No. 08-03-00152-CR.
April 15, 2004. DO NOT PUBLISH.
Appeal from the 292nd District Court of Dallas County, Texas, (Tc#F-0252670-IV).
Before Panel No. 3 BARAJAS, C.J., LARSEN, and CHEW, JJ.
SUSAN LARSEN, Justice.
Daniel Torres appeals from his conviction and life sentence for capital murder. He raises two issues: sufficiency of the evidence and trial court error in admitting three autopsy photographs of the decedent. We affirm.
Facts
Torres testified that on Christmas Eve, 2001, he and his half-brother, Johnny Serna, were drinking beer and rum in their front yard, when Kevin Butler drove up to a neighbor's house with a friend and "flipped off" Serna. The two men exchanged curses, then Butler and his friend proceeded into the neighbor's house. Serna told Torres he wanted to "kick [Butler's] ass." Later, Torres noticed Butler's car was no longer in front of the neighbor's house, and Serna was also gone, so he assumed Serna had gone to Butler's home. Concerned that his brother was drunk and Butler was a large man, Torres also went to Butler's home. When he arrived, Butler was on the floor and Serna, wielding a knife, was stomping on him. Torres says he cut his hand when he grabbed the knife from Serna. Serna then went on a rampage through the house as Torres tried to calm him down. A bird flew at Torres, who threw a knife at the animal. Torres says he also flipped off one of the lights in the house. He denied that he stabbed, cut, hit, or kicked Butler. He says he took nothing from Butler's home except the keys to Butler's truck, and then drove away, while Serna stayed. He said Butler was alive and tied up on the floor when he left the house. In July of 2002, investigators arrested Torres after learning his DNA matched that of blood recovered near a light switch. His blood was also found on two of four knives recovered at the scene. Torres waived his Miranda rights and signed two written statements, first denying any involvement, the second admitting to being at the scene, but denying that he took part in the actual murder. He also said he saw Serna tie the victim's hands with a cord. At trial, a former cell mate of Torres's testified that Torres told him he had gone to the house to rob Butler because of a hot check dispute. He said Torres admitted he killed Butler, stabbed the bird with a fork because it was attacking him, and stole $2,000 from the house. The jury found Torres guilty, and the judge sentenced him to life in prison. Factual Sufficiency
In his first issue, Torres challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence. In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, the court of appeals must view "all the evidence . . . [and] set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust." Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). However, an appellate court must defer to a jury's findings and cannot reverse just because it disagrees with it. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). A finding of factual insufficiency may be made only where it is necessary to prevent a manifest injustice, and even then a detailed explanation of the finding must be provided. Id.; Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). After a neutral review of all of the evidence, both for and against the finding, the appellate court must determine if "the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, or the proof of guilt, although adequate if taken alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof." Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. The evidence against Torres included DNA blood samples found at the scene on two of the murder weapons. While he provided an explanation for why his DNA might be on the knife, that he grabbed it from Serna, the State focused on inconsistencies in his testimony. The State also pointed out that blood from the victim was found in the truck stolen by Torres. The State also argued to the jury concerning the law of parties, and that it could convict him as either being an actor, or an aider or abettor. Based on the circumstantial evidence, and on the testimony of the witnesses and the appellant, the proof of guilt against Torres is not so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, nor is it greatly outweighed by contrary proof. This Court cannot find reason or fact for concluding that the verdict is contrary to the overwhelming weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be clearly wrong and unjust. We overrule his first issue. Admissibility of Evidence
Torres urges in his second issue that the trial court erred in admitting three photographs that were more prejudicial than probative in the case. State's Exhibits 90, 91, and 92 were close-up, color autopsy photos of the complainant's scalp pulled back over the head, exposing bloody skull tissue. The State contends he did not preserve this issue because he made an improper objection at trial, not based on law, and therefore the judge never had the chance to rule on whether the photos were more prejudicial than probative. Counsel for Torres objected "due to the graphic nature of the photographs." Because the judge did not express any confusion about the basis of the objection, we will consider the merits of the issue. A challenge to the admissibility of evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. See Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101-02 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200, 117 S.Ct. 1561, 137 L.Ed.2d 707 (1997). An abuse of discretion occurs where a trial judge acts arbitrarily and unreasonably, without reference to guiding principles of law. See Breeding v. State, 809 S.W.2d 661, 663 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 1991, pet. ref'd). The trial court has wide discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence, and its ruling will not be disturbed so long as it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). Rule 403 provides that relevant evidence "may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. . . ." TEX. R. EVID. 403. "Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 401. Autopsy photos, specifically, have been characterized as inadmissible when they "depict mutilation of the victim caused by the autopsy itself." Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 249 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). Torres asserts the three photographs are not probative of any facts in dispute, as the same or similar testimony about the manner of death was already before the jury in the form of the medical examiner's testimony, and autopsy report, and a detailed chart. Torres further argues the issue at trial was not how the decedent died, but who killed him. He says the gruesome nature of the photos encouraged the jury to resolve the material issue of his guilt on an "inappropriate emotional basis." See Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 568 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). The photos were graphic, but we can understand the State's need to fully develop evidence of the manner of death. This Court cannot see how the photos led to a verdict founded on inappropriate emotions. Neither did the trial court act arbitrarily nor unreasonably without any reference to guiding principles of law. Therefore, we overrule Torres's second issue. Conclusion
Having overruled both issues, we affirm the conviction.