Opinion
Docket No. 27030.
1951-09-20
CHARLES WEILL, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.
Harold Kornfeld, Esq., for the petitioner. Michael J. Kenny, Esq., for the respondent.
Mortgage upon a building belonging to petitioner was foreclosed in 1944 and he claimed, in the taxable year 1945, net operating loss carry-over. Held, on the facts, that the petitioner was not a dealer in real estate and his activities as a whole did not constitute a trade or business regularly carried on by him to which the loss on the foreclosure was attributable, therefore section 122(d)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code limits the operating loss thereon and prevents the allowance of the deduction claimed. Harold Kornfeld, Esq., for the petitioner. Michael J. Kenny, Esq., for the respondent.
This case involves income tax for the calendar year 1945. Deficiency was determined in the amount of $5,088.31. The petition places in issue a substantial portion thereof. The question presented is whether the petitioner is entitled to deduction of a net operating loss carry-over from the year 1944, arising from a foreclosure in real estate, which depends upon whether section 122(a) and (d)(5), Internal Revenue Code, applies. We make the following findings of fact.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Certain facts were stipulated and are so found. The Federal income tax return for the taxable year was filed with the collector for the third district of New York.
The petitioner from 1920 to 1950 maintained an office, from which he managed his affairs. He bought real estate and sold real estate, as early as 1916 and one property as late as 1950, through brokers and salesmen.
Petitioner advertised in newspapers offering his properties for sale and prepared lists of properties, held for sale, for inspection by real estate brokers. Such listings and advertisements were placed immediately after purchase of the properties.
The petitioner described his business as ‘real estate agent‘ in his Federal income tax return for 1920; and as ‘real estate operator‘ in his returns for 1923, 1926 to 1932, inclusive, 1934, and 1935. His returns for 1936 to 1940, inclusive, described his principal occupation as ‘real estate‘ and for 1942 and 1943 ‘real estate, etc.‘
The petitioner bought property to make money. He wished to resell. In general, when he sold, his terms were a small amount of cash and monthly payments secured by a second mortgage, generally for 5 years. Over a period of years petitioner has from $50,000 to $70,000 ‘tied up‘ in second mortgages taken upon properties sold by him. He made no loans. Out of the payments he received on the properties he paid taxes and interest and gave credit on the principal toward the balance. The petitioner never signed first mortgages but used a dummy so that he would not be personally responsible. He transferred the property to the dummy who signed the mortgage and then immediately transferred the property back to him. He generally purchased on 30, 60, or 90 day contracts, which meant that at the end of such periods he took title unless in the meantime he had sold the property. If he saw that he could not make a property pay, he quit fixing it up and paid no interest or taxes until it was foreclosed on. He had no real estate broker's license because he was not a broker. He rented the properties which he owned. He wanted to sell immediately if he could, but if he could not sell and if renting the property did not pay he let it be foreclosed upon.
He put his brother in general charge of keeping up the properties; and his brother hired two men to assist him. His brother's job was to keep the properties well preserved and cared for.
Petitioner from 1922 through 1945 was a partner in a meat market called Colonial Market. The partnership bought about five houses for investment. Three of them were lost by foreclosure. About 1917 petitioner organized a construction company called Leonard Weill Construction Company. It built an apartment house in 1917 and started renting it to tenants immediately. It was held until 1949. The original intention was to start a new enterprise of building properties but it did not work out.
From 1919 to 1945 petitioner was a stockholder, officer and employee of Leonard Weill Construction Company. From 1934 through 1942 he owned individually a restaurant bar and grill.
Property at 130 West Houston Street, New York, N.Y., was bought by the petitioner in 1925 and mortgage thereon was foreclosed in 1944.
From 1919 to 1945 the petitioner dealt with 48 parcels of real property, as follows: Resold within one day of date of purchase: one in 1919, one in 1921, four in 1922, five in 1923, one in 1925; sold within one year of purchase: two in 1921, two in 1922, one in 1924, three in 1925, one in 1930, three in 1932, one in 1938, and one in 1944; sold more than year after purchase: one in 1926 (held 4 years), one in 1924 (held 2 years), one in 1927 (held 1 year), one in 1928 (held 3 years), one in 1929 (held 5 years), one in 1945 (held 13 years); foreclosures: one in 1935 (held 15 years), one in 1936 (held 16 years), one in 1937 (held 9 years) and one in 1937 (held 12 years), two in 1944 (held 19 and 20 years), one in 1945 (held 22 years); not sold as of December 1945: seven (two held for 35 years and three for 30 years; petitioner did not know how long the others had been owned.) As to two properties, purchase dates were not shown. They were sold in 1921. Of the three properties sold in 1925 held more than one day two were held less than three weeks; and the three properties sold in 1932 were purchased on January 30 and sold on February 8.
Except for the property here involved (130 West Houston) and except for one sale and one foreclosure in 1945 petitioner sold no property after 1938, through 1945.
Petitioner owned and actively managed with the aid of his brother, in each year from 1922 through 1945, five to fifteen improved real properties and received rental income thereon.
Petitioner's returns, 1922 through 1940, report items including income and losses from real estate sales, real estate rentals, interest from mortgages, salary from Leonard Weill Construction Corporation, and income from the meat business and the restaurant bar and grill. His return for 1920 reports income under the heading ‘real estate agent‘ in addition to other income.
OPINION.
DISNEY, Judge:
The question before us here is whether section 122(d)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code limits the loss, taken in 1944, on a real estate foreclosure, and claimed as a net operating loss carry-over to 1945. Under the statute, unless the deduction of the net operating loss carry-over claimed is ‘attributable to the operation of a trade or business regularly carried on by the taxpayer,‘ it is limited, and the limitation the parties tacitly agree would eliminate petitioner's claimed deduction. Our inquiry therefore is simply whether the deduction is to be attributed to a trade or business of the taxpayer, regularly carried on. Petitioner points out that in Walter G. Morley, 8 T.C. 904 (916), we indicated that it is not necessary that the loss be attributed to a business regularly carried on in the year of the loss. We therefore direct our attention not only to the years 1944 and 1945 but to the year 1925, when the petitioner's property, at the time of purchase, was subjected to the mortgage foreclosed in 1944.
The petitioner's first and principal argument is: ‘The petitioner was a dealer in real estate.‘ We have carefully studied all of the facts and circumstances involved which, having been set forth in considerable details in our findings, we think need not be referred to extensively here. After such study we are of the opinion that the petitioner was not a dealer in real estate. The petitioner stresses the idea that he purchased real estate with the intent to resell it, and points out that in 12 cases (out of 48 transactions found by us) the property was resold within one day of purchase. Undoubtedly this fact is to be considered and it has been carefully considered, but the purpose of acquisition of the property is not so important as the activities of the owner while he holds the properties. Dunlap v. Oldman Lumber Co., 178 F.2d 781. Though property was acquired for one purpose, such as resale, the purpose may change and the property actually be held for investment. Foran v. Commissioner, 165 F.2d 705; Brown v. Commissioner, 143 F.2d 468; Leonhard Felix Fuld, 44 B.T.A. 1268, affd. 139 F.2d 465. So far as effect of sales within one day of purchase is concerned all of these except one took place in or prior to 1923, some two years before the acquisition of the property involved here. The last such quick sale ever made by the petitioner was in 1925, nineteen years before the loss involved in this case.
The petitioner though admitting that the claim of occupation is not conclusive points out, in effect, that in his income tax returns for many years he gave his occupation as ‘real estate operator‘ or ‘real estate, etc.‘ Either of the expressions, in the mind of the petitioner as a layman, must reasonably be considered as not bearing any technical meaning or as indicating a dealer in real estate rather than one owning and renting it. We, therefore, ascribe not much weight to the appellations given by the petitioner to his occupation in his returns.
It has long been recognized that the frequency of the activities relied upon to establish a business of dealing in real estate is highly important, that mere intermittent disposition of investment assets is not engaging in the business of selling property, and that carrying on business implies substantial regularity. Fahs v. Crawford, 161 F.2d 315. Here the petitioner made only one sale after the year 1938, up to 1945, and in 26 years, from 1919 to 1945, made only 34 sales, an average of a little more than one per year. Properties held more than 1 year and sold were held from 1 to 13 years. The properties foreclosed upon had been held from 1 to 13 years. The properties foreclosed upon had been held by the petitioner from 9 to 22 years, only one being held less than 12 years. Of the seven properties held by the petitioner at the end of 1945, two, he testified, had been held for 35 years and three for 30 years and he did not know about the others. The property here involved was held for 19 years before being foreclosed upon. Under the evidence we cannot but conclude that the petitioner was not, either in 1944-45 or in 1925, a dealer in real estate as contended. It is clear, we think, that though in the earlier years he made some quick sales, from 1925 on it cannot be said that he was primarily in the business of turning over real estate; for the evidence plainly indicates that if a property would pay he would retain it and did retain it for many years in many cases and in many others for several years. He rented his properties and preserved them if they would pay. The idea that he ‘milked‘ properties which did not pay, that is, did not spend money for taxes or expenses and let them go by foreclosure, is by the evidence shown to be greatly overworked; for not only were foreclosures limited to seven in number throughout the 26 years but the seven properties foreclosed on had been held for 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20 and 22 years, respectively, while five of the seven properties as held at the end of 1945 had been held from 30 to 35 years. Thus it appears that in only seven cases out of 48 did the petitioner fail to make a lasting rental-bearing proposition out of the property, and even in those cases they were profitable for long periods, as otherwise on the petitioner's theory he would have permitted earlier foreclosure.
He kept up the properties, with his brother and his brother's two assistants in charge, for a minimum of nine years before he permitted any foreclosure. In addition, he had other investments in a partnership in a meat market which bought five houses for investment, in the language of the petitioner. He was interested in an apartment house which was rented to tenants for 32 years. He invested also in a restaurant-bar-grill. From all of these facts we can only conclude that the petitioner was not a dealer in real estate; and we so hold.
In the alternative, the petitioner argues that if the owner of real estate devotes it to rental purposes the property is used in trade or business and the loss or foreclosure thereof was a fully deductible loss in 1944 under section 117(j), Internal Revenue Code, therefore that such loss was attributable to a business regularly carried on, so as to avoid the limitation of section 122(d)(5). Even assuming that the petitioner was in the business of renting real property, the contention is without basis, under Joseph Sic, 10 T.C. 1096,
affd. 177 F.2d 469; Lazier v. United States, 170 F.2d 521; Joseph L. Merrill, 9 T.C. 297, affd. 173 F.2d 210; Smith v. United States, 180 F.2d 357 (involving as here, sale or rental real estate, an apartment building by one having extensive holdings and interests, who over a period of about 12 years had purchased properties worth $100,000 and sold properties worth $300,000 but, as here, was not a licensed real estate agent).
In the Sic case, we quoted Dalton v. Bowers, 287 U.S. 404 (involving, in section 206 of the Revenue Act of 1924, the same language here involved), as follows:By the statute allowing the deductions and carrying over the loss for two years Congress intended to give relief to persons engaged in an established business for losses incurred during a year of depression in order to equalize taxation in the two succeeding and more profitable years. It was not intended to apply to occasional or isolated losses.The Supreme Court was quoting the Circuit Court of Appeals, which it affirmed.
Again in the alternative, the petitioner asserts that his varied activities as a whole constituted a trade or business regularly carried on, to which the loss on foreclosure was attributable, therefore section 122(d)(5) does not limit the operating loss therefrom. Only Henry E. Sage, 15 T.C. 299, is cited.
We think that case does not control here. In the Sage case the loss involved was taken upon a loan to a corporation in which the petitioner, in line with his great number of different activities, was a stockholder. He had organized the company, obtained for it a mining lease, spent several months at the mine, kept in touch with it and interviewed people with regard to the financing and operation of the mine. We concluded that the loss was a part of his regular business. Sage made no sale of property but a loan. The instant question is there absent. Here the loss involved occurred because of foreclosure on real estate owned by the petitioner for about 19 years. In addition to his real estate holdings and activities the petitioner here had two or three side lines. It cannot, we think, be said that in the foreclosure sale involved he was operating in the same manner as was Sage who was, under the facts there found, in a business of participating in a great many various activities, corporate and otherwise, to which he had devoted his time, interests and money. He appears in effect to have been operating a business of financing enterprises in which he became interested, including lending money to them, resulting in the bad debt involved. The question here is whether the foreclosure on property from which petitioner had for years obtained rents was attributable to the operation of a trade or business regularly carried on by him. If it was attributable rather to the mere ownership of real estate, it is not attributable to the operation of a trade or business comparable to that of the petitioner in the Sage case. The question therefore resolves itself in the final analysis to one as to whether the petitioner was a dealer in real estate so that the loss from foreclosure of a parcel of real estate was a true business loss. Unless he was a dealer, sale of his property did not result in loss due to operation of a business. In our opinion, the facts here involved do not demonstrate a business activity on the part of the petitioner which as a whole can be denominated a business to the operation of which, if petitioner was not a dealer in real estate, the foreclosure on a parcel of real estate is attributable. Petitioner here was not in the business of making loans. He testified that he made none. Under the logic of the Sic, Merrill, Lazier, and Smith cases, supra, even if the petitioner had the broad business claimed under this particular contention, the foreclosure sale of property merely held would not be attributable to the operation of a business as required by section 122. The loss here, to be carried over, must not only be attributable to a trade or business but to trade or business regularly carried on. That there is a deep seated distinction between an investor and a real estate dealer cannot be doubted. Higgins v. Commissioner, 312 U.S. 212. Moreover, that Congress intended to make a difference between losses in ‘trade or business‘ and those in mere profit transactions is indubitable in the light of the distinction created by section 23(e)(1) and (2) of the Internal Revenue Code. No erasure of the line between trade or business and general activities involving profit is permissible and it cannot be said, without disregarding section 23(e)(1) and (2), that one is in trade or business merely because he has entered various fields of profit activity. In Ralph C. Holmes, 37 B.T.A. 865, referring to Hutchings v. Burnet, 58 F.2d 514, we said that ‘'trade or business' as used in the revenue statutes bears a more restricted meaning that the general definition of what constitutes business transactions.‘ Very recently in Chester C. Hand, Sr., 16 T.C. 1410, we recognized that Congress had limited ‘perhaps arbitrarily‘ the concept of trade or business, holding that an employee was not in trade or business, though he had incurred various and extensive expenses in carrying on his work. The use, in section 122(d)(5) here involved, of the identical phrase found in section 23(e)(1)— TRADE or business‘— and not the expression in section 23(e)(2)— ‘entered into for profit‘— clearly points out the particularity of the Congressional intent in section 122(d)(5). It should be kept in mind also that section 122(d)(5) was enacted by section 211(b) of the Revenue Act of 1939, prior to the new provisions in section 23(a)(2) added by section 121(a) and (d) of the Revenue Act of 1942, and providing for the first time for deduction of ‘non-trade or non-business expenses‘— and that even therein Congress recognized the difference between expense of trade or business and those not in that category— in short, preserved the distinction. Section 122(d)(5) does not permit, and cannot in the fact of section 23(e)(1) and (2), rationally permit a concept of deduction of losses, or carry over thereof, outside the statutory idea of trade or business. Yet this is what petitioner here seeks, in contending that his activities as a whole constitute trade or business. Indeed, in first arguing that he was a dealer in real estate, he tacitly recognizes the statutory limitation on the concept of trade or business. We cannot, therefore, agree with petitioner's second alternative argument, and hold that the foreclosure loss was not attributable to operation of a business consisting generally of his activities as a whole.
We conclude and hold that within the language and intendment of section 122(d)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code the loss sustained by the petitioner in 1944 on the foreclosure of mortgage on the property at 130 West Houston Street and the deduction thereof was not attributable to the operation of a trade or business regularly carried on by the taxpayer. The deduction of the loss as a net operating loss carry-over from 1944 to 1945 is therefore denied.
Reviewed by the Court.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
KERN, J., dissents.
D0P
BLACK, J., dissenting: I disagree with the holding of the majority opinion wherein it holds that the petitioner was not a dealer in real estate and his activities in real estate did not constitute a trade or business regularly carried on by him to which the loss of the foreclosure was attributable.
It seems to me that the facts found in the majority opinion show that when petitioner purchased the parcel of real estate in question he was clearly in the real estate business and that he purchased the property in question for resale at a profit. I think also that the facts show that petitioner continued in the real estate business up to and including the taxable year which is here involved and that the parcel of real estate in question was held for sale in petitioner's real estate business. These being the facts and circumstances, it seems to me that petitioner is entitled to the net loss carry-over which he claims under section 122(d)(5), I.R.C. See Walter G. Morley, 8 T.C. 904. It seems to me that the majority opinion is contrary in principle to what we held in the Morley case.
I, therefore, respectfully dissent.