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rejecting claim of implied contractual indemnity where third-party plaintiff "merely alleged a complete defense to the original action" without any "allegations of vicarious liability"
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Docket No. 87885.
Decided November 2, 1987. Leave to appeal applied for.
Barbier, Petersmarck, Tolleson, Mead Paige, P.C. (by George E. Petersmarck and Vincent J. Brennan), for defendant.
Kitch, Saurbier, Drutchas, Wagner Kenney, P.C. (by Richard A. Kitch and Mark D. Willmarth), and John M. Thomas, for third-party defendant Ford Motor Company.
Third-party defendant Ford Motor Company appeals as on leave granted upon order of the Michigan Supreme Court from a denial of summary disposition by the Wayne Circuit Court. We reverse.
This case arises from the alleged wrongful death of Ford employee Robert N. Williams on January 26, 1979. On that date, Williams, during his employment, entered the third level of a high density robotic storage area to investigate a malfunction in the storage system, when he was struck from behind and crushed by a transfer vehicle. A complaint on behalf of his estate was filed against, among others, defendant-third party plaintiff, Unit Handling Systems Division of Litton Systems, Inc. The complaint alleged that Litton was negligent in designing, manufacturing and supplying the storage system and in failing to warn the decedent of foreseeable dangers in working within the storage area. The complaint also contained various allegations of breach of express and implied warranties and strict liability against Litton.
Prior to trial, Litton filed a third-party complaint against Ford. Litton sought indemnification from Ford in the event Litton was found liable to the decedent's estate. Trial was then conducted on the primary action and, after Litton was found to be liable for negligence and breach of implied warranty, a $10,000,000 verdict was awarded against Litton. The parties subsequently entered into a settlement agreement in which they stipulated that Litton did not admit negligence, breach of warranty or the propriety of the jury verdict or the judgment.
After the circuit judge certified the judgment agreed upon by the parties, Litton filed an amended third-party complaint more specifically seeking indemnification against Ford under the theories of implied contractual indemnity and common-law indemnity. Litton alleged that Ford breached its contractual agreement by failing to submit the decedent for training programs provided by Litton and by allowing the decedent to enter the storage system when the lockout system was off.
On July 14, 1984, Ford moved for summary judgment on the basis that Litton failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Upon the trial court's denial of the motion, this appeal ensued.
Michigan jurisprudence recognizes three sources of a right to indemnity: the common law, an implied contract and an express contract. Skinner v D-M-E Corp, 124 Mich. App. 580, 584; 335 N.W.2d 90 (1983). This case involves the first two theories.
Ford asserts on appeal, as it did below, that it is entitled to summary judgment because the principal complaint alleged only active negligence against Litton. Indeed, it has been held on numerous occasions that a party may not seek indemnity under common law where the primary complaint alleges active, rather than passive, liability. See, e.g., Feaster v Hous, 137 Mich. App. 783, 787-788; 359 N.W.2d 219 (1984). As the primary complaint here alleged only active negligence on the part of Litton, Litton was not free to seek common-law indemnity against Ford. That part of the third-party complaint should therefore have been dismissed. Cutter v Massey-Ferguson, Inc, 114 Mich. App. 28, 32; 318 N.W.2d 554 (1982).
In addition to common-law indemnity, Litton sought recovery under the theory of implied contractual indemnity. It has been said that, to sustain such a cause of action against an employer, the manufacturer must prove "a specific undertaking by the employer to perform some act or service for the manufacturer and an attempt by the employee of the employer to hold the manufacturer liable for the failure to perform the act which the employer had obligated itself to do." Grayson v Chambersburg Engineering Co, 139 Mich. App. 456, 461; 362 N.W.2d 751 (1984). However, it is likewise the case that indemnification under this theory is, as under common law, not available to a party who is proven to be actively negligent in causing the plaintiff's injury. Id., p 462; Skinner, supra, p 585. Accordingly, where the primary complaint is void of allegations of vicarious or derivative liability against the third-party plaintiff, implied contractual indemnity is also precluded. Hadley v Trio Tool Co, 143 Mich. App. 319, 331; 372 N.W.2d 537 (1985).
Litton contends that the Supreme Court opinion of Dale v Whiteman, 388 Mich. 698; 202 N.W.2d 797 (1972), should be read for the proposition that an implied contract of indemnity may be found in the alternative situation where the indemnitee is without personal fault or where the potential indemnitor was better situated to reduce the risk of injury. The same argument was considered and flatly rejected in Hadley. See also Langley v Harris Corp, 413 Mich. 592, 599-600, n 4; 321 N.W.2d 662 (1982).
Under this authority, our analysis might appear to end here. However, the trial court denied summary judgment and, citing the case of Hill v Sullivan Equipment Co, 86 Mich. App. 693; 273 N.W.2d 527 (1978), held that Litton was entitled to continue discovery. In Hill, the manufacturer and designer of a screw conveyor was sued for injuries sustained by an individual whose arm was caught in the conveyor. The manufacturer filed a third-party complaint for indemnification against the individual's employer, alleging that the employer rejected the original design, which included a protective cover, and insisted on installation of the machine without the cover. Given these allegations, the Hill majority concluded that summary judgment in favor of the employer should have been denied.
Although Hill has been criticized as erroneously holding that freedom from active fault is not a prerequisite for a successful claim for implied contractual indemnity, it was recently cited with approval for the alternative proposition that where, in the unique situation that the allegations of the third-party complaint, if proven, establish that the sole cause of plaintiff's injury was the negligence of the third-party defendant, then the third-party plaintiff should be given an opportunity to prove that it was free of active fault. Kirin v Riise Engineering Co, Inc, 148 Mich. App. 278, 284; 384 N.W.2d 149 (1986), lv den 426 Mich. 867 (1986). See also Reed v St. Clair Rubber Co, 118 Mich. App. 1, 10; 324 N.W.2d 512 (1982).
See, e.g., Skinner, supra, Feaster, supra, and Johnson v Bundy, 129 Mich. App. 393; 342 N.W.2d 567 (1983).
Litton, citing Hill and Kirin, contends that it similarly should be given the opportunity to prove, as alleged, that it was without active negligence and that the decedent's injuries were caused solely and proximately by the negligence of Ford.
Unfortunately, the law of indemnification is highly complicated and hardly a model of clarity. Nonetheless, at the expense of adding to the confusion, we are constrained to conclude that Hill and Kirin were wrongly decided and we decline to follow this line of authority.
As stated earlier in this opinion, the primary plaintiff alleged that Litton was negligent and breached its warranty in designing, manufacturing, and supplying a storage system not reasonably safe for its intended use and was negligent in failing to warn decedent of foreseeable dangers. In its third-party complaint, Litton alleged that the system was designed, manufactured and supplied in a reasonably safe condition, and further averred that decedent's death was caused by Ford's negligence in allowing decedent's presence within the storage system while the lockout system, supplied by Litton, was not in operation and without submitting him to training provided by Litton. Litton has asserted, in essence, that it was not negligent and, therefore, should be entitled to indemnification from Ford, whose negligence was the sole and proximate cause of decedent's death. If this position had been sustained by the evidence at the trial on the primary complaint (which it was not), then Litton would have won a judgment of no cause of action in its favor and the indemnity action would not have been necessary. On the other hand, if decedent were to win a judgment (not superseded by a settlement agreement), it would have been premised on Litton's active negligence and Litton would not have been entitled to indemnity against the employer. By settling with the decedent's estate and bringing the third-party complaint prior to the entry of an adverse judgment by the trial court, Litton has attempted to obtain indemnification where it would otherwise have been impossible. Nonetheless, in the third-party complaint, Litton has merely alleged a complete defense to the original action, rather than a basis for implied contractual indemnification. Diekevers v SCM Corp, 73 Mich. App. 78, 81; 250 N.W.2d 548 (1976); Minster Machine Co v Diamond Stamping Co, 72 Mich. App. 58, 63-64; 248 N.W.2d 676 (1976). Where there are no allegations of vicarious liability and a primary defendant seeks to disprove his own active negligence, he should do so against the primary plaintiff who brought the claim. The denial of summary judgment as to the claim for implied contractual indemnification is therefore vacated.
A determination whether the jury's verdict of negligence on the part of Litton in the primary case has collateral estoppel effect in the instant third-party case is unnecessary. The disposition of this case on the motion for summary judgment was not dependent upon a prior judgment of liability against Litton, but rather upon the contents of the primary plaintiff's complaint, which contained only allegations of active negligence against Litton. Parliament Construction Co v Beer Precast Concrete, Ltd, 114 Mich. App. 607, 612; 319 N.W.2d 374 (1982).
Due to the requirement that a party seeking implied contractual indemnification be free from active fault, it appears that in most cases a manufacturer-seller of a product will be unable to seek such indemnification from an employer-purchaser because the duties owed by each to the employer's employees are distinct. While manufacturers owe duties not to introduce defective products into the market, employers owe duties to reasonably supervise employees who operate dangerous machinery and to further provide these employees with adequate instruction and precaution. Even if an employer breaches a promise with a manufacturer to submit employees to training programs involving the product or to take some other precautionary measure, the manufacturer's liability will still result from its own active negligence, thereby precluding the opportunity for indemnification. See McPike v Die Casters Equipment Corp, 504 F. Supp. 1056, 1065 (WD Mich, 1980). Cf., Skinner, supra, and Grayson, supra, where manufacturers'-sellers' potential liability for breach of warranty was passive in nature.
We can summarily dispose of the two remaining issues discussed in the parties' briefs.
The first of these issues is whether Litton alleged a cause of action for breach of an implied warranty of workmanlike service against Ford. Although Ford did not raise this issue below, nor with this Court until it filed its reply brief, we nonetheless choose to address it because the question is one of law and all the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented. Balogh v City of Flat Rock, 152 Mich. App. 517, 520; 394 N.W.2d 1 (1985). After reviewing the pleadings, we are persuaded that summary judgment should have been granted dismissing this claim also because nothing in the pleadings suggests that Ford, as the potential indemnitor, was, at the time of the injury, performing a service for Litton pursuant to a contract which required that service. Ingram v Interstate Motor Freight Systems, 115 Mich. App. 559, 568-569; 321 N.W.2d 731 (1982).
Finally, Litton invites this Court to adopt and apply to this case the doctrine of comparative indemnity. Pursuant to the dictates of Downie v Kent Products, Inc, 420 Mich. 197; 362 N.W.2d 605 (1984), reh den 421 Mich. 1202 (1985), we decline to do so.
Reversed and remanded.