Opinion
17-CR-321-1 (JMF)
01-02-2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. MARCUS ODOM, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER :
Defendant Marcus Odom pleaded guilty to using, carrying, and possessing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and was sentenced principally to 300 months in prison and three years of post-release supervision. See United States v. Odom, ECF 1:17-CR-321, 26 (JMF) (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2018). Odom did not appeal. On December 19, 2019, Odom filed a motion requesting pro bono counsel to assist him with preparing and filing a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In the motion for counsel, Odom claims that he is entitled to relief under United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019), which held that the definition of a crime of violence found in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague. Odom has not filed a § 2255 motion.
DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Relief Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255
Odom's motion for counsel may be construed as a motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 because he seeks to challenge the legality of his conviction and sentence, and he sets forth, albeit briefly, the basis for his application for § 2255 relief. See Jiminian v. Nash, 245 F.3d 144, 146-47 (2d Cir. 2001) (Section 2255 "is generally the proper vehicle for a federal prisoner's challenge to his conviction and sentence").
If Odom does not want to pursue relief under § 2255, he may notify the Court in writing within sixty days that he wishes to withdraw the application. See Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 383 (2003); Adams v. United States, 155 F.3d 582, 584 (2d Cir. 1998) (per curiam). Odom will have one opportunity within the limitations period for a full adjudication of his claims. For that reason, the Court grants Odom leave to file a § 2255 motion that sets forth all his grounds for relief and all facts in support of those grounds.
If Odom does not respond to this order within the time allowed, the motion for counsel will remain designated as a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
A federal prisoner seeking relief under § 2255 must generally file a motion within one year from the latest of four benchmark dates: (1) when the judgment of conviction becomes final; (2) when a government-created impediment to making such a motion is removed; (3) when the right asserted is initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if it has been made retroactively available to cases on collateral review; or (4) when the facts supporting the claim(s) could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f).
B. Motion for Counsel
In the criminal context, the right to appointed counsel "extends to the first appeal of right, and no further." Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 555 (1987). Courts have no obligation "to appoint counsel for prisoners who indicate, without more, that they wish to seek post-conviction relief." Johnson v. Avery, 393 U.S. 483, 488 (1969). Instead, "the initial burden of presenting a claim to post-conviction relief usually rests upon the indigent prisoner himself with such help as he can obtain within the prison walls or the prison system." Id.
District courts do have discretion to appoint counsel. Section 2255(g) expressly provides that a district court "may appoint counsel," and that appointment of counsel is governed by 18 U.S.C. § 3006A. Section 3006A(a)(2) provides that representation may be provided "for any financially eligible person" when "the interests of justice so require."
In determining whether the "interests of justice" require the appointment of counsel, district courts look to Hodge v. Police Officers, 802 F.2d 58, 61-62 (2d Cir. 1985), a Second Circuit case articulating the factors that courts should consider in determining whether to appoint an attorney to represent an indigent civil litigant in an analogous context. See, e.g., Toron v. United States, 281 F. Supp. 2d 591, 593 (E.D.N.Y. 2003); Harrison v. United States, Nos. 06-CV-261S & 03-CR-0114-001S, 2006 WL 1867929, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. June 30, 2006). Hodge dictates that "[i]n deciding whether to appoint counsel, . . . the district judge should first determine whether the indigent's position seems likely to be of substance." Hodge, 802 F.2d at 61. "If the claim meets this threshold requirement, the court should then consider the indigent's ability to investigate the crucial facts, whether conflicting evidence implicating the need for cross-examination will be the major proof presented to the fact finder, the indigent's ability to present the case, the complexity of the legal issues and any special reason in that case why appointment of counsel would be more likely to lead to a just determination." Id. at 61-62.
The Court has considered these factors and finds that appointment of counsel is not warranted at this time. Odom does not have a right under the United States Constitution or any other federal law to the appointment of counsel at government expense to assist him in preparing a § 2255 motion. And, while Odom provides the grounds underlying his application for § 2255 relief, it is not clear at this stage whether the interests of justice so require the assignment of counsel. Accordingly, Odom's request for counsel is denied without prejudice. Odom may reapply for appointment of counsel at a later date, after the Court has had more of the relevant facts and legal issues presented to it for its consideration.
CONCLUSION
The Clerk of Court is directed to mail a copy of this order to Odom, noting service on the docket. The Clerk of Court is further directed to open a new civil action, and to docket Odom's motion for counsel and this Order in the new case. The motion for counsel is denied without prejudice.
The Court finds that Odom's motion for counsel should be construed as a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Within sixty days from the date of this order, Odom is directed to file an amended § 2255 motion setting forth all his grounds for relief and any supporting facts. To that end, a Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 Form is attached to this Order. If Odom does not want to pursue relief under § 2255, he may notify the Court in writing within thirty days that he wishes to withdraw this action. If Odom does not respond to this order, the Court will construe the motion for counsel as a § 2255 motion and direct the United States Attorney's Office to file an answer or other pleading in response to the motion. No answer shall be required at this time.
Because Odom has not at this time made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right, a certificate of appealability will not issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253.
The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. Cf. Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962) (holding that an appellant demonstrates good faith when he seeks review of a nonfrivolous issue).
SO ORDERED. Dated: January 2, 2020
New York, New York
/s/_________
JESSE M. FURMAN
United States District Judge
Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct a Sentence
By a Person in Federal Custody
(Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255)
Instructions
1. To use this form, you must be a person who is serving a sentence under a judgment against you in a federal court. You are asking for relief from the conviction or the sentence. This form is your motion for relief. 2. You must file the form in the United States district court that entered the judgment that you are challenging. If you want to challenge a federal judgment that imposed a sentence to be served in the future, you should file the motion in the federal court that entered that judgment. 3. Make sure the form is typed or neatly written. 4. You must tell the truth and sign the form. If you make a false statement of a material fact, you may be prosecuted for perjury. 5. Answer all the questions. You do not need to cite law. You may submit additional pages if necessary. If you do not fill out the form properly, you will be asked to submit additional or correct information. If you want to submit a brief or arguments, you must submit them in a separate memorandum. 6. If you cannot pay for the costs of this motion (such as costs for an attorney or transcripts), you may ask to proceed in forma pauperis (as a poor person). To do that, you must fill out the last page of this form. Also, you must submit a certificate signed by an officer at the institution where you are confined showing the amount of money that the institution is holding for you. 7. In this motion, you may challenge the judgment entered by only one court. If you want to challenge a judgment entered by a different judge or division (either in the same district or in a different district), you must file a separate motion. 8. When you have completed the form, send the original to the Clerk of the United States District Court at this address:
Daniel Patrick Moynihan U.S. Courthouse9. CAUTION: You must include in this motion all the grounds for relief from the conviction or sentence that you challenge. And you must state the facts that support each ground. If you fail to set forth all the grounds in this motion, you may be barred from presenting additional grounds at a later date. 10. CAPITAL CASES: If you are under a sentence of death, you are entitled to the assistance of counsel and should request the appointment of counsel.
500 Pearl Street
New York, NY 10007
MOTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2255 TO VACATE, SET ASIDE, OR CORRECT
SENTENCE BY A PERSON IN FEDERAL CUSTODY
| United States District Court | District |
|---|---|
| Name (under which you were convicted): | Docket or Case No.: |
| Place of Confinement: | Prisoner No.: |
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Movant (include name under which you were convicted)v. |
MOTION
1. (a) Name and location of court that entered the judgment of conviction you are challenging:
(b) Criminal docket or case number (if you know): 2. (a) Date of the judgment of conviction (if you know):
(b) Date of sentencing: 3. Length of sentence: 4. Nature of crime (all counts): 5. (a) What was your plea? (Check one)
(1) Not guilty [ ] (2) Guilty [ ] (3) Nolo contendere (no contest) [ ]
(b) If you entered a guilty plea to one count or indictment, and a not guilty plea to another count or indictment, what did you plead guilty to and what did you plead not guilty to? 6. If you went to trial, what kind of trial did you have? (Check one) Jury [ ] Judge only [ ] 7. Did you testify at a pretrial hearing, trial, or post-trial hearing? Yes [ ] No [ ] 8. Did you appeal from the judgment of conviction? Yes [ ] No [ ] 9. If you did appeal, answer the following:
(a) Name of court:
(b) Docket or case number (if you know):
(c) Result:
(d) Date of result (if you know):
(e) Citation to the case (if you know):
(f) Grounds raised:
(g) Did you file a petition for certiorari in the United States Supreme Court? Yes [ ] No [ ]
If "Yes," answer the following:10. Other than the direct appeals listed above, have you previously filed any other motions, petitions, or applications concerning this judgment of conviction in any court?
(1) Docket or case number (if you know):
(2) Result:
(3) Date of result (if you know):
(4) Citation to the case (if you know):
(5) Grounds raised:
Yes [ ] No [ ] 11. If your answer to Question 10 was "Yes," give the following information:
(a) (1) Name of court:
(2) Docket or case number (if you know):
(3) Date of filing (if you know):
(4) Nature of the proceeding:
(5) Grounds raised:
(6) Did you receive a hearing where evidence was given on your motion, petition, or application? Yes [ ] No [ ]
(7) Result:
(8) Date of result (if you know):
(b) If you filed any second motion, petition, or application, give the same information:
(1) Name of court:
(2) Docket or case number (if you know):
(3) Date of filing (if you know):
(4) Nature of the proceeding:
(5) Grounds raised:
(6) Did you receive a hearing where evidence was given on your motion, petition, or application? Yes [ ] No [ ]
(7) Result:
(8) Date of result (if you know):
(c) Did you appeal to a federal appellate court having jurisdiction over the action taken on your motion, petition, or application?
(1) First petition: Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) Second petition: Yes [ ] No [ ]
(d) If you did not appeal from the action on any motion, petition, or application, explain briefly why you did not: 12. For this motion, state every ground on which you claim that you are being held in violation of the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. Attach additional pages if you have more than four grounds. State the facts supporting each ground.
GROUND ONE:
(a) Supporting facts (Do not argue or cite law. Just state the specific facts that support your claim.): (b) Direct Appeal of Ground One:
(1) If you appealed from the judgment of conviction, did you raise this issue?(c) Post-Conviction Proceedings:
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If you did not raise this issue in your direct appeal, explain why:
(1) Did you raise this issue in any post-conviction motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If your answer to Question (c)(1) is "Yes," state:
Type of motion or petition:
Name and location of the court where the motion or petition was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):GROUND TWO: (a) Supporting facts (Do not argue or cite law. Just state the specific facts that support your claim.): (b) Direct Appeal of Ground Two:
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(3) Did you receive a hearing on your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(4) Did you appeal from the denial of your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(5) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," did you raise this issue in the appeal?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(6) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," state:
Name and location of the court where the appeal was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(7) If your answer to Question (c)(4) or Question (c)(5) is "No," explain why you did not appeal or raise this issue:
(1) If you appealed from the judgment of conviction, did you raise this issue?(c) Post-Conviction Proceedings:
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If you did not raise this issue in your direct appeal, explain why:
(1) Did you raise this issue in any post-conviction motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If your answer to Question (c)(1) is "Yes," state:
Type of motion or petition:
Name and location of the court where the motion or petition was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(3) Did you receive a hearing on your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(4) Did you appeal from the denial of your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(5) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," did you raise this issue in the appeal?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(6) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," state:
Name and location of the court where the appeal was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(7) If your answer to Question (c)(4) or Question (c)(5) is "No," explain why you did not appeal or raise this issue:
GROUND THREE:
(a) Supporting facts (Do not argue or cite law. Just state the specific facts that support your claim.): (b) Direct Appeal of Ground Three:
(1) If you appealed from the judgment of conviction, did you raise this issue?(c) Post-Conviction Proceedings:
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If you did not raise this issue in your direct appeal, explain why:
(1) Did you raise this issue in any post-conviction motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If your answer to Question (c)(1) is "Yes," state:
Type of motion or petition:
Name and location of the court where the motion or petition was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):GROUND FOUR: (a) Supporting facts (Do not argue or cite law. Just state the specific facts that support your claim.): (b) Direct Appeal of Ground Four:
(3) Did you receive a hearing on your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(4) Did you appeal from the denial of your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(5) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," did you raise this issue in the appeal?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(6) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," state:
Name and location of the court where the appeal was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(7) If your answer to Question (c)(4) or Question (c)(5) is "No," explain why you did not appeal or raise this issue:
(1) If you appealed from the judgment of conviction, did you raise this issue?(c) Post-Conviction Proceedings:
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If you did not raise this issue in your direct appeal, explain why:
(1) Did you raise this issue in any post-conviction motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(2) If your answer to Question (c)(1) is "Yes," state:
Type of motion or petition:
Name and location of the court where the motion or petition was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(3) Did you receive a hearing on your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(4) Did you appeal from the denial of your motion, petition, or application?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(5) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," did you raise this issue in the appeal?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(6) If your answer to Question (c)(4) is "Yes," state:
Name and location of the court where the appeal was filed:
Docket or case number (if you know):
Date of the court's decision:
Result (attach a copy of the court's opinion or order, if available):
(7) If your answer to Question (c)(4) or Question (c)(5) is "No," explain why you did not appeal or raise this issue:13. Is there any ground in this motion that you have not previously presented in some federal court? If so, which ground or grounds have not been presented, and state your reasons for not presenting them: 14. Do you have any motion, petition, or appeal now pending (filed and not decided yet) in any court for the judgment you are challenging? Yes [ ] No [ ]
If "Yes," state the name and location of the court, the docket or case number, the type of proceeding, and the issues raised. 15. Give the name and address, if known, of each attorney who represented you in the following stages of the judgment you are challenging:
(a) At preliminary hearing:
(b) At arraignment and plea:
(c) At trial:
(d) At sentencing:
(e) On appeal:
(f) In any post-conviction proceeding:
(g) On appeal from any ruling against you in a post-conviction proceeding: 16. Were you sentenced on more than one count of an indictment, or on more than one indictment, in the same court and at the same time? Yes [ ] No [ ] 17. Do you have any future sentence to serve after you complete the sentence for the judgment that you are challenging? Yes [ ] No [ ]
(a) If so, give name and location of court that imposed the other sentence you will serve in the future:
(b) Give the date the other sentence was imposed:
(c) Give the length of the other sentence:
(d) Have you filed, or do you plan to file, any motion, petition, or application that challenges the judgment or sentence to be served in the future? Yes [ ] No [ ] 18. TIMELINESS OF MOTION: If your judgment of conviction became final over one year ago, you must explain why the one-year statute of limitations as contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2255 does not bar your motion. Therefore, movant asks that the Court grant the following relief: or any other relief to which movant may be entitled.
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") as contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2255, paragraph 6, provides in part that:
A one-year period of limitation shall apply to a motion under this section. The limitation period shall run from the latest of —
(1) the date on which the judgment of conviction became final;
(2) the date on which the impediment to making a motion created by governmental action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the movant was prevented from making such a motion by such governmental action;
(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.
__________
Signature of Attorney (if any) I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct and that this Motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 was placed in the prison mailing system on (month, date, year). Executed (signed) on __________ (date).
__________
Signature of Movant If the person signing is not movant, state relationship to movant and explain why movant is not signing this motion.