Opinion
No. 14-07-00314-CV
Memorandum Opinion filed July 22, 2008.
On Appeal from the 165th District Court Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 2005-81386.
Paanel consists of Justices YATES, ANDERSON, and BROWN.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellants, Robert D. Trull and Jackie Trull, challenge the trial court's summary judgment in favor of appellees, Service Casualty Insurance Company and Service Lloyds Insurance Company. We affirm.
On May 7, 2001, Alfredo Villanueva took possession of a 2001 Nissan Altima from Baker-Jackson Nissan Oldsmobile. Prior to taking possession of the vehicle, Villanueva signed a Motor Vehicle Purchase Order and a Temporary Delivery Bailment Agreement. The next day, Villanueva was driving the vehicle when he was involved in an accident with pedestrian Robert D. Trull. The police report lists Villanueva as the vehicle's owner and indicates that he did not have liability insurance. On May 12, 2001, Villanueva and his wife returned to Baker-Jackson and completed the remaining paperwork for the sale, including a revised purchase order and financing documents.
The Trulls filed suit against Villanueva for negligence and Baker-Jackson for negligent entrustment. Service Lloyds defended Baker-Jackson in that suit, but did not defend Villanueva because it claimed that Villanueva did not qualify as an insured under Baker-Jackson's insurance policy and that Villanueva never requested a defense. The Trulls non-suited Baker-Jackson shortly after it moved for summary judgment. Obtaining a default judgment against Villanueva in the amount of $500,432.57, the Trulls then sued Service Casualty and Service Lloyds on the judgment (Service Lloyds became Service Casualty's successor in 2002). The trial court granted summary judgment for Service Casualty and Service Lloyds on January 10, 2007. This appeal followed.
A trial court may grant a traditional motion for summary judgment if the motion and summary-judgment evidence show that, except as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue of material fact and therefore the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). In reviewing a summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant and we indulge every reasonable inference, and resolve any doubts, in the non-movant's favor. Sudan v. Sudan, 199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006).
A trial court must grant a no-evidence motion for summary judgment if: (1) the moving party asserts that there is no evidence of one or more specified elements of a claim or defense on which the adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial; and (2) the respondent produces no summary-judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on each of the challenged elements. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). As with a traditional motion, when we review a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, we view all of the summary-judgment evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the movant. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823-25 (Tex. 2005).
When, as here, the trial court does not specify on which grounds it based its summary judgment, the appealing party must show that it is error to base it on any ground asserted in the motion. Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1996); Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989). The appellant must assign error to each independent ground asserted in the summary judgment or the summary judgment will be affirmed. Star-Telegram, Inc., 915 S.W.2d at 473; de Laurentis v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 162 S.W.3d 714, 726 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). To preserve an issue for appeal, the non-movant must expressly present to the trial court, by written answer or response, any issues defeating the movant's entitlement. McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 343 (Tex. 1993); Tello v. Bank One, N.A., 218 S.W.3d 109, 116 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet. h.) (holding that "we may not consider grounds for reversal of a summary judgment that were not expressly presented to the trial court by written response to the motion"). Similarly, a party waives an issue when it does not support it with authority. Trenholm v Ratcliff, 646 S.W.2d 927, 934 (Tex. 1983); In re E.L.T., 93 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet h.); Casteel-Diebolt v. Diebolt, 912 S.W.2d 302, 304-05 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no writ).
The Trulls argue that they are entitled to enforce the default judgment against Service Casualty, Service Lloyds, or both, because Villanueva was an insured under Baker-Jackson's insurance policy at the time of the accident. The relevant portion of the insurance policy provides: "We will pay all sums an insured legally must pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this insurance applies caused by an accident and resulting from garage operations." The policy defines who shall be considered an insured, and states that coverage will extend to "[a]nyone else while using with your permission a covered auto own[ed], hire[d], or borrow[ed]" by the dealership. This provision generally excludes coverage to the customers of the dealership unless (1) the customer has no available insurance, in which case they shall be insured up to the compulsory limits under the law, or (2) the customer has other available insurance less than the compulsory limits, in which case they shall be insured for the amount by which the compulsory limits exceed the limits of their other insurance. If the vehicle was not owned, hired, or borrowed by the dealership at the time of the accident, then this provision of the insurance policy is not applicable. The element at issue in this case is ownership of the vehicle at the time of the accident. The Trulls allege that Baker-Jackson owned the Altima. Service Casualty and Service Lloyds contend that Villanueva did.
In an analogous case, Gulf Insurance Company v. Bobo, William Avett agreed to sell his truck to David Havens for the amount Avett owed on the truck as long as Havens secured insurance. 595 S.W.2d 847, 848 (Tex. 1980). The two made an oral agreement and Havens took possession of the truck. Id. They agreed to meet on February 15 to draw up the papers and arrange financing; however, Havens wrecked the truck on February 14, injuring the plaintiffs. Id. The plaintiffs secured a default judgment against Havens and then sought to collect on it from Avett's insurance company, claiming that Havens was an additional insured under Avett's policy. Id. at 847. The Texas Supreme Court disagreed and held that "[a] conditional vendee . . . is not covered as an additional insured . . . because after an agreement is reached and delivery is made, the buyer, and not the seller, has control over the vehicle." Id. at 848. After agreeing to the terms of the sale and taking possession of the truck, Havens acquired the right to possess and the power to control the vehicle. Id. The court held that the right to possess the vehicle and the power to control its use determines its ownership for insurance purposes. Id. Thus, Havens was the owner and the plaintiffs could not recover from Avett's insurance company. Bobo, 595 S.W.2d at 848; see also Tyler Car Truck Ctr. v. Empire Fire Marine Ins. Co., 2 S.W.3d 482, 484 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1999, pet. denied).
The Trulls attempt to distinguish Bobo by contending there is no evidence in this case of an agreement to purchase the vehicle on May 7, 2001. First, the Motor Vehicle Purchase Order states that in a credit purchase, it constitutes an offer to purchase but does not obligate the seller to extend credit to the buyer. Thus, according to the Trulls, Alfredo Villanueva's execution of the Motor Vehicle Purchase Order cannot constitute a sale. In addition, the Trulls argue that Alfredo's sole signature on the May 7 Motor Vehicle Purchase Order cannot constitute an agreement between Baker-Jackson and the Villanuevas, who both signed the definitive documentation on May 12, 2001.
We agree with appellees that Bobo squarely governs this case. On May 7, 2001, Alfredo Villanueva and Baker-Jackson agreed to enter into a credit-financed sale of the Altima vehicle. On that date and pursuant to that agreement, Baker-Jackson transferred possession and control of the vehicle to Villanueva. It is true that Baker-Jackson did not agree to provide the financing and that the agreement of sale may have been rescinded if Villanueva did not obtain financing. Nevertheless, under Texas law, the transfer of possession and control of the vehicle, pursuant to the parties' intent to effect the sale, determines ownership for insurance purposes as of May 7. See Bobo, 595 S.W.2d at 848 ("ownership transfers for insurance purposes when the conditional purchaser takes possession and control of the vehicle").
The Trulls cite no authority, and we find none, supporting their claim that Cynthia's and Alfredo's joint execution of sale and financing documents on May 12 negates the effectiveness of Alfredo's having reached an agreement on May 7 for purchase of the vehicle from Baker-Jackson or of Baker-Jackson's transfer of possession and control to him. We also reject the Trulls' attempt to place this case outside the bounds of Bobo on the basis of factual differences between this case and Tyler Car Truck Center, which followed Bobo. The buyer and seller in Tyler Car Truck Center had, on a Saturday, executed documents establishing the terms of the sale, and the buyer had paid a down payment on the vehicle. Tyler Car Truck Center, 2 S.W.3d at 483. The buyer wrecked the car on Sunday, before having obtained proof of insurance as required for the sale to be technically complete. Id. The court of appeals held that the seller's insurer was not bound to cover the loss because at the time of the damage, the buyer had the right to possess and the power to control the vehicle. Id. at 484. Similarly, and although Villanueva and Baker-Jackson had not completed extensive documentation of their agreed sale and purchase transaction, Villanueva had the right of possession and the power to control the Altima as of May 7. See also Bobo, 595 S.W.2d at 849 (holding, in absence of paperwork evidencing sale, that seller's insurance was not responsible for third-parties' injuries because right to possess and power to control vehicle had transferred to conditional purchaser).
We affirm the trial court's judgment.