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finding no clear error where, "read as a whole, the jury instructions were sufficient to guide deliberations"
Summary of this case from Merritt v. ArizonaOpinion
No. 15-15439
12-23-2016
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JONATHAN LEON TOLIVER, AKA K-Boose, Defendant-Appellant.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
D.C. Nos. 2:12-cv-00196-PMP 2:06-cr-00234-GMN-GWF-2 MEMORANDUM Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada
Philip M. Pro, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted November 17, 2016 San Francisco, California Before: SCHROEDER, WARDLAW, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. --------
Jonathan Toliver appeals the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. At trial, only one witness identified Toliver as being at the crime scene when the crime occurred. In a declaration, which was not before the trial court or before this court in the earlier direct appeal, see United States v. Toliver, 380 F. App'x 570 (9th Cir. 2010) (unpublished), the lone witness' mother casts doubts on her son's credibility. The district court failed to hold an evidentiary hearing to consider whether Toliver was prevented from learning about the witness's mother before or during trial because the government failed to timely disclose other evidence that could have led to her. See United States v. Browne, 829 F.2d 760, 765-66 (9th Cir. 1987) (explaining that impeachment evidence must be disclosed at a time when it is of value to the defendant). This was an abuse of discretion. See United States v. McMullen, 98 F.3d 1155, 1157 (9th Cir. 1996). We therefore remand to the district court to consider possible prosecutorial misconduct in light of the mother's declaration.
We do not reach Toliver's claim that his counts of conviction based on 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) are now invalid under Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). The government concedes that the district court may hear the Johnson claim. Accordingly, we deny Toliver's motion for supplemental briefing and remand to the district court to consider the Johnson claim, pending this court's disposition of a similar issue in United States v. Begay, No. 14-10080, which may affect Toliver's conviction.
The district court did not err in denying Toliver's remaining grounds for relief. Toliver's claim that the government presented a false theory to convict him is procedurally defaulted. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504 (2003). At the time of his direct appeal, Toliver had the opportunity to argue that the organization to which he belonged, "Squad Up," was not an "enterprise engaged in racketeering activity" for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a), the Violent Crimes in Aid of Racketeering Activity ("VICAR") statute. Procedural default also bars Toliver's other prosecutorial misconduct claims, in which Toliver argues that the government intimidated possible witnesses and failed to disclose impeachment evidence, and knowingly presented a false theory of guilt. Toliver cannot show cause and prejudice for any of these claims. See Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504.
Law of the case doctrine bars Toliver's claim that the trial court's VICAR jury instructions contained directed verdict language. See United States v. Jingles, 702 F.3d 494, 499 (9th Cir. 2012). Toliver presented a substantively identical claim on direct appeal that we rejected. Toliver, 380 F. App'x at 573. Toliver has not shown any clear error in our earlier conclusion that, read as a whole, the jury instructions were sufficient to guide deliberations.
Lastly, the district court did not err in denying Toliver's claim that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court held a full evidentiary hearing on this matter, and the record supports a finding that the defense counsel's performance was not deficient. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.