Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:16-CV-257
10-13-2017
SAMUEL RICHMOND WALKER, TDCJ #01251415, Plaintiff, v. JAMES W. DANHEIM, et al., Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Samuel Richmond Walker (TDCJ #01251415), an inmate in the custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice - Correctional Institutions Division ("TDCJ"), has filed a pro se civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and has sought permission to proceed in forma pauperis (Dkt. 1, Dkt. 2, and Dkt. 3). He asserts that the defendants violated his right to procedural due process during the course of a prison disciplinary proceeding (Dkt. 1 at pp. 11-13). The disciplinary case was overturned at step two of the grievance process (Dkt. 1 at pp. 11-13).
Walker's live allegations fail to state a cognizable claim, so the Court ordered Walker to show cause why this case should not be dismissed (Dkt. 7). Walker has not responded. The Court will now dismiss this complaint as frivolous and for failure to state a claim.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the TDCJ website, Walker is currently serving a 45-year sentence for aggravated robbery. In May of 2016, while he was incarcerated in the Darlington Unit in Brazoria County, Walker was found guilty in prison disciplinary proceeding #20160256068 of possessing tobacco (Dkt. 1 at pp. 7, 11). He was demoted to the L2 custodial classification (Dkt. 1 at p. 13). Walker filed timely Step One and Step Two grievances, and his disciplinary conviction was overturned at the Step Two stage (Dkt. 1 at p. 13). He seeks compensatory and punitive damages and wants the defendants fired (Dkt. 1 at p. 11).
II. THE PLRA
The complaint in this case is governed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (the "PLRA"). Upon initial screening of a prisoner civil rights complaint, the PLRA requires a district court to scrutinize the claims and dismiss the complaint, in whole or in part, if it determines that the complaint "is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted;" or "seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief." 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). A reviewing court may dismiss a complaint for these same reasons "at any time" where a party, like Walker, proceeds in forma pauperis. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) (mandating dismissal where the complaint is "frivolous or malicious," "fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted," or "seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief"). The PLRA also provides that the court "shall on its own motion or on the motion of a party dismiss an action" if it is satisfied that the complaint is "frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c).
Walker proceeds pro se in this case. Courts construe pleadings filed by pro se litigants under a less stringent standard of review. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519 (1972) (per curiam). Under this standard, "[a] document filed pro se is 'to be liberally construed,' Estelle [v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)], and 'a pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.'" Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). Nevertheless, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (observing that courts "are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation"). The Supreme Court has clarified that "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
III. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
Under the applicable legal standard, Walker has not stated a viable claim for denial of his right to procedural due process. An inmate's rights in the prison disciplinary setting are governed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557 (1974). A prisoner charged with institutional rules violations is only entitled to relief under the Due Process Clause when the disciplinary action resulted in a sanction that infringed upon a constitutionally protected liberty interest. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483-87 (1995) ("[N]either the Hawaii prison regulation in question, nor the Due Process Clause itself, afforded Conner a protected liberty interest that would entitle him to the procedural protections set forth in Wolff."). These protected liberty interests can emanate from either the Due Process Clause itself or from state law—Kentucky Dept. of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989)—but the range of protected interests "has been dramatically narrowed" by the Supreme Court, particularly in its Sandin opinion. Orellana v. Kyle, 65 F.3d 29, 31-32 (5th Cir. 1995). The cases indicate that, in order to trigger protection under the Due Process Clause directly (i.e. without implicating a state-created liberty interest), state action must subject the prisoner to consequences that are "qualitatively different from the punishment characteristically suffered by a person convicted of crime." Toney v. Owens, 779 F.3d 330, 337 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 493 (1980)); see also Thompson, 490 U.S. at 460. Such consequences can include, for instance, an involuntary transfer from a state prison to a mental hospital for psychiatric treatment; the forcible administration of psychotropic drugs; and the imposition of sex-offender classification and conditions on a prisoner who has not been convicted of a sex offense. See Vitek, 445 U.S. at 493-94; Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210, 221-22 (1990); Toney, 779 F.3d at 336-37. Similarly, state-created liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clause "will be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life." Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484 (citations omitted). A state's action can also implicate procedural due process protection when that action "will inevitably affect the duration of [the prisoner's] sentence." Id. at 487.
Walker's claims do not come within the range of protected liberty interests. To begin with, Walker's successful Step Two appeal cured any error in the disciplinary proceeding. Ard v. Leblanc, 404 Fed. App'x 928, 929 (5th Cir. 2010); see also McCrae v. Hankins, 720 F.2d 863, 868 (5th Cir. 1983) ("The constitution demands due process, not error-free decisionmaking[.]"); Terrell v. Bassett, 353 F.Supp.2d 658, 661 (E.D. Va. 2005); Hyson v. Neubert, 820 F.Supp. 184, 190-91 (D.N.J. 1993). Regardless, as mentioned above, Walker was only demoted to the L2 custodial classification as a result of his disciplinary case (Dkt. 1 at p. 13). None of the sanctions imposed on Walker either constituted an "atypical and significant hardship" or inevitably affected the duration of Walker's sentence. The sanctions, as a result, were simply not Constitutionally actionable.
a. Custodial demotion
The reduction in Walker's time-earning classification may have affected Walker's eligibility for early release from prison. But the Due Process Clause does not include a right to conditional release before the expiration of a valid sentence, and the Texas parole statutes do not create a protected liberty interest because parole in Texas is entirely discretionary. Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Neb. Penal & Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7 (1979); Teague v. Quarterman, 482 F.3d 769, 774 (5th Cir. 2007); Kyle, 65 F.3d at 32. Moreover, the Fifth Circuit has held that reductions in a prisoner's time-earning status, and the potential impact of those reductions on good-time credit earning ability, are too attenuated from the prisoner's ultimate release date to invoke the procedural guarantees of the Due Process Clause. Malchi v. Thaler, 211 F.3d 953, 958-59 (5th Cir. 2000); Luken v. Scott, 71 F.3d 192, 193 (5th Cir. 1995); Neals v. Norwood, 59 F.3d 530, 533 (5th Cir. 1995). The changes in the conditions of Walker's confinement that are attendant to the reduction in his custody classification do not affect the duration or fact of Walker's confinement and do not constitute atypical, significant hardships that go beyond the ordinary incidents of prison life. They therefore do not implicate due process concerns. Madison v. Parker, 104 F.3d 765, 768 (5th Cir. 1997); Malchi, 211 F.3d at 958. Even if his successful Step Two grievance did not cure any procedural defects in the disciplinary proceeding, Walker has not stated a viable procedural due process claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court ORDERS as follows:
1. Walker's complaint is DISMISSED under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) as frivolous and for failure to state a claim.
2. All pending motions are DENIED as moot.
The Clerk is directed to provide a copy of this order to the parties. The Clerk is also directed to provide a copy of this order to the Manager of the Three-Strikes List for the Southern District of Texas at Three_Strikes@txs.uscourts.gov.
SIGNED at Galveston, Texas on October 13, 2017.
/s/_________
GEORGE C. HANKS, JR.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE