Summary
In Tonn, initial counsel was terminated by the client without cause, while here the court found Winston withdrew from representation.
Summary of this case from Winston v. GuelzowOpinion
February 4, 1959 —
March 3, 1959.
APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Dane county: RICHARD W. BARDWELL, Circuit Judge. Reversed.
For the appellants there were briefs by Bogue Sanderson of Portage, and oral argument by T. J. Sanderson and David Bogue.
For the respondents there was a brief and oral argument by Hugh F. Oldenburg of Madison.
The plaintiff Shirley Tonn was injured in an auto accident which occurred April 12, 1955. Thereafter, she engaged the law firm of Bogue Sanderson of Portage, to represent her in pressing her claim for damages against one Roman A. Reuter, the driver of the car which had injured her. On September 17, 1955, a written contract was entered into between the plaintiff and Bogue Sanderson which provided that Bogue Sanderson were to receive a contingent fee of one fourth of any amount which might be recovered on such claim, either by suit or compromise, subject to the proviso that, in the event of an appeal to the supreme court, the contingent fee was to be increased to one third.
Bogue Sanderson interviewed the witnesses to the accident, commenced suit against Reuter and his insurance carrier; drafted and served the complaint; conducted extensive adverse examinations; secured photographs; carried on extensive correspondence with plaintiff's attending physicians and the two hospitals in which she was hospitalized; copied pertinent hospital records; held many interviews with the plaintiff and rendered advice to her; and conducted extensive settlement negotiations.
During a pretrial conference held in the fall of 1957, presided over by Circuit Judge EDWIN M. WILKIE, a firm offer of settlement of $10,000 was made and rejected by the plaintiff and Bogue Sanderson. Judge WILKIE then stated that he thought an offer of $12,000 could be secured, but the plaintiff was not agreeable to any settlement of less than $15,000. While $15,000 was not an excessive amount to ask, considering the seriousness of the plaintiff's injuries, five other persons had been injured in the same accident and had started suit against Reuter and his insurance carrier. The result was that, in view of the limits of coverage under Reuter's policy of insurance, such coverage apparently was not enough to pay all six plaintiffs the amount each would ordinarily be entitled to. It was this factor which made for difficulty in working out a settlement because in order for the plaintiff to get more than $12,000 one or more of the other claimants would have to agree to take a lesser amount than demanded.
In October, 1957, following such pretrial conference, the plaintiff requested Bogue Sanderson to consent to Attorney Darrell MacIntyre of Madison, being substituted in their place as her attorney. Bogue Sanderson declined to so consent. Thereafter, the plaintiff, acting through MacIntyre, procured an order returnable before the court on November 15, 1957, requiring Bogue Sanderson to show cause why MacIntyre should not be substituted in the action as counsel for the plaintiff. The affidavit in support of the motion for substitution set forth no just cause for the discharge of Bogue Sanderson and the substitution of MacIntyre. At the hearing on the order to show cause it was made known that the plaintiff desired Attorney Hugh Oldenburg of Madison, as well as MacIntyre, to represent her as counsel in the action.
On November 18, 1957, the trial court, Judge WILKIE presiding, made an oral order in open court for the substitution of MacIntyre and Oldenburg as attorneys for the plaintiff, provided that the plaintiff pay to Bogue Sanderson their disbursements which amounted to $215.96. Such order of substitution further provided that the disposition of fees between Bogue Sanderson and MacIntyre and Oldenburg abide the termination of the action, at which time an order would be entered providing for "an equitable distribution." The formal written order of substitution was not entered until May 14, 1958, but was dated back to November 18, 1957. The plaintiff has never complied with the order of substitution by paying the $215.96 of disbursements.
The action was settled before trial for the sum of $14,000 and this sum was deposited with the clerk of court. The matter of determining the attorney fees due Bogue Sanderson and MacIntyre and Oldenburg then came before Judge BARDWELL for disposition. Because of Judge WILKIE'S prior contacts with the matter, Judge BARDWELL referred the matter to Judge WILKIE in order to secure his recommendation as to the attorney fees to be allowed.
Under date of March 5, 1958, Judge WILKIE submitted his recommendations in writing to Judge BARDWELL after conferring with the plaintiff and Attorneys Bogue, MacIntyre, and Oldenburg. It was Judge WILKIE'S recommendations that the plaintiff should not be required to pay in excess of 25 per cent of $14,000, or $3,500, as attorneys' fees due all of the attorneys who had represented her, and that an equitable division would be that Bogue Sanderson receive half of the $3,500 and MacIntyre and Oldenburg the other half.
Judge BARDWELL adopted the recommendations of Judge WILKIE, and an order of the court was entered May 26, 1958, which provided that the clerk of court disburse the $14,000 as follows:
"1. To Bogue Sanderson, attorneys, at Portage, Wisconsin, forthwith the sum of Two hundred fifteen 96/100 ($215.96) Dollars.
"2. To Shirley Tonn forthwith the sum of Ten thousand and Two hundred eighty-four 04/100 ($10,284.04) Dollars.
"3. The remainder of Three thousand five hundred no/100 ($3,500) Dollars to be disbursed as follows: One thousand seven hundred fifty no/100 ($1,750) Dollars to Bogue Sanderson, attorneys, at Portage, Wisconsin; One thousand seven hundred fifty no/100 ($1,750) Dollars to Darrell MacIntyre and Hugh F. Oldenburg, attorneys, both of the city of Madison, Wisconsin.
"These amounts, however, to remain on deposit with the clerk of this court pending appeal to the supreme court or for the period of sixty (60) days from and after May 23, 1958, if no such appeal is noticed within that time."
David Bogue and Thomas J. Sanderson, the copartners comprising the law firm of Bogue Sanderson, have appealed from such order to this court.
This appeal is concerned with the rights of an attorney, or law firm, who has been employed by a client to perform a specific task and then is discharged by the client without cause after performance of substantial services.
While there is agreement in the decided cases as to the right of a client to change attorneys, there is sharp disagreement as to whether a client by so doing may subject himself to the payment of damages on the ground of breach of contract. The majority rule is that, where the attorney has been employed to perform specific legal services, his discharge, without cause or fault on his part before he has fully performed the work he was employed to do, constitutes a breach of his contract of employment and makes the client liable to respond in damages. Anno. 54 A.L.R.2d 604, 609, 610; Anno. 136 A.L.R. 231, 242; 2 Mechem, Agency (2d ed.), p. 1834, sec. 2256; Restatement, 2 Agency 2d, p. 362, sec. 449, comment b; and 34 Texas Law Review, 1082. On principle, we cannot perceive why any distinction should be made in the application of such a rule between fixed-fee and contingent-fee contracts, and most of the cases make no such distinction. For an expression of the minority view that no breach of contract occurs, see Pye v. Diebold (1939), 204 Minn. 319, 283 N.W. 487, and Martin v. Camp (1916), 219 N.Y. 170, 114 N.E. 46 (rehearings denied, 219 N.Y. 627, 114 N.E. 1072, and 221 N.Y. 631, 116 N.E. 1060). The majority rule commends itself to this court and we adopt the same.
A contingent-fee contract is always subject to the supervision of the court as to its reasonableness. Canon 13, American Bar Association Canons of Professional Ethics established by Rule 9 of the Rules of the State Bar of Wisconsin as standards governing the practice of law in Wisconsin. The contingent-fee contract entered into between the plaintiff and Bogue Sanderson provided for payment of a contingent fee of one fourth of the amount recovered by the plaintiff as a result of suit or compromise settlement where no appeal to this court was involved. We do not consider such a contingent fee to be unreasonable or excessive. Therefore, there is no issue before us of the validity of the contingent-fee contract, and the plaintiff breached such contract when she discharged Bogue Sanderson without cause or fault on their part.
What is the measure of damages where an attorney, or law firm, employed on a contingent-fee contract to undertake a specific task is discharged without cause? It appears from the annotation entitled, "Measure or basis of recovery by attorney employed under a contingent-fee contract who is discharged without fault on his part," 136 A.L.R. 231, that there is no agreement among the authorities as to the proper measure of damages. The courts of some states permit the discharged attorney to recover the full amount of the contingent fee contracted for. Jones v. Martin (1953), 41 Cal.2d 23, 256 P.2d 905; MacInnis v. Pope (1955), 134 Cal.App.2d 528, 285 P.2d 688; Carter v. Dunham (1919), 104 Kan. 59, 177 P. 533; cited with approval in Sowers v. Robertson (1936), 144 Kan. 273, 58 P.2d 1105, 1107; Harrison v. Johnson (1940), 64 Ohio App. 185, 28 N.E.2d 615; Dolph v. Speckart (1920), 94 Or. 550, 186 P. 32; Williams v. Philadelphia (1904), 208 Pa. 282, 57 A. 578; Bennett v. Sinclair Navigation Co. (D.C. Pa. 1940), 33 F. Supp. 14; and White v. Burch (Tex. 1930), 33 S.W.2d 512. Other courts only permit recovery in quantum meruit for the services performed prior to the discharge as the sole remedy. French v. Cunningham (1898), 149 Ind. 632, 49 N.E. 797, and Clayton v. Martin (1930), 108 W. Va. 571, 151 S.E. 855.
Missouri holds that an attorney, who is employed under a contingent-fee contract and is discharged without cause, has an election to either treat the contract as rescinded and collect from the client in quantum meruit for the services rendered or to wait until the client's cause of action is liquidated by judgment, or settlement, and then to sue for his fee according to contract. Gillham v. Metropolitan Street R. Co. (1920), 282 Mo. 118, 221 S.W. 1. Arkansas in such a situation permits recovery of the stipulated contingent fee computed upon the amount ultimately realized by the client, less the expenses to which the discharged attorney would have been put in performing the unperformed portion of the contract. Brodie v. Watkins (1878), 33 Ark. 545, and approved in Bockman v. Rorex (1948), 212 Ark. 948, 208 S.W.2d 991. However, the Arkansas rule allows no deduction for the lawyer's services in performing the unperformed portion of the contract but only for out-of-pocket expenses.
It seems to us that the proper measure of damages to apply in a case like the present is the amount of the contingent fee based upon the amount of the settlement or judgment ultimately realized by the client, less a fair allowance for the services and expenses which would necessarily have been expended by the discharged attorney in performing the balance of the contract. However, any deduction for services yet to be performed in order to earn the contingent fee should not be made on the basis of deducting such fraction of the contingent fee as equals the fraction of the total work not performed at the time of discharge.
The trial court's disposition of the matter gave no recognition to the fact that there had been a breach of contract by the plaintiff thereby making her liable in damages to Bogue Sanderson. A further error occurred in holding that the plaintiff should not be required to pay a total attorney fee in excess of 25 per cent of the $14,000 recovered. Unless MacIntyre and Oldenburg had agreed to such a limitation, the plaintiff very well may have obligated herself to a larger fee than this. Judge WILKIE rightly had admonished the plaintiff, at the time of the hearing with respect to the substitution of attorneys, that by discharging Bogue Sanderson and employing other attorneys she might have to pay a larger total attorney fee than if she had continued the employment of Bogue Sanderson. He explained to her that the reason for such possibility occurring was the fact that the substituted counsel might have to duplicate work already performed by Bogue Sanderson.
It is apparent to this court that if the proper measure of damages had been applied by the trial court, Bogue Sanderson's allowable attorney fee would have exceeded the $1,750 awarded to them. This necessitates that the order be reversed and the matter remanded to the circuit court to determine the fee to be allowed them in accordance with the principles laid down in this opinion. By increasing the allowance to Bogue Sanderson out of the impounded $3,500, it necessarily follows that there will be less than $1,750 remaining to apply on the fees of MacIntyre and Oldenburg. Whether MacIntyre and Oldenburg have any recourse against the plaintiff to recover the balance of the $1,750 fee allowed to them is not an issue on this appeal. Neither is the reasonableness of the amount of the fee allowed to MacIntyre and Oldenburg before us.
In fairness to the trial court we deem it necessary to correct a statement which we made in Touchett v. Sutherland (1956), 274 Wis. 35, 79 N.W.2d 80, which was mentioned in the memorandum of recommendations from Judge WILKIE to Judge BARDWELL. Such statement in the Touchett Case was to the effect that the earlier case of Rubekeil v. Bowman (1920), 171 Wis. 128, 176 N.W. 854, had held, in a situation where there had been a substitution of attorneys, that the trial court could fix the fees of the substituted (not the displaced) attorneys at an amount less than their contingent-fee contract. A reading of the opinion in the Rubekeil Case discloses that the substituted attorneys had by stipulation vested such right in the trial court. In the absence of such stipulation, or a finding that the amount of the agreed contingent fee was excessive, the court would have possessed no such right.
In the instant case, Bogue Sanderson waived no right by not appealing from the original order of substitution which provided that an "equitable distribution" of attorney fees would be made at the time of the termination of the action. This is because such order was not an appealable order. Sec. 274.33, Stats. Furthermore, an "equitable distribution," in so far as Bogue Sanderson were concerned, was one which would give recognition to the fact that their fees must be based upon the breach by the plaintiff of the contingent-fee contract.
Where an attorney employed under a contingent-fee contract is discharged without cause, it is proper for the trial court, when entering an order for substitution of attorneys, to provide therein for the deferment of the fixing of the displaced attorney's fees until the liquidation of the client's cause of action by judgment or settlement.
By the Court. — Order reversed, and the matter remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.