Opinion
No. CR-S-97-082-PMP.
September 15, 2004.
Eric Johnson, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Las Vegas, NV, Attorneys for United States.
David Z. Chesnoff, Esq., Richard A. Schonfeld, Esq., GOODMAN CHESNOFF, Las Vegas.
ORDER
Before the Court for consideration is Defendant Stephen Cino's Emergency Motion to Set Aside Judgment Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (#1398), filed July 9, 2004. Plaintiff United States filed an Opposition to Defendant Cino's Emergency Motion (#1404) on August 5, 2004. On August 10, 2004, Defendant Cino filed a Reply Memorandum (#1405). Additionally, on July 23, 2004, Defendant Cino filed an Emergency Motion for Bail Pending Motion Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (#1400). On August 6, 2004, Plaintiff United States filed its Response in opposition to Defendant Cino's Motion for Bail (#1403).
On September 9, 2004, the Court conducted a hearing regarding the above-referenced Motions. Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds that Defendant Cino's Motions (#1398 and #1400) must be denied.
Cino's Emergency Motion to Set Aside Judgment ("Petition") seeks relief from various sentencing enhancements applied to his sentence. Cino claims he is entitled to relief under Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), because the Court, and not a jury, found the facts supporting the enhancements. Cino's Petition and the Government's response raise two basic issues. First, whether Cino procedurally defaulted his Blakely claim. Second, whether Blakely retroactively applies to cases on collateral review.
A. Procedural Default
Cino originally was sentenced to fifteen years. He filed his first direct appeal with the Ninth Circuit in which he raisedApprendi issues regarding sentencing enhancements. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). U.S. v. Panaro, 266 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2001). The Ninth Circuit followed established precedent at the time and rejected those claims because Cino's overall sentence fell below the statutory maximum. Id. at 954. The Ninth Circuit affirmed Cino's conviction and sentencing on most issues, but remanded for re-sentencing. Id. at 950-51, 954-55. This re-sentencing was not based on an Apprendi error at sentencing, but upon insufficient evidence to support the conviction on one count. Id. at 950-51. This Court re-sentenced Cino to thirteen years. U.S. v. Cino, 73 Fed. Appx. 210, *1 (9th Cir. July 21, 2003) (unpublished). Cino again appealed and the Ninth Circuit affirmed. Id. Cino did not raise in his second appeal any Apprendi issues. Id.
The Government argues that because Cino did not re-assert hisApprendi claims in his second appeal, he procedurally defaulted those claims. Cino responds that he raised Apprendi issues in his first appeal, but the Ninth Circuit rejected the claims. Cino argues he did not have to raise the issue again following re-sentencing to preserve his claims where he previously raised the claims on appeal and the Ninth Circuit rejected them.
In the context of a § 2255 petition, the Ninth Circuit has held that "the cause and prejudice standard is limited to cases in which the petitioner has defaulted a claim by failing to comply with some procedural rule." English v. U.S., 42 F.3d 473, 477-478 (9th Cir. 1994). The rule must have been in existence at the time of the alleged default. Id.
The Government has not identified an existing procedural rule that required Cino to re-assert his Apprendi claims in these circumstances. Not only did no procedural rule require Cino to re-raise these claims, common sense and judicial efficiency would counsel against the Government's position. Cino raised his Apprendi claims in his first appeal and the Ninth Circuit denied those claims. The Ninth Circuit then remanded for re-sentencing based on the very limited issue of insufficient evidence on one count. Any attempt by Cino to re-assert hisApprendi claims on a second appeal from a re-sentencing that was based on a separate issue after the Circuit already had rejected his Apprendi claims would have been fruitless at that point. The Court finds no basis to support the Government's argument for procedural default.
B. Retroactivity
Cino argues Blakely should apply retroactively to afford him re-sentencing. The Government responds that Apprendi has not been applied retroactively, so Blakely, which is an extension of Apprendi, likewise does not apply retroactively to cases pending on collateral review.
When a Supreme Court decision results in a "new rule," the new rule applies to all criminal cases still pending on direct review. Schriro v. Summerlin, 124 S. Ct. 2519, 2522-2523 (2004). Where a conviction is final, the new rule will apply on collateral review only in limited circumstances. Id. If the new rule is substantive, it generally will apply retroactively. Id. An example of a substantive new rule is a constitutional determination that particular conduct or persons are beyond the State's power to punish. Id.
In contrast, new procedural rules generally do not apply retroactively on collateral review. Id. Only "watershed rules of criminal procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding" apply retroactively. Id. (quotations omitted). A new procedural rule applies retroactively if it is one "without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished." Id. (quotations omitted). "This class of rules is extremely narrow, and it is unlikely that any . . . ha[s] yet to emerge." Id. (quotations omitted).
The Supreme Court has identified a three-step procedure to determine if a rule applies retroactively under Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310 (1989). See Beard v. Banks, 124 S. Ct. 2504 (June 24, 2004). First, the court must determine if the defendant's conviction became final before the Supreme Court announced the new rule. Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2510. Second, the court must determine, given the legal landscape as it then existed, whether the Constitution, as interpreted by the precedent then existing, compelled the rule, i.e., whether the new rule actually is new. Finally, if the rule is new, the court then must consider whether it falls within either of the two exceptions to non-retroactivity. Id.
Applying this analysis to this case, the parties agree Cino's conviction became final on direct review before the Supreme Court announced Blakely. Cino's conviction became final in August 2003. (Reply Mem. in Supp. of Cino's Mot. to Set Aside J. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 at 2.) The Supreme Court issuedBlakely in June 2004. Blakely, 124 S. Ct. at 2531.
The parties dispute, however, whether the rule in Blakely is a "new" rule. The Government contends that to the extentBlakely undermines the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, Blakely must be a new rule because prior to Blakely, no Court of Appeals understood Apprendi to mean sentencing enhancements in the Guidelines were unconstitutional so long as the overall sentence fell below the statutory maximum. Cino argues Apprendi was issued before his appeal became final, and Blakely is just an application of Apprendi. Thus, Cino argues a retroactivity analysis is not necessary because Blakely is not a "new" rule.
A rule is a "new" rule "when it breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal Government [or] if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant's conviction became final." Jones v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1227, 1236 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Teague, 489 U.S. at 301). A rule is dictated by then-existing precedent if the rule "was apparent to all reasonable jurists." Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2511.
To the extent Blakely compels Cino's re-sentencing, Blakely would be a new rule. Prior to Blakely, every Court of Appeals to consider the matter, including the Ninth Circuit in Cino's own appeal, had concluded Apprendi did not invalidate the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines or sentencing enhancements within the Guidelines so long as those enhancements did not exceed the overall statutory maximum. See, e.g., U.S. v. Hughes, 369 F.3d 941, 947 (6th Cir. 2004); U.S. v. Francis, 367 F.3d 805, 820-21 (8th Cir. 2004); U.S. v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1200, 1209 (10th Cir. 2004); U.S. v. Alvarez, 358 F.3d 1194, 1211-12 (9th Cir. 2004); U.S. v. Williams, 235 F.3d 858, 863-64 (3d Cir. 2000); U.S. v. Patterson, 348 F.3d 218, 228-29 (7th Cir. 2003);U.S. v. Randle, 304 F.3d 373, 378 (5th Cir. 2002); U.S. v. Sanchez, 269 F.3d 1250, 1268 (11th Cir. 2001); U.S. v. Webb, 255 F.3d 890, 897-98 (D.C. Cir. 2001); U.S. v. Angle, 254 F.3d 514, 518 (4th Cir. 2001); U.S. v. Caba, 241 F.3d 98, 100-01 (1st Cir. 2001); U.S. v. Garcia, 240 F.3d 180, 183-84 (2d Cir. 2001). Apprendi thus did not dictate to reasonable jurists the result Cino now argues Blakely commands. Even now, reasonable jurists dispute Blakely's meaning, with most circuits concluding Blakely does not invalidate any part of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. Hammoud, 2004 WL 2005622, at *20;Pineiro, 377 F.3d at 466; Koch, 2004 WL 1899930, at *2;Reese, 2004 WL 1946076, at *2; Mincey, 2004 WL 1794717, at *3. These courts therefore would find neither Apprendi norBlakely compel the result Cino seeks. Accordingly, reasonable jurists dispute whether Apprendi compelled Blakely's application to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines.
Cino argues that some courts, including the Eighth and Fourth Circuits, have concluded Blakely does not state a new rule but is merely an application of Apprendi. See Hammoud, 2004 WL 2005622, at *20 ("On close examination of Blakely, we conclude that the Supreme Court simply applied — and did not modify — the rule articulated in Apprendi."); U.S. v. Pirani, 2004 WL 1748930 (8th Cir. 2004) (vacated on grant of reh'g en banc). The Pirani decision since has been vacated pending rehearing en banc, however. And in Hammoud, the Court concluded Blakely does not affect the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. Hammoud, 2004 WL 2005622, at *20. Accordingly, the Fourth Circuit foundBlakely worked no change to their prior case law upholding the Guidelines under Apprendi. Additionally, even though the Ninth Circuit agrees to some extent with Cino's reading of Blakely, the Ninth Circuit indicated Blakely "worked a sea change in the body of sentencing law." Ameline, 376 F.3d at 973; see also Simpson v. U.S., 376 F.3d 679, 681 (7th Cir. 2004) (findingBlakely "was not dictated or compelled by Apprendi").
Thus, under either line of cases interpreting Blakely, Cino is on questionable ground. Those courts that have held Blakely invalidates the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines such that Cino may be entitled to relief have indicated Blakely worked a sea change in courts' understanding of the Guidelines' constitutionality under Apprendi. Those courts that have indicated Blakely did not announce a new rule have held Blakely does not implicate the Guidelines and does not overrule those courts' prior holdings that Apprendi did not invalidate sentence enhancements under the Guidelines so long as those enhancements remained within the statutory maximum.
Because every court prior to Blakely unanimously agreed the Guidelines and enhancements thereunder were not invalidated underApprendi, to the extent Blakely says otherwise, it is a "new" rule. The question thus becomes whether Blakely falls within an exception to Teague's non-retroactivity bar.
Blakely is a new procedural rules that is not a "watershed" rule "implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding." Blakely is an extension of Apprendi. The Ninth Circuit has ruled Apprendi itself is not retroactive.See U.S. v. Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 F.3d 664, 668 (9th Cir. 2002); Jones v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2000). Consequently, an extension of Apprendi likewise would not be a watershed rule subject to retroactive application.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court has held that another extension of Apprendi does not apply retroactively on collateral review. In Schriro, the Supreme Court reviewed whetherRing v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002) applied retroactively to cases already final on direct review. In Ring, the Supreme Court applied the Apprendi principle to a death sentence imposed under an Arizona sentencing scheme. Ring, 536 U.S. at 603-09122 S.Ct. 2428. The Supreme Court concluded that because Arizona law authorized the death penalty only if an aggravating factor was present,Apprendi required the jury rather than a judge to find the existence of such a factor. Id.
In Schriro, the Court held Ring did not apply retroactively to cases on collateral review. First, the Court found Ring was a "prototypical" procedural rule because it "allocate[d] decisionmaking authority" in a particular fashion. Schriro, 124 S.Ct. at 2523. Second, the Court concluded Ring's new procedural rule was not a watershed rule implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of criminal proceedings. Id. at 2525-26. The Court found judicial fact finding at sentencing was not unfair and did not seriously diminish accuracy in criminal proceedings. Id.
Like Ring, Blakely is a prototypical procedural rule because it allocates decision making authority between the Judge. and juries. Additionally, it is not a watershed rule implicating fairness or accuracy because judicial fact finding is not fundamentally unfair nor does it seriously diminish accuracy. Accordingly, Blakely is not a new watershed rule of criminal procedure subject to retroactive application on collateral review.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant Stephen Cino's Emergency Motion to Set Aside Judgment Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (# 1398) is denied.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Cino's Emergency Motion for Bail Pending Motion Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (# 1400) is denied as moot.