Opinion
CASE NO. CR06-5059 RJB
01-04-2021
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. JEREMY CARSON, Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S RENEWED MOTION FOR SENTENCE REDUCTION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. § 3582 (c)(1)
THIS MATTER comes before the Court on the above-referenced motion (Dkt. 111). The Court is familiar with the records and files herein and all documents filed in support of, and in opposition to, the motion.
Defendant, a 45-year-old African American, was convicted of serious drug and firearm charges, and was sentenced to 360 months in prison and five years of supervised release, in 2006. Appellate attacks on his conviction and sentence followed without success. He has now served approximately 15 years, with a current release date of August 13, 2031. He brings this motion (Dkt. 111) alleging issues regarding his sentence, exemplary rehabilitation, his mother's need for a caretaker, and his obesity, as extraordinary and compelling reasons to grant his motion. He alleges that he is safe to be at large under the 18 U.S.C. § 3353(a) factors.
Defendant has fulfilled the prerequisite of a request for compassionate release made to the warden without action for over 30 days.
THE LAW
The sections herein on The Law and Discussion - Legal Issues are taken from this Court's Order Granting Motion for Compassionate Release (Dkt 209) in United States v McPherson, WDWA Cause Number CR94-5708RJB, and are equally applicable here. --------
In pertinent part, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1) reads as follows:
(c) Modification of an imposed term of imprisonment.--The court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that--
(1) in any case--
(A) the court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or upon motion of the defendant after the defendant has fully exhausted all administrative rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a motion on the defendant's behalf or the lapse of 30 days from the receipt of such a request by the warden of the defendant's facility, whichever is earlier, may reduce the term of imprisonment (and may impose a term of probation or supervised release with or without conditions that does not exceed the unserved portion of the original term of imprisonment), after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if it finds that—
(i) extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction; or
(ii) . . . .
and that such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission[.]
The Policy Statement referenced by the statute is USSG § 1B1.13 was required by 28 U.S.C. § 944(f), which provides:
The Commission, in promulgating general policy statements regarding the sentencing modification provisions in section 3582(c)(1)(A) of title 18, shall describe what should be considered extraordinary and compelling reasons for sentence reduction, including the criteria to be applied and a list of specific examples. Rehabilitation of the defendant alone shall not be considered an extraordinary and compelling reason.
In pertinent part, the policy statement at USSG § 1B1.13 provides:
Upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A ), the court may reduce a term of imprisonment (and may impose a term of supervised release with or without conditions that does not exceed the unserved portion of the original term of imprisonment) if, after considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), to the extent that they are applicable, the court determines that--
(1) (A) Extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant the reduction; or . . .
(2) The defendant is not a danger to the safety of any other person or to the community, as provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g); and
(3) The reduction is consistent with this policy statement.
Commentary
Application
1. Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons. - Provided the defendant meets the requirements of subdivision (2), extraordinary and compelling reasons exist under any of the circumstances set forth below:
(A) Medical Condition of the Defendant -
(i) The defendant is suffering from a terminal illness (i.e., a serious and advance illness with an end of life trajectory). A specific prognosis of life expectancy (i.e., a probability of death within a specific time period) is not required. Examples include metastatic solid-tumor cancer, amyotrophic later sclerosis (ALS), end-stage organ disease, and advance dementia.
(ii) The defendant is -
(I) suffering from a serious physical or medical condition,
(II) suffering from a serious functional or cognitive impairment, or
(III) experiencing deteriorating physical or mental health because of the aging process
that substantially diminishes the ability of the defendant to provide self-care within the environment of a correctional facility and from which he or she is not expected to recover.
(B) Age of the Defendant.--The defendant is (i) at least 65 years old; (ii) is experiencing a serious deterioration in physical or mental health because of the aging process; and (iii) has served at least 10 years or 75 percent of his or her term of imprisonment, whichever is less.
(C) Family Circumstances -
(i) The death or incapacitation of the caregiver of the defendant's minor child or minor children.
(ii) The incapacitation of the defendant's spouse or registered partner when the defendant would be the only available caregiver for the spouse or registered partner.
(D) Other Reasons.—As determined by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, there exists in the defendant's case an extraordinary and compelling reasons other than, or in combination with, the reasons described in subdivision (A) through (C).
2. Foreseeability of Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons.—For purposes of this policy statement, an extraordinary and compelling reason need not have been unforeseen at the time of sentencing in order to warrant a reduction in the term of imprisonment. Therefore, the fact that an extraordinary and compelling reason reasonably could have been known or anticipated by the sentencing court does not preclude consideration for a reduction under this policy statement.
3. Rehabilitation of Defendant.—Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(t), rehabilitation of the defendant is not, by itself, an extraordinary and compelling reason for purposes of this policy statement.
4. Motion by the Director or the Bureau of Prisons.—A reduction under this policy statement may be granted only upon motion by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c )(1)(A). The Commission encourages the Director of the Bureau of Prisons to file such a motion if the defendant meets any of the circumstances set forth in Application Note 1. The court is in a unique position to determine whether the circumstances warrant a reduction (and, if so, the amount of reduction), after considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and the criteria set forth in this policy statement, such as the defendant's medical condition, the defendant's family circumstances, and whether the defendant is a danger to the safety of any other person or to the community.
This policy statement shall not be construed to confer upon the defendant any right not otherwise recognized in law.
5. Application of Subdivision (3).—Any reduction made pursuant to a motion by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons for the reasons set forth in subdivisions (1) and (2) is consistent with this policy statement.
DISCUSSION - LEGAL ISSUES
First, because of the existing Policy Statements at USSG § 1B1.13 were adopted before 18 U.S.C. § 3582 (c)(1), parts of the Policy Statements are obsolete and must be disregarded. The parts to be disregarded are underlined, above.
Second, 28 U.S.C. § 944(f) required the Sentencing Commission in the Policy Statement, to include "the criteria to be applied" in considering extraordinary and compelling reasons for sentence reduction. This the Commission failed to do, except for determining, in Application Note 4, that, "The court is in an unique position to determine whether the circumstances warrant a reduction (and, if so, the amount of reduction), after considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and the criteria set forth in this policy statement" followed by a non-exclusive list of things the Court should consider. This listing of things the Court should consider hardly sets the criteria for a finding of extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction, leaving it to the Court to determine what qualifies, after appropriate analysis.
Third, these further observations support this conclusion: First, the listing of examples of extraordinary and compelling reasons in the Policy Statements § 1B113 and Application notes is not, by its language, exclusive. Second, the listing of things that are not considered extraordinary and compelling does not limit what else may be considered extraordinary and compelling. Third, Application Note 1(D) clearly opens the door to consider reasons other than the examples listed in determining whether extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction exists.
"Extraordinary and compelling" means "extraordinary and compelling."
DISCUSSION - DEFENDANT'S CLAIMS
Defendant's Sentence.
Defendant's abysmal criminal history, including the convictions under this cause number, led to an extremely long 30-year sentence. The sentence was well within the maximum possible sentence but was the subject of post-sentencing legal attacks, which led back to the trial court and to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on direct appeal and on habeas corpus proceedings. Defendant did not secure any reduction in his long sentence. Unfortunately, Defendant was the recipient of a maelstrom of what this Court considers to be bad law - the sentencing guidelines, the shifting armed career criminal and crime of violence definitions, and the mandatory minimum sentences. Nevertheless, his sentence was affirmed and reaffirmed, and this proceeding is not a further appellate examination of Defendant's sentence, nor an opportunity for one United States District Judge to resentence the Defendant based on differing ideas of what the proper sentence should have been back in 2006. His sentence is neither an extraordinary nor compelling reason to grant Defendant's Renewed Motion for Sentence Reduction. On the other hand, his 30-year sentence is not a basis to deny him compassionate release if he should otherwise qualify.
Rehabilitation.
Under to 28 U.S.C. § 994(t), and USSG § 1B1.13 Commentary Application Note 3, "rehabilitation of the defendant is not, by itself, an extraordinary and compelling reason," but it can be considered as part of a compassionate release motion.
Defendant's prison record is exemplary, with no disciplinary violations, many classes and programs being completed, involvement in religion-based programs and education, service to fellow inmates through the suicide companion program, completion of the "RDAP" drug abuse program, and other activities. His letters to the Court (see Dkt. 102) are an indication that his rehabilitation is about as complete as a 15-year prison experience can make it. While not "extraordinary and compelling" by itself, this rehabilitation strongly supports his motion.
Defendant's Mother's Needs.
Defendant's mother, Linda Carson, needs assistance as described in Defendant's Renewed Motion for Sentence Reduction Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582 (c)(1) (Dkt. 111 at 9). Without further discussion here, it appears to the Court that Ms. Carson's needs of assistance provide a compelling, but not extraordinary, reason for a sentence reduction for Defendant.
Obesity.
"At 226 pounds 5' 8" tall with a BMI of 34.36, Defendant is, according to the CDC, clinically obese. See Exhibit 5, PSR ¶ 121." (Dkt. 111 at 21.) Pursuant to Department of Justice Policy, "this fact constitutes an ordinary and compelling reason that permits this Court to reduce his sentence." (Dkt. 122 at 22.) Defendant's obesity places him at high risk of serious effects should he contact the COVID-19 virus, and should the COVID-19 invade his institution, as it has done elsewhere in the federal prison system.
CONCLUSION ON EXTRAORDINARY AND COMPELLING FACTORS
The foregoing factors, considered together, amount to extraordinary and compelling reasons justifying a sentence reduction to time served - if Defendant is safe to be at large after an analysis of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. The Defendant's crimes, and full criminal history, justified a long prison sentence in order to protect the public. The question before the Court is whether his characteristics have changed for the better during his already long incarceration. It appears to the Court that he is a different man now than he was in 2006. See above section Rehabilitation.
It further appears to the Court, and the Court finds, that the time Defendant has served reflects the seriousness of his crimes and criminal history, provides just punishment and promotes respect for the law. The Court further finds that the time Defendant has served has afforded adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, and has amply protected the public from further crimes of Defendant.
CONCLUSION
Further incarceration would serve no purpose for Defendant or the public. The Court finds that Defendant is safe to be at large, and poses no danger to any individual or the public, provided that he follow his release plan (Dkt. 120) and the requirements of his term of supervised release and the conditions thereof.
ORDER
Therefore, it is now ORDERED That Defendant's Renewed Motion for Sentence Reduction Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582 (c)(1) (Dkt. 111) is GRANTED. It is further
ORDERED that Defendant's term of imprisonment shall be reduced to time served and he shall be released 14 days from the date of this Order to accommodate a quarantine period with the Federal Bureau of Prisons. If Defendant tests COVID-19 positive at any time during this quarantine period, BOP will notify the Government who will immediately notify the Court so the Order can be modified appropriately.
The Clerk is directed to send uncertified copies of this Order to all counsel of record and to any party appearing pro se at said party's last known address.
Dated this 4th day of January, 2021.
/s/_________
ROBERT J. BRYAN
United States District Judge