Opinion
CASE NO. EDCR 96-031 RT, EDCV 04-006 RT
March 18, 2004
Debra W. Yang, United States Attorney, Steve D. Clymer, Special Assistant U.S. Attorney, Chief, Criminial Division, Bruce Riordian, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Los Angeles, CA, for Respondent United States of America.
Eric Roshawn Smith, Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island, CA, for Petitioner Eric Roshawn Smith.
The court, Judge Robert J Timlin, has read and considered movant Eric Roshawn Smith ("Smith")'s motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 ("§ 2255"), respondent United States of America's ("United States")'s response ("Response"), and Smith's reply Based on such consideration, the court concludes as follows
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A substantial portion of this Factual Background is derived from documents filed in United States of America v. Eric Roshawn Smith, EDCR 96-31-RT (underlying criminal case) and particularly those Exhibits A through L attached to Smith's motion for clarification of judgment and commitment orders filed on December 31, 2003 The court has taken judicial notice of those exhibits and their content
The date of the federal offenses and the date of Smith's arrest on those offenses are both August 7, 1996 Smith was released from federal custody on bond on November 26, 1996 While free on bond, he was arrested for a state offense on March 12, 1999
On April 6, 1999, this court ordered a bench warrant in the underlying federal criminal case for Smith's apprehension, based on an alleged violation of a condition of his release not to violate any law while on bail The alleged violation was based on the unrelated state offense There is no evidence before this court that the warrant was not served on the State custodial officials as a detainer-hold
On December 16, 1999, he was sentenced by the state court to five years on the state offense While serving his custodial sentence on the state offense, Smith was removed from California state custody by a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum on November 22, 2000 to complete the federal criminal proceedings On December 21, 2000, Smith pled guilty to Count 2 of the Indictment and, on June 25, 2001, he received a sentence of 78 months in this court on his federal offense, to be served concurrently with his state sentence
It appears from the documents in the underlying federal criminal case that Smith never returned to state custody Further, there is a suggestion in those documents that the state court judge stated that he did not object to Smith serving his state prison sentence in a federal prison
In calculating the pre-sentence custody credit to be granted to Smith for time served, the Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") began the federal sentence on June 25, 2001 The BOP credited Smith with the 112 days he served in federal custody before being released on bond (August 7, 1996 to November 26, 1996), plus 279 days for the time he served in state custody before being sentenced by the state court (March 12, 1999 to December 15, 1999), for a total of 391 days credit Under that calculation, Smith would be projected to be released on January 27, 2006, assuming that he receives all available good time credit The BOP did not credit Smith with the custody time he served between December 16, 1999 and June 25, 2001, which totals over 18 months (the period between the date of his state sentence and the date of his federal sentence)
Smith filed the instant § 2255 motion on December 31, 2003, alleging that the BOP's calculation of his pre-sentence custody credit fails to account for this court's order that the federal and state sentences run concurrently The United States in its response agrees, and suggests that this court correct Smith's sentence by reducing it 15 months, from 78 months to 63 months
The United States suggests that this court correct Smith's sentence by using United States Sentencing Guideline 5G1 3(b) ("5G1 3(b)") in conjunction with Fed R Crim P 36 ("Rule 36") However, Rule 36 is only to be used to make clerical corrections to sentences, and may not be used by this court to substantively change Smith's sentence See United States v. Corey, 999 F.2d 493 at 496-97 (10th Cir 1993), United States v. Werber, 51 F.3d 342, 347, (2nd Cir 1995), United States v. Fraley, 988 F.2d 4, 5-6 (4th Cir 1993)
II. ANALYSIS
The court considers Smith's § 2255 motion liberally, see Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U S 5, 9, 101 S Ct 173 (1980) (holding pro se motions and complaints "to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers") Smith has moved this court, pursuant to § 2255, for a correction of his sentence to reflect the time he served in state custody from the date of his state sentence to the date he was sentenced by this court in the underlying federal criminal caseA district court does not have the authority to compute sentence credits for the time a defendant is detained prior to sentencing, see United States v. Wilson, 503 U S 329, 112 S Ct 1352 (1992) However, once administrative remedies are exhausted, see 28 C F R §§ 542 10-542 16, prisoners may then seek judicial review of any pre-sentence custody credit determination by the BOP, see Wilson, 503 U S at 335, 112 S Ct 1355, by filing a habeas corpus writ petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 ("§ 2441") Benny v U S Parole Com'n 295 F.3d 977, 988 (9th Cir 2002), Tucker v Carlson, 925 F.2d 330, 331-32 (9th Cir 1991), Larios v Madigan, 299 F.2d 98 (9th Cir 1962) It is undisputed that Smith has fully exhausted his administrative remedies before the BOP, and so the issue of whether the BOP correctly computed Smith's pre-sentence custody credit is now properly before this court. The court will accordingly construe the instant § 2255 motion as being a petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought pursuant to § 2441
According to 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) ("§ 3585(b)")
A defendant shall be given credit toward the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to the date the sentence commences —
(1) as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed, or
(2) as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed, that has not been credited against another sentence
Under § 3585(b), a defendant serving concurrent state and federal sentences is entitled to pre-sentence custody credit against his federal sentence for all of his pre-sentence incarceration, whether in federal or state custody, if the state custody resulted from conviction of an offense that occurred after the commission of the federal offense Kayfez v. Gasele, 993 F.2d 1288, 1289-90 (7th Cir 1993). Cozine v. Crabtree, 15 F. Supp.2d 997, 1023 (D Or 1998)
The BOP, in denying Smith's administrative appeals, stated that "the earliest date a federal sentence can commence is the date it is imposed " BOP Sentence Computation, October 2, 2002 This statement may literally be true But once the sentence is imposed, the prisoner is entitled to credit against the term of imprisonment for pre-sentence custody prior to the date the sentence commences § 3585(b) mandates that a defendant "shall" be given credit for time spent in official detention "prior to the date the sentence commences"
Section 3585(b) applies in the instant case Smith committed the state offense for which he was arrested and detained after the commission of the federal offense for which the sentence at issue was imposed Furthermore, there has been no allegation or evidence presented that the 18 months at issue have been credited against another sentence The BOP's application of § 3585(b) conflicts with the plain language of the statute, and ignores the mandatory nature of the pre-sentence custody credit to be given Smith
Although the United States did not reacquire physical custody of Smith by the federal writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum until November 22, 2000, § 3585(b) specifies that any time spent in "official custody" shall be credited to the defendant, not just time spent in actual federal custody Therefore, the court concludes that the BOP should have credited Smith with pre-sentence custody credit for the time he served between the dates of December 16, 1999 and June 25, 2001, and it erred in not doing so
In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the court presumes that its bench warrant which issued on April 6, 1999 in the underlying federal criminal case was executed shortly thereafter by proper service on the state-authorized custodial officials and, therefore, resulted in a federal detainer-hold on Smith covering the period December 16, 1999 through June 25, 2001 Consequently, Smith was in federal custody during that period See Kayfez v. Gasele, 993 F.2d at 1289.
III. DISPOSITION
ACCORDINGLY, IT IS ORDERED THAT
(1) Movant Eric Roshawn Smith's petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2441 is GRANTED, and
(2) The Bureau of Prisons shall recalculate the length of Movant's federal prison term in the underlying federal criminal case to reflect pre-sentence custody credit for the