Summary
In Shannon v. Swanson, 208 Ill. 52, 55, 69 N.E. 869, where the proposed witness was 7 years old, the court observed "* * * the boy had sufficient mental perception and moral understanding to qualify him to speak as a witness, the weight and value of his testimony being matters for the consideration of the jury."
Summary of this case from Sobotta v. CarlsonOpinion
Argued December 18, 1903
Decided January 5, 1904
Charles Coleman Miller for appellants.
George L. Rives, Corporation Counsel ( James McKeen of counsel), for respondent.
These plaintiffs, as owners of farm lands, now within the city limits of the defendant, upon allegations to the effect that, by the establishment of driven wells and of pumping stations, the latter was liable for having caused, and for continuously causing, injuries of an irreparable nature to them, through the drying up of a watercourse and the absorbing of the natural underground waters, demanded a judgment for damages suffered in the past; for a permanent injunction against the operation of the wells and such other relief as to the court might seem just. The trial court, concisely stating its decision, found that the operation of the defendant's water works lowered the water level under the plaintiffs' lands to a certain depth, to their damage up to the time of trial, in the sum of $350, and to the permanent damage of their land, in the sum of $300, and directed judgment to be entered in their favor; which, as entered, adjudged the payment of the past damages and that the defendant should be enjoined, unless it paid the amount of the permanent damage. It contained the further provision that, upon payment, or tender, of the latter amount, the plaintiffs should execute a release to the defendant of the right to maintain its pumping stations, etc. An injunction was refused, except in the event of the defendant's failure to make such payment. The judgment has been affirmed by an unanimous determination of the Appellate Division. The plaintiffs had appealed to that court and they have appealed here, manifestly, because of their dissatisfaction with the amount of the recovery; but no questions have survived the unanimous affirmance below, except such as relate to the correctness of the conclusion upon the facts stated and to the relief granted by the judgment as entered. With respect to that, the appellants complain that such a judgment was not demanded and they insist that their constitutional rights have been violated, as its effect; because their property is taken from them without due process of law. They argue that the defendant gave no notice of its intention to acquire their property, as it was bound to do in exercising the right of eminent domain, and that the right to an appraisal of their property by a jury, or by three commissioners, has been denied them. This argument seems to proceed upon considerable misapprehension of the jurisdiction of a court of equity and of the procedure of the trial court in administering equitable relief upon the facts.
The defendant, to supply a public need of its citizens, established the driven wells and pumping stations upon its own property; but the effect of their operation has been to withdraw, or to abstract, waters from the surrounding lands, to the injury of the plaintiffs. This was a natural effect and, as a consequential injury, there has been an invasion of the plaintiffs' property rights, which constituted a technical trespass; for the resultant damages of which a right of action accrued. The act, however, which affected the plaintiffs, was the use by defendant of its own property in a manner authorized by law, and, as there was no intentional appropriation of the plaintiffs' property rights, nor any actual entry upon their lands, it is rather absurd to object that the failure of the defendant to give notice of an intention to acquire the property of the former raises a bar against the right to acquire the easements appropriated, through the provisions of this judgment. But the judgment is not open to objection on the ground mentioned; nor upon the other ground, that an appraisal of the value of the property taken, under constitutional methods of procedure, is denied. What the court adjudged to the plaintiffs was the recovery of a sum of money for the damages sustained up to the trial and, then, that they should recover a certain amount found to be the damage to the fee, and that an injunction would only be ordered in the event that the defendant failed to pay that amount. The court, upon what must be regarded by us as conclusive evidence, ascertained the value of the property rights appropriated and required the defendant to pay that value, in order to obviate an injunction. In this feature, the judgment was not mandatory upon the plaintiffs. The equitable relief administered by the court was to compel the defendant to pay to the plaintiffs the value of what they had been deprived of by its acts and to award an injunction, only, if the defendant refused to comply. In effect, relief by way of injunction was denied to the plaintiffs, as prayed for; but was available to them, as a means of enforcing the defendant's compliance with what the court deemed an equitable solution of the controversy. The court was not bound to grant a permanent injunction, because the injury was likely to continue; when it could be seen that the controversy might be settled by compelling the defendant to pay for the right to continue its work and, thus, to fully compensate the plaintiffs for the injury to their property, as though the right had been acquired through condemnation proceedings formally conducted to that end. A court of equity is, only, bound to award that relief upon the facts, which they appear to warrant, when all the circumstances are taken into consideration. By coming in and submitting the matters in controversy between them and the defendant to a court of equity, the plaintiffs consented to the exercise of a jurisdiction, which is plenary and unfettered in administering that full relief, which will settle the controversy upon just principles. The plaintiffs renounced the right to pursue their remedy at law for the injuries suffered and brought the matter on the equity side of the court; whereby it gained jurisdiction, generally, to adjust the disputes of the parties finally. ( Lynch v. Metr. Elev. Ry. Co., 129 N.Y. 274, 280.) When the court determined that full relief was possible, without enjoining the continuance of the water works, by compelling the defendant to acquire the right to do so upon a basis of compensation furnished by the proofs, it acted quite within its equitable province. ( American Bank Note Co. v. N.Y. Elevated R.R. Co., 129 N.Y. 252, 270.) In the case cited, it was held that the injunction of a court of equity and its alternative damages are to be deemed a substitute for the ordinary proceedings for condemnation.
I consider that other questions, relating to the city's right, or authority, to resort to this means of procuring a water supply, require no discussion. It exists and is clearly recognized in those charter provisions, which authorize the acquisition of real estate for the satisfaction of municipal public needs and the payment of claims, or damages, resulting therefrom, or thereupon. (§§ 484, 485.)
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., VANN, J. (and BARTLETT, MARTIN and WERNER, JJ., in result), concur; HAIGHT, J., absent.
Judgment affirmed.