Summary
distinguishing sentence reductions from resentencings and holding that "the former do not qualify as new, intervening judgments" under Magwood v. Patterson, 561 U.S. 320
Summary of this case from In re CoyazoOpinion
No. 17-3193
02-06-2018
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. James Wardell QUARY, Defendant–Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
James Wardell Quary, a federal prisoner appearing pro se, seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to challenge the district court's dismissal of his motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 for lack of jurisdiction. We deny a COA and dismiss this matter.
After a jury convicted Quary of multiple drug offenses, he received a life sentence. He also received a consecutive term of 60 months' imprisonment for a firearm offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). His convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal. See United States v. Quary , 188 F.3d 520, 1999 WL 546999 (10th Cir. July 28, 1999) (unpublished table decision).
After the district court denied his first § 2255 motion, we denied a COA. See United States v. Quary , 60 Fed.Appx. 188 (10th Cir. 2003). In August 2015, the district court granted Quary's motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and reduced his life sentence to a 360–month sentence, resulting in a total sentence of 420 months' imprisonment including the consecutive term for the firearm offense.
Almost two years later, Quary filed another § 2255 motion. He argued that the motion was not second or successive because his sentence reduction constituted a new judgment. The district court rejected this argument—noting the absence of Tenth Circuit authority on the issue but also the exclusive line of precedent from other circuits—and determined that Quary's motion was a second or successive motion for which he needed authorization. Quary now seeks a COA to appeal that ruling, arguing, as he did in the district court, that his § 2255 motion is not second or successive due to his intervening sentence reduction.
Because we conclude that the district court did not have jurisdiction to consider Quary's motion, we need not address his argument that he is entitled to equitable tolling.
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To establish his entitlement to a COA, Quary must make "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Where, as here, the district court denies a § 2255 motion on procedural grounds, a COA may issue only if "the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and ... whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling." Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000).
Not every § 2255 motion filed second in time qualifies as "second or successive" under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act; "[t]he Supreme Court has described the phrase as a term of art." Stanko v. Davis , 617 F.3d 1262, 1265 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). If "there is a new judgment intervening between the two habeas petitions, an application challenging the resulting new judgment is not second or successive." Magwood v. Patterson , 561 U.S. 320, 341–42, 130 S.Ct. 2788, 177 L.Ed.2d 592 (2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
This court has not addressed the precise issue of whether an order reducing a sentence under § 3582(c)(2) constitutes a new, intervening judgment for purposes of determining whether a § 2255 motion is second or successive. However, the Supreme Court has made clear that § 3582(c)(2) establishes a narrow exception to the rule that "[a] federal court generally may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed." Dillon v. United States , 560 U.S. 817, 819, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 177 L.Ed.2d 271 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). "[A] district court proceeding under § 3582(c)(2) does not impose a new sentence in the usual sense." Id. at 827, 130 S.Ct. 2683. Rather, by its plain language, the statute "authorize[s] only a limited adjustment to an otherwise final sentence and not a plenary resentencing proceeding." Id. at 826, 130 S.Ct. 2683.
In United States v. Piper , 839 F.3d 1261, 1266 (10th Cir. 2016), and United States v. Verdin–Garcia , 824 F.3d 1218, 1222 (10th Cir. 2016), we applied Dillon in deciding that a district court does not abuse its discretion when it denies a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) without addressing a prisoner's policy-based arguments. We noted that in a sentencing proceeding, a court is required to explain its reasons for the sentence it imposes, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c), yet in a sentence-reduction proceeding, a court is required merely to consider the relevant factors, see id. § 3553(a), whether or not it grants a reduction. Piper , 839 F.3d at 1267. Thus, with respect to motions for a sentence reduction, we found "no basis to impose upon the district court a requirement to address every nonfrivolous, material argument raised by the defendant" in such proceedings. Verdin–Garcia , 824 F.3d at 1222. The established principle of distinguishing sentence reductions from sentencings in this court supports our holding today that the former do not qualify as new, intervening judgments.
Other circuits that have addressed this issue have uniformly reached the same conclusion. See, e.g. , Sherrod v. United States , 858 F.3d 1240, 1242 (9th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. Jones , 796 F.3d 483, 487 (5th Cir. 2015) ; White v. United States , 745 F.3d 834, 837 (7th Cir. 2014).
In White , the Seventh Circuit distinguished White's § 3582(c) sentence reduction from Magwood's resentencing. 745 F.3d at 836. White requested and received a sentence reduction after the Sentencing Commission adopted a retroactive amendment cutting the offense levels for crack-cocaine offenses (as did Quary), while Magwood was sentenced anew after demonstrating in his initial collateral attack that his original sentence violated the Constitution. Id. at 835–36. The White court observed that at a resentencing, a district judge may receive evidence and reopen issues decided in the original sentencing before holding a hearing and pronouncing a new sentence. Id. at 836. By contrast, a court granting a sentence reduction "takes as established the findings and calculations that led to the sentence and changes only the revised Guideline, leaving everything else the same." Id. In other words, "[t]he penalty goes down, but the original judgment is not declared invalid." Id. Therefore, the Seventh Circuit concluded, " Magwood does not reset the clock or the count, for purposes of § 2244 and § 2255, when a prisoner's sentence is reduced as the result of a retroactive change to the Sentencing Guidelines." Id. at 837.
In Jones , the Fifth Circuit noted that Magwood does not define the term "new judgment" but held that Jones "received a reduced sentence [under § 3582(c)(2) ], not a new one." 796 F.3d at 485. The court determined that the sentence-reduction procedure "does not in any way resemble a full resentencing" because it "leaves undisturbed the findings and calculations that formed the recommended sentencing range, changing only the revised Guideline." Id. at 486.
And in Sherrod , the Ninth Circuit reasoned that a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) is not akin to a resentencing, stating that "[t]he Supreme Court has cautioned that the exception to sentencing finality in § 3582(c)(2) is narrow in scope and is intended to authorize only a limited adjustment to an otherwise final sentence and not a plenary resentencing proceeding." 858 F.3d at 1242 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Noting the decisions from other circuits discussed above, the Ninth Circuit decided it would "join our sister circuits in holding that a § 3582(c)(2) sentence reduction does not qualify as a new, intervening judgment." Id.
The rationale of these opinions is persuasive. Moreover, given this court's precedents distinguishing sentence reductions from sentencings as well as the uniform rejection of Quary's argument in other circuits, we conclude that jurists of reason would not find the district court's procedural ruling debatable.
Accordingly, we deny a COA. Quary's motion for leave to proceed on appeal without prepayment of costs or fees is granted.