Opinion
No. 1:18-cr-53-JAJ-CFB-4
09-14-2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. REBECCA A. CANFIELD, Defendant.
ORDER
This matter comes before the court pursuant to a motion filed by defendant pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), seeking a modification of the term of her imprisonment to time served and commencement of a term of supervised release previously imposed. The Court finds:
1. Defendant was sentenced on January 3, 2020, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa, to a 30-month term of imprisonment followed by a 4-year term and a 3-year term of supervised release to run concurrently. [Dkt. 268 at 2, 3].
2. Defendant claims that she should receive compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), based on the combination of her medical conditions and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Defendant has liver issues, bronchitis, and previously had cancer that is now in remission. [Dkts. 304 at 1; 307 at Gov't Ex. 1].
3. Title 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), as amended by the First Step Act of 2018 (FSA), Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018), now authorizes the Court to modify a term of imprisonment upon a finding that extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant the reduction. Compassionate release is not mandatory, even if the court finds an "extraordinary and compelling reason," however. See, e.g., United States v. Chambliss, 948 F.3d 691, 693 (5th Cir. 2020). Instead, whether to grant such a reduction involves a 4-step analytical scheme, considering the following issues in succession: (1) timing or satisfaction of administrative requirements, see 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A); (2) extraordinary or compelling reasons, see id. at 3582(c)(1)(A)(i); (3) lack of danger to any other person or the community, see U.S.S.G. § 1.B.1.13 (applicable policy statement); and (4) § 3553(a) factors, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). Cf. Chambliss, 948 F.3d at 692-94.
A. At the first step, the administrative exhaustion requirement is satisfied [1] if "the defendant has fully exhausted all administrative rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a motion on the defendant's behalf," or [2] there has been a "lapse of 30 days from the receipt of such a request by the warden of the defendant's facility, whichever is earlier." 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added). Some courts consider this exhaustion requirement to be a claim-processing rule subject to possible equitable tolling, but most consider it jurisdictional or otherwise mandatory. Compare, e.g., United States v. Smith, No. 12 CR. 133 (JFK), 2020 WL 1849748, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2020) (exhaustion is non-jurisdictional), with, e.g., United States v. Lugo, No. 2:19-CR-00056-JAW, 2020 WL 1821010, at *3 (D. Me. Apr. 10, 2020) (even if the exhaustion requirement was not jurisdiction, it was "both clear and mandatory," so that the court could not read an exception into it); United States v. Johnson, No. RDC-14-0441, 2020 WL 1663360, at *3-6 (D. Md. Apr. 3, 2020) (concluding that § 3582(c)(1)(A)'s exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional and, regardless, there are no exceptions to the exhaustion requirement).
B. At the second step of the analysis, the defendant must show "extraordinary and compelling reasons" warranting a reduction. Section 3582(c)(1) does not define such reasons. The Sentencing Guidelines do identify such reasons in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1, however. A defendant's medical conditions may constitute extraordinary and compelling reasons only if the defendant is suffering from a terminal illness, or if he is "(I) suffering from a serious physical or medical condition, (II) suffering from a serious functional or cognitive impairment, or (III) experiencing deteriorating physical or mental health because of the aging process" and the condition substantially diminishes the defendant's ability to provide self-care
in prison. Id.
C. At the third step, compassionate release is appropriate only where "the defendant is not a danger to the safety of any other person or to the community, as provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)[.]" U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(2); see also United States v. Schmitt, No. CR12-4076-LTS, 2020 WL 96904, at *5 (N.D. Iowa Jan. 8, 2020) (setting out the § 3142(g) factors).
D. If all the preceding requirements have been satisfied, at the fourth step, the court "consider[s] the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable." 28 U.S.C. § 3852(c)(1)(A). The court must provide reasons for its determination based on consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. Chambliss, 948 F.3d at 693.
4. Here, defendant satisfied the exhaustion requirement by sending a request for a reduction in sentence, which was denied by the warden at FCI Pekin. Over 30 days have passed since this denial. [Dkt. 307 at Gov't Exs. 1, 2]. However, defendant fails to demonstrate that her medical conditions constitute extraordinary and compelling reasons for her release. "A compassionate release due to a medical condition is an extraordinary and rare event." White v. United States, 378 F. Supp. 3d 784 (W.D. Mo. 2019). Even when a medical condition may make confinement more difficult, that alone is not a sufficient basis for compassionate release. See United States v. Malone, No. 1:07CR00037-001, 2019 WL 3337906, at *2 (W.D. Va. July 25, 2019).
5. Although defendant's conditions are serious, they do not rise to the level of "extraordinary and compelling reasons."
Defendant has not demonstrated that her cancer is no longer in remission. Defendant does not allege that her cancer is terminal or that it substantially impairs her ability to provide self-care in prison. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic does not change this analysis. The BOP has taken steps to protect inmates who, like the defendant, have pre-existing conditions that make them more susceptible to COVID-19. See BOP Implementing Modified Operations, Fed. Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/covid19_status.jsp (last visited Aug. 6, 2020). Defendant has not shown that these procedures are inadequate to protect or treat her.
The BOP routinely provides "chronic care clinics for conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension." Medical Care, Fed Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/medical_care.jsp (last visited Aug. 6, 2020). Defendant's other health issues are within the normal conditions treated by the BOP and are not extraordinary or compelling. Defendant has received treatment from the BOP for all of her ailments.
6. After consideration of all defendant's arguments, the Court concludes that defendant has not satisfied the requirements for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), as amended by the First Step Act of 2018.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the July 20, 2020, Motion for Compassionate Release [Dkt. 304] is denied.
DATED this 14th day of September, 2020.
/s/_________
JOHN A. JARVEY, Chief Judge
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA