Opinion
No. 10-06-00326-CR
Opinion delivered and filed November 21, 2007. DO NOT PUBLISH.
Appeal from the 367th District Court Denton County, Texas, Trial Court No. F-2005-1245-E. Affirmed.
Before Chief Justice GRAY, Justice VANCE, and Justice REYNA.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Joseph Francis Weaver was charged with one count of indecency with a child and three counts of aggravated sexual assault. The jury convicted Weaver of the indecency count, for which he received twenty years in prison, and one aggravated sexual assault count, for which he received ninety-nine years in prison. In two points of error, Weaver challenges: (1) the denial of his motion to suppress; and (2) the admission of certain testimony. We affirm.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his first point, Weaver argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress tape recordings of telephone conversations between Weaver and the victim, C.V., because: (1) there was no vicarious consent; and (2) there is a reasonable expectation of privacy in conversations conducted via speakerphone.Standard of Review
We apply a bifurcated standard of review to the denial of a motion to suppress. See Haas v. State, 172 S.W.3d 42, 49 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, pet ref'd). First, we review the denial for abuse of discretion. See Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Second, we conduct a de novo review of the law as applied to the facts. See Haas, 172 S.W.3d at 49; see also Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Oles, 993 S.W.2d at 106. The court's findings receive "almost total deference" and absent specific findings, we review the evidence in the "light most favorable" to the ruling. Haas, 172 S.W.3d at 49; Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327-328. The ruling will be affirmed if "reasonably supported by the record" and correct on any applicable legal theory. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990); Cisneros v. State, 165 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2005, no pet.).Analysis
A person commits an offense if he "intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures another person to intercept or endeavor to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication," unless the "person is a party to the communication" or "one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent." TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 16.02(b)(1); (c)(4)(A)-(B) (Vernon Supp. 2007). The record contains four audio tapes recorded by C.V.'s mother Rosemary, Weaver's "common law wife," of conversations between Weaver and C.V. Weaver filed a motion to suppress the tapes on grounds that they were made without either his or C.V.'s consent. At a hearing on the motion, Weaver admitted having telephone conversations with C.V., but denied consenting to the recording of these conversations. C.V. testified that she consented to the recording of two tapes and the remaining tapes were made while she was speaking to Weaver via speakerphone. During these conversations, she and Weaver discussed their relationship and ways to conceal the relationship from Rosemary. C.V. believed that Rosemary made the tapes to obtain proof of C.V.'s relationship with Weaver. The State argued that the tapes were admissible because a parent may give vicarious consent to record a child's telephone conversations and that there is no legitimate expectation of privacy in speakerphone conversations. The trial court denied Weaver's motion.Vicarious Consent
Until recently, "no Texas cases have addressed a parent's ability to vicariously consent to the recording of a child's telephone conversations." Alameda v. State, No. PD-0231-06, 2007 Tex. Crim. App. Lexis 868, at *9 (Tex.Crim.App. June 27, 2007). The parties cite to two cases, Pollock v. Pollock, a Sixth Circuit case, and Alameda v State, a Fort Worth Court of Appeals case, which discuss the doctrine of vicarious consent in the context of the parent/child relationship. In Pollock, Samuel and Laura Pollock brought an action against Sandra Pollock, alleging that Sandra violated the federal wiretapping statute when she recorded conversations between Samuel and their minor daughter Courtney, and between Laura, Samuel's wife, and Courtney. See 154 F.3d 601, 602 (6th Cir. 1998). Sandra argued that "she `vicariously consented' to the recording on behalf of Courtney, a minor child in her custody, because she was concerned that Samuel was emotionally abusing Courtney." Id. at 603. The Sixth Circuit held that "as long as the guardian has a good faith, objectively reasonable basis for believing that it is necessary and in the best interest of the child to consent on behalf of his or her minor child to the taping of telephone conversations, the guardian may vicariously consent on behalf of the child to the recording." Id. at 610. In Alameda, Deborah H. recorded conversations between her daughter J.H. and Alameda because she suspected that the two were communicating without her knowledge and engaging in inappropriate behavior, and she was concerned for J.H.'s safety. See 181 S.W.3d 772, 774 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005), aff'd, No. PD-0231-06, 2007 Tex. Crim. App. Lexis 868 (Tex.Crim.App. June 27, 2007). The recordings revealed a sexual relationship between Alameda and J.H. Id. at 774-75. Alameda filed a motion to suppress the tapes, arguing that they are inadmissible because "section 16.02 of the penal code makes it an offense to intentionally intercept wire communications when no consent has been given." Id. at 775. "The State argued that Deborah vicariously consented to the recording of the conversations on J.H.'s behalf." Id. After identifying the issue as one of first impression in Texas, the Fort Worth Court adopted the rule in Pollock. See id. at 777-79. The tapes were admissible because Deborah suspected that Alameda and J.H. were engaging in inappropriate behavior:It would seem logical that parents could install a recording device on their telephone after suspecting that their child was engaging in inappropriate behavior with an adult, regardless of whether parents suspected the behavior was sexual in nature.Id. at 780. The Court of Criminal Appeals recently affirmed Alameda, applying the doctrine of vicarious consent to the "existing consent exception to the wiretap statute." See Alameda, 2007 Tex. Crim. App. Lexis 868, at *12-13. Weaver argues that, unlike in Alameda and Pollock, Rosemary failed to articulate a good faith reasonable basis for believing that the recordings were in C.V.'s best interest. He complains that the State never inquired as to Rosemary's basis for recording the conversations. This argument ignores the fact that at the hearing on Weaver's motion to suppress, Rosemary pleaded the Fifth Amendment and refused to answer any questions addressing whether she recorded conversations between Weaver and C.V. However, Rosemary's written statement was admitted into evidence at the hearing. According to her statement, Rosemary had observed Weaver touching C.V. and she had noticed changes in C.V. and Weaver. She stated that she had "had some suspicions" about the relationship between C.V. and Weaver. She heard C.V. talking to Weaver on the phone and recorded the conversations on approximately four occasions. She eventually questioned C.V. who admitted to sexual conduct with Weaver. This written statement demonstrates that Rosemary suspected Weaver and C.V. of engaging in inappropriate conduct and that this was her "objectively reasonable basis" for believing that it was necessary and in C.V.'s best interest to consent to the recordings on her behalf for the protection of her minor daughter. See Pollock, 154 F.3d at 610; see also Alameda, 181 S.W.3d at 777-80. We cannot say that Rosemary failed to articulate an objectively reasonable good faith basis for believing that the recordings were in C.V.'s best interest. Accordingly, we need not address whether there is a reasonable expectation of privacy in conversations conducted via speakerphone. See Romero, 800 S.W.2d at 543; see also Cisneros, 165 S.W.3d at 856; TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. We overrule Weaver's first point of error.
HEARSAY
In his second point, Weaver argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting three portions of testimony that he contends amount to hearsay: (1) testimony from C.V. addressing whether Rosemary pressured C.V. to change her story; (2) testimony from C.V. addressing the conversations recorded by Rosemary; and (3) testimony from Rosemary addressing her conversations with C.V.Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. See Martin v. State, 173 S.W.3d 463, 467 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005); see also Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 664, 166 L. Ed. 2d 521 (2006) (citing Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 816 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996)). "If the trial court's decision was within the bounds of reasonable disagreement, the appellate court should not disturb its ruling." Shuffield, 189 S.W.3d at 793. Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. TEX R. EVID. 801(d). A hearsay statement may be admissible if it falls within an exception to the hearsay rule. See TEX R. EVID. 803.Analysis
C.V. testified, over Weaver's hearsay objections, that she changed her story because Rosemary instructed her to do so. Rosemary told C.V. what to say:She said that if anybody was to ask me if — why I am changing my story now, it would be because now that I am pregnant, I don't want Joseph to pay for what — for something he didn't do and that I have a lot of guilt. And if someone were to ask me if — whether —
C.V. also testified, over Weaver's hearsay objections, that she agreed to allow Rosemary to record her telephone conversations with Weaver because Rosemary wanted proof of the relationship between Weaver and C.V.Rosemary testified, over Weaver's hearsay objections, that she asked C.V. about her relationship with Weaver. According to Rosemary, C.V. disclosed that she and Weaver took showers together and watched a pornographic video, and that Weaver rubbed C.V.'s breasts, touched C.V. "[a]ll over her body," tried to have sexual intercourse with C.V., and tried to put his penis inside C.V. Rosemary testified that she told the Carrollton police that C.V. had said that Weaver put his penis inside her. Weaver argues that C.V.'s testimony and Rosemary's testimony was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted and that no exception to the hearsay rule applies. We find it irrelevant whether this testimony qualifies as either hearsay or an exception to the hearsay rule. In each of the three instances, the complained of testimony was proceeded and/or followed by the same or similar unobjected to testimony. The record contains other testimony indicating that Rosemary pressured C.V. to change her story. C.V. testified, without objection, that Rosemary gave her a piece of paper on which she had written notes for C.V. to memorize. When she met with Weaver's attorneys, C.V. repeated what Rosemary had asked her to memorize:
As to what I said earlier, that; and to say that I got the idea to lie about it from my friends. And the only reason I did lie about it was because they didn't — neither my mom nor Joe would let me go stay with my family back in West Texas and that they would not let me go here and there with my friends and go to a party that was just — that somebody threw not too long ago before going to the police.Defense counsel also questioned C.V. on this subject. C.V. testified that Rosemary gave her notes, both before and after meeting with defense counsel, instructing her what to say. C.V. remembered telling defense counsel that she had fabricated the allegations against Weaver:
I do — I recall telling you that I did dislike Joe and the way he was raising — disciplining me and that the whole reason I did make up the lie was because, like I said earlier, he didn't let me go to my grandparents' house in West Texas where my sister lived and that he would not let me go to a pool party that was there.C.V. confirmed that Rosemary was in jail for pressuring C.V. to change her story. The record also contains other testimony addressing the recordings. Defense counsel asked C.V. how Rosemary recorded the conversations between C.V. and Weaver. C.V. testified that while she spoke with Weaver via speakerphone, Rosemary recorded the conversations and directed the conversations by instructing C.V. what to say or ask. Finally, the record contains other testimony regarding the sexual activity between Weaver and C.V. as described by Rosemary. C.V. had testified, without objection, that Weaver had touched her breasts, that she and Weaver took a shower together, that she and Weaver engaged in sexual intercourse, that Weaver had put his penis inside her, and that she told Rosemary what had been going on with Weaver. Detective Angela Lundy testified, without objection, that C.V. told her that she and Weaver sometimes took showers together, that Weaver had put his penis inside her vagina, and that she and Weaver had engaged in sexual intercourse. Lundy also testified that she discovered two pornographic tapes in Weaver's truck that were "consistent with what [C.V.] had described." "[A]dmission of inadmissible evidence can be rendered harmless if the same or similar evidence is introduced without objection elsewhere during trial." Elder v. State, 132 S.W.3d 20, 27 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref'd); see Lane v. State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) ("error [if any] in the admission of evidence is cured where the same evidence comes in elsewhere without objection"); see also Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 627 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986) ("If the fact to which the hearsay relates is sufficiently proved by other competent and unobjected to evidence, as in the instant case, the admission of the hearsay is properly deemed harmless and does not constitute reversible error"). Because the same or similar testimony was admitted elsewhere, without objection, any error in admitting C.V.'s and Rosemary's testimony would be harmless. See Elder, 132 S.W.3d at 27; see also Lane, 151 S.W.3d at 193; Anderson, 717 S.W.2d at 627. We overrule Weaver's second point of error. Having overruled Weaver's two points of error, we affirm the trial court's judgment.