving that Wintergreen failed to keep the premises safe or failed to adequately warn of dangerous conditions, and Wintergreen has not asserted the failure to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as a basis for its malpractice claim.
Under these circumstances, we hold that, even if the appeal of the judgment against Wintergreen had not been dismissed, this Court would not have been required to reverse the Grigg judgment as a matter of law, because Jury Instruction 16 supported the jury's finding that Wintergreen could be liable for Grigg's injuries independent of the acts of Henyon or Eimutus. Therefore, we hold that the circuit court did not err in granting McGuireWoods' motion for summary judgment.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.