Opinion
No. 22-3014
08-10-2023
Naoteru TSURUTA, Plaintiff - Appellee v. Sarah Margaret TSURUTA, Defendant - Appellant
Counsel who presented argument on behalf of the appellant and appeared on the brief was John D. Kershman, I, of Clayton, MO. Counsel who presented argument on behalf of the appellee and appeared on the brief was Jonathan Marks, of Saint Louis, MO.
Appeal from United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis. Counsel who presented argument on behalf of the appellant and appeared on the brief was John D. Kershman, I, of Clayton, MO. Counsel who presented argument on behalf of the appellee and appeared on the brief was Jonathan Marks, of Saint Louis, MO. Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MELLOY and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges. MELLOY, Circuit Judge.
In October 2021, Sarah Tsuruta ("Sarah") flew from Japan to Missouri with her and Naoteru Tsuruta's ("Naoteru") child, L.T. In March 2022, Naoteru filed a petition for the return of their child under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction ("Hague Convention") to have L.T. returned to Japan. The district court found L.T. was "at home" in Japan before Sarah removed the child to the United States. The district court granted Naoteru's petition to have L.T. returned to Japan. Sarah appeals and we affirm.
The Honorable Shirley Padmore Mensah, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
I.
In 2015, Sarah gave birth to L.T. in Miami, Florida. At the time, Naoteru was living in the U.K. Ten months after L.T. was born, Sarah and L.T. moved to the U.K. to live with Naoteru. In 2018, Naoteru and Sarah married, and the family moved from the U.K. to Japan. While in Japan, L.T. attended school/daycare, learned to speak Japanese and English, engaged in extracurricular activities, traveled, and spent time with extended family. In November 2019, Sarah and L.T. traveled from Japan to Missouri to visit Sarah's family. In February 2020, Sarah and L.T. voluntarily returned to Japan.
Sarah became unhappy with the living situation in Japan and repeatedly told Naoteru she wanted to leave Japan and get a divorce. After continued arguments between Naoteru and Sarah, Naoteru attempted to conceal L.T.'s Japanese passport and expired U.S. passport. On October 15, 2021, Sarah found the concealed passports in Naoteru's work storage facility and went to the U.S. Embassy in Japan. At the Embassy, Sarah reported she feared for her life and her child's safety. The Embassy issued an emergency passport, and the two went directly to the airport and flew back to the United States. Sarah and L.T. had return flights booked for March 15, 2022.
In November 2021, Sarah filed a petition for divorce in Missouri. After learning of the divorce filings in March 2022, Naoteru filed the present petition to have L.T. returned to Japan under the Hague Convention.
II.
The Hague Convention was adopted to address international child abduction by family members. Barzilay v. Barzilay, 600 F.3d 912, 916 (8th Cir. 2010). The Hague Convention does not govern custody battles, instead the Hague Convention determines the proper forum for custody battles. Id. at 916-17. Under the Hague Convention, "a child wrongfully removed from her country of 'habitual residence' ordinarily must be returned to that country[ ]" where custody will be determined. Monasky v. Taglieri, — U.S. —, 140 S. Ct. 719, 723, 206 L.Ed.2d 9 (2020). Naoteru must show three things to establish a prima facie case for return under the Hague Convention. First, he must show Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence prior to removal in October 2021. Second, he must show the removal of L.T. violated his custody rights under Japanese law. Third, he must show he was exercising his parental rights before L.T. was removed. Barzilay, 600 F.3d at 917. A child's habitual residence is "[t]he place where a child is at home, at the time of removal or retention[.]" Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 726. An actual agreement between the parents is not required to establish habitual residence, instead "a child's habitual residence depends on the totality of the circumstances specific to the case." Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 723.
III.
The only contested element of the prima facie case is L.T.'s habitual residence prior to being removed in October 2021. At an evidentiary hearing, Naoteru argued Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence because L.T. had spent most of her time in Japan for the previous three years, attended school in Japan, participated in extracurricular activities in Japan, and gotten to know extended family in Japan. Additionally, L.T. had spent limited time in the United States prior to being removed in October 2021, spending only a few months in Missouri before voluntarily returning to Japan. Sarah argued Japan was not L.T.'s habitual residence because Sarah was coerced into living in Japan, L.T. had significant connections to the United States, Japan was never intended as a permanent residence, and L.T. never acclimated to Japan. To support her coercion argument, Sarah asserted Naoteru had her sign a marriage license she didn't understand, controlled all of the finances, isolated L.T. from Sarah by only speaking Japanese, and controlled all important decisions. Sarah also argued Naoteru's petition was an effort to "forum shop." Sarah asserted Naoteru wanted to avoid a child custody case in the United States due to negative experiences in previous U.S. divorce proceedings with a different woman including the issuance of warrants for his arrest for failure to pay child support.
The district court noted the determination of habitual residence "is a 'fact-driven inquiry' and 'depends on the totality of the circumstances specific to the case.' " The district court then found Naoteru had shown by a preponderance of the evidence that Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence prior to removal in October 2021. In reaching this conclusion, the district court relied on several factors including: evidence showing L.T. acclimated to Japan between 2018 and 2021, evidence showing Sarah and Naoteru had a "settled purpose of creating a home in Japan," and a lack of evidence to show Sarah was coerced into living in Japan. The district court concluded the lack of physical abuse, violence, or threats of violence as well as limited evidence of control distinguished this case from other instances where coercion impacted the habitual residence determination. The district court found that Sarah "had mixed feelings about being in Japan and that she was, at times, reluctant to be there. But the facts presented [did] not amount to coercion, and they [did] not significantly undermine the other evidence suggesting that Japan was L.T.'s home and thus her habitual residence." The district court also rejected Sarah's forum-shopping argument, finding that since Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence it was Sarah, not Naoteru, who engaged in forum shopping by removing L.T. from Japan and filing for divorce in Missouri.
Sarah also raised two additional arguments at the district court: (1) returning L.T. to Japan would expose the child to physical or psychological harm and (2) Naoteru consented or acquiesced to L.T. and Sarah's move to Missouri. The district court concluded Sarah failed to provide sufficient proof to show L.T. would be exposed to harm in Japan or that Naoteru consented to L.T.'s removal to Missouri. Sarah appeals, arguing (1) the district court erred in finding Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence and (2) Naoteru has "unclean hands" and therefore is precluded from seeking relief.
IV.
A.
Determining habitual residence is a mixed question of fact and law. Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 730. "Once the trial court correctly identifies the governing totality-of-the-circumstances standard, . . . [t]he habitual residence determination . . . should be judged on appeal by a clear-error standard deferential to the factfinding court." Id. The district court in this case identified the correct standard. Therefore, we review for clear error the determination that L.T.'s habitual residence in October 2021 was Japan.
The district court did not commit a clear error in determining L.T. was "at home" in Japan as of October 15, 2021. L.T. spent most of her time in Japan since 2018. She attended school/daycare in Japan. She participated in activities in Japan. While Sarah might not have intended to spend the rest of L.T.'s life in Japan, Japan is where L.T. was "at home" on the relevant date.
On appeal, Sarah again argues Japan cannot be L.T.'s habitual residence because Sarah was coerced into living in Japan and therefore did not intend to make Japan L.T.'s home. Sarah cites two cases for the proposition that one parent being coerced into living in a country is relevant to the habitual residence determination because it affects the intent of the parents. See Application of Ponath, 829 F.Supp. 363, 368 (D. Utah 1993) ("Petitioner's coercion of respondent by means of verbal, emotional and physical abuse removed any element of choice and settled purpose which earlier may have been present in the family's decision to visit Germany."); Tsarbopoulos v. Tsarbopoulos, 176 F.Supp. 2d 1045, 1049 (E.D. Wash. 2001) ("The verbal and physical abuse of one spouse by the other is one of several factors in the Court's determination of the existence of 'shared intent' to make a place the family's 'habitual residence.' "). The district court addressed these cases and found:
The physical abuse, verbal abuse, and controlling behavior that motivated the courts in both Tsarbopoulos and Ponath are simply not present here. There is no evidence of physical abuse, violence, or threats of violence in this case. Additionally, having considered the testimony of Petitioner and Respondent and having reviewed the text message exchanges between the parties, the court does not find evidence of the type of verbal abuse or controlling behavior that would suggest that Petitioner was coerced or forced into staying in Japan.Therefore, Sarah's coercion argument on appeal is inconsistent with the district court's factual findings, which are not clearly erroneous.
B.
Sarah also argues, for the first time on appeal, that Naoteru has "unclean hands" which precludes him from seeking relief in this case. "The defense of unclean hands may be invoked when the plaintiff has engaged in willful act[s] concerning the cause of action which rightfully can be said to transgress equitable standards of conduct." Lawn Managers, Inc. v. Progressive Lawn Managers, Inc., 959 F.3d 903, 912 (8th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Sarah asserts that Naoteru has unclean hands because he "had multiple outstanding bench warrants for his arrest stemming from his failure to comply with support orders in Arizona."
"This court 'consider[s] newly raised issues only if they are purely legal and no additional factual development is necessary, or where manifest injustice would otherwise result.' " Beaulieu v. Stockwell, 46 F.4th 871, 877 (8th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted). In the district court, Sarah presented evidence regarding Naoteru's previous divorce proceedings. She did so, however, in the context of a "forum shopping" argument. She asserted Naoteru moved to the U.K. to avoid complying with court orders and filed the petition in this case to avoid another divorce proceeding in the United States. The district court correctly noted that the Hague Convention aims to reduce forum shopping in child custody cases by ensuring the law of the child's habitual residence determines custody. See Barzilay, 600 F.3d at 922. But, because the district court concluded Japan was L.T.'s habitual residence, the district court found it was Sarah, not Naoteru, "who engaged in the sort of international forum shopping the Convention seeks to prevent when she took the child from her place of habitual residence to a different country and filed divorce proceedings there."
The district court did not make a factual finding as to whether Naoteru's previous legal proceedings related in any manner to these proceedings, something required for the unclean hands doctrine to apply. See e.g., In re Steward, 828 F.3d 672, 685 (8th Cir. 2016) ("unclean hands doctrine is properly used to bar a claim only when the wrongful conduct at issue is the source of that claim"). Further, the factual findings the district court did make suggest the district court believed Sarah, not Naoteru, engaged in wrongful conduct.
Even assuming we may address the "unclean hands" argument for the first time on appeal, it is far from certain that the unclean hands doctrine should apply to petitions under the Hague Convention. See Karpenko v. Leendertz, 619 F.3d 259, 265-66 (3d Cir. 2010) ("We conclude that application of the unclean hands doctrine would undermine the Hague Convention's goal of protecting the well-being of the child, of restoring the status quo before the child's abduction, and of ensuring 'that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States.' " (citation omitted)). Given the factual questions and the lack of a record or findings as to a connection between Naoteru's allegedly improper conduct and this case, this is not the time to decide whether "unclean hands" applies to Hague Convention cases.
V.
For the reasons discussed, we affirm the judgment of the district court.