Summary
holding that commonality existed where the plaintiffs' claims raised several common questions, including " are there deficiencies in the District's existing system of transition assistance? if so, what are those deficiencies? and are the proven deficiencies causing unnecessary segregation?"
Summary of this case from M. H. v. BerryOpinion
For Larry Mcdonald, Plaintiff: Barbara S. Wahl, LEAD ATTORNEY, ARENT FOX, LLP, Washington, DC USA; Iris Y. Gonzalez, LEAD ATTORNEY, AARP FOUNDATION, Washington, DC USA; Kelly R. Bagby, LEAD ATTORNEY, AARP FOUNDATION LITIGATION, Washington, DC USA; Lyndsay Ayanna Niles, Marjorie Lynn Rifkin, LEAD ATTORNEYS, Jennifer Rachel Lav, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, INC., Washington, DC USA; Alison L. Andersen, Brian D. Schneider, ARENT, FOX LLP, Washington, DC USA; Victoria L. Thomas, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, Washington, DC USA.
For Roy Foreman, Curtis Wilkerson, Donald Dupree, on behalf of themselves and all other similary situated, Plaintiffs: Iris Y. Gonzalez, LEAD ATTORNEY, AARP FOUNDATION, Washington, DC USA; Jennifer Rachel Lav, Lyndsay Ayanna Niles, LEAD ATTORNEYS, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, INC., Washington, DC USA; Alison L. Andersen, Brian D. Schneider, ARENT, FOX LLP, Washington, DC USA; Victoria L. Thomas, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, Washington, DC USA.
For Jacqualyn Thorpe, Plaintiff: Iris Y. Gonzalez, LEAD ATTORNEY, AARP FOUNDATION, Washington, DC USA; Jennifer Rachel Lav, Lyndsay Ayanna Niles, Marjorie Lynn Rifkin, LEAD ATTORNEYS, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, INC., Washington, DC USA; Alison L. Andersen, Brian D. Schneider, ARENT, FOX LLP, Washington, DC USA; Victoria L. Thomas, UNIVERSITY LEGAL SERVICES, Washington, DC USA.
For District of Columbia, a municipal Corporation, Defendant: Bradford Collins Patrick, LEAD ATTORNEY, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Public Interest Division, Washington, DC USA; Chad Alan Naso, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, DC USA.
For United States of America, Interested Party: Joy Levin Welan, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section, Washington, DC USA.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE, United States District Judge.
Before the Court is defendant District of Columbia's renewed motion for a stay of discovery pending the Court of Appeals' disposition of its petition pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f) for permission to file an interlocutory appeal challenging this Court's order granting class certification. (Def.'s Renewed Mot. for Stay, June 26, 2014 [ECF No. 138] (" Renewed Mot. for Stay" ).) Upon consideration of the motion, plaintiffs' opposition thereto, defendant's reply, and for the reasons stated herein, the motion will be denied.
Rule 23(f) provides that " A court of appeals may permit an appeal from an order granting or denying class-action certification under this rule if a petition for permission to appeal is filed with the circuit clerk within 14 days after the order is entered." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(f).
BACKGROUND
In this Olmstead action, plaintiffs are challenging the District of Columbia's provision of Medicaid-funded long-term care services to persons with physical disabilities as causing unnecessary segregation in nursing facilities in violation of Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act. On March 29, 2014, this Court granted plaintiffs' motion for class certification and certified, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) and 23(b)(2), a class that consists of:
These actions are named for the 1999 Supreme Court decision in Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581, 119 S.Ct. 2176, 144 L.Ed.2d 540 (1999), which recognized for the first time that unjustified segregation was a form of discrimination prohibited by the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act.
All persons with physical disabilities who, now or during the pendency of this lawsuit:
(1) receive DC Medicaid-funded long-term care services in a nursing facility for 90 or more consecutive days;
(2) are eligible for Medicaid-covered home and community-based long-term care services that would enable them to live in the community; and
(3) would prefer to live in the community instead of a nursing facility but need the District of Columbia to provide transition assistance to facilitate their access to long-term care services in the community.
(Order, Mar. 29, 2014 [ECF No. 129].) Defendant filed its Rule 23(f) petition with the Court of Appeals on April 15, 2014. See Petition for Permission to Appeal Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f), In re District of Columbia, No. 14-8001 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 15, 2014) (" Rule 23(f) Petition" ). A few days later, defendant filed its first motion to stay proceedings in the district court pending the disposition of that petition. (Def.'s Mot. to Stay Discovery, Apr. 17, 2014 [ECF No. 134].) After hearing argument from the parties, the Court granted defendant's motion in part, staying expert discovery, but allowing fact discovery to proceed. (Order, Apr. 24, 2014 [ECF No. 135].) The Court gave the parties until June 30, 2014, to propound additional document requests and interrogatories (limited to 10 of each) and directed the parties to file a joint status report by July 10, 2014, regarding a proposed discovery schedule and a " specific listing of any remaining discovery." ( Id. at 1-2.) Under the current schedule, all fact discovery is to be completed by December 31, 2014. ( Id. ) Defendant did not seek a more extensive stay from the Court of Appeals pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 8(a)(1).
On June 24, 2014, the Court of Appeals ordered on its own motion that the Rule 23(f) petition " be referred to a merits panel." Order at 1, In re District of Columbia, No. 14-8001 (D.C. Cir. June 23, 2014). That order advised the parties that " [i]n addition to addressing whether the petition should be granted," they should " address in their briefs whether the district court properly granted plaintiffs' renewed motion for class certification under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23." Id. According to the current schedule, briefing for the merits panel will be completed by September 29, 2014. See Order, In re District of Columbia, No. 14-8001 (D.C. Cir. July 3, 2014). No date for oral argument has been set.
Defendant's brief is due on August 15, 2014; plaintiffs' brief is due on September 15, 2014; defendant's reply brief is due on September 29, 2014. See Order, In re District of Columbia, No. 14-8001 (D.C. Cir. July 3, 2014).
Relying on the Court of Appeals' decision to refer the Rule 23(f) petition to a merits panel, defendant has renewed its motion for a stay of discovery pending disposition of that petition. (Renewed Mot. for Stay at 1.) That motion is now ripe for review.
ANALYSIS
I. STAY OF DISCOVERY PENDING DISPOSITION OF A PENDING RULE 23(f) PETITION
Rule 23(f) expressly provides that the decision by a court of appeals to permit an appeal from a class certification order " does not stay proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the court of appeals so orders." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(f). When a district court is confronted with a motion to stay pending a Rule 23(f) appeal, the decision whether to grant a stay is
a discretionary matter to be informed by a flexible application of the well-established, four-factor balancing test employed to consider preliminary injunctive relief and other stays pending appeal in this Circuit -- (1) whether there is a substantial likelihood that the movant will succeed on the merits of the claims/appeal; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable injury if an injunction/stay does not issue; (3) whether others will suffer harm if an injunction/stay is granted; and (4) whether the public interest will be furthered by an injunction/stay.
In re Lorazepam v. Clorazepate Antitrust Litig., 208 F.R.D. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2002); see In re Rail Freight Fuel Surchage Antitrust Litig., 286 F.R.D. 88, 91 (D.D.C. 2012); DL v. D.C., No. 05-cv-1437, 6 F.Supp.3d 133, 2014 WL 29260 (D.D.C. Jan. 3, 2014); see also Order, In re Veneman, No. 02-5021 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 8, 2002) (applying " stringent standard for a stay pending appeal" to motion for a stay pending disposition of a Rule 23(f) petition). In weighing these four factors, a stay is appropriate if " the probability of error in the class certification decision is high enough that the costs of pressing ahead in the district court exceed the costs of waiting." In re Rail Freight, 286 F.R.D. at 93. Balancing these four factors leads to the conclusion that no stay is warranted.
A. First Factor: Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits of the Appeal
Where, as here, the Court of Appeals has not yet ruled on the Rule 23(f) petition, the " substantial likelihood of success on appeal" inquiry has " two layers" : (1) whether the moving party will obtain permission to appeal; and (2) if permission to appeal is granted, whether the moving party will prevail on the merits of its appeal. In re Lorazepam, 208 F.R.D. at 4. Thus, the first question for this Court is whether there is a substantial likelihood that the Court of Appeals will grant defendant permission to appeal.
In a recent decision, the Court of Appeals confirmed that it has recognized " three reasons for which interlocutory review of a class certification order is appropriate under Rule 23(f)" :
" (1) when a 'questionable' class certification decision creates a 'death-knell situation' for either party; (2) when the certification decision presents 'an unsettled and fundamental issue of law relating to class actions . . . that is likely to evade end-of-the-case review'; and (3) when the certification decision is manifestly erroneous."
In re Johnson, No. 13-8002, 760 F.3d 66, 411 U.S.App.D.C. 366, 2014 WL 3765707, at *3 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 1, 2014) (quoting In re Veneman, 309 F.3d 789, 794, 353 U.S.App.D.C. 398 (2002) (quoting In re Lorazepam & Clorazepate Antitrust Litig., 289 F.3d 98, 105, 351 U.S.App.D.C. 223 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). " [O]ther circumstances may also justify review per Rule 23(f)," but " such review should be 'granted rarely.'" In re Johnson, 2014 WL 3765707, at *3 (quoting In re Lorazepam, 289 F.3d at 105).
Defendant's Rule 23(f) petition rests on a claim that the certification decision was manifestly erroneous. As the Court of Appeals has observed, " [t]his is a difficult standard to meet" and there is a " high bar for doing so." In re Johnson, 2014 WL 3765707, at *4 (citing Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 402 F.3d 952, 962 (9th Cir. 2005)). As explained in In re Johnson, as long as a district court has " applied the correct standards and the cases relied upon by the [petitioning party] do not squarely foreclose the class certification," there is no manifest error. Id. Indeed, the court in In re Johnson observed that the D.C. Circuit has " never before granted Rule 23(f) review on the basis of a manifest error." Id.
Applying this standard to the instant case, the Court does not believe that there is a substantial likelihood that the District's Rule 23(f) petition will be granted. Defendant asserts that the class certification order was " manifestly erroneous" because this Court misapplied the Supreme Court's decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 180 L.Ed.2d 374 (2011), and the D.C Circuit's decision in DL v. DC, 713 F.3d 120, 404 U.S.App.D.C. 316 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Specifically, defendant claims that (1) the District's alleged " failure to implement an effective system of transition assistance" does not satisfy the " commonality" requirement of Rule 23(a)(2), which requires plaintiffs to identify a uniform policy or practice that affects all class members; and (2) for essentially the same reason, there is no indivisible injunction that could provide relief to all of the class members at once, as required by Rule 23(b)(2). Defendant acknowledges, however, that these alleged errors concern the Court's application of existing law to the unique facts of this case, which is not the type of error that the Court of Appeals considers " manifest." See In re Johnson, 2014 WL at 3765707, at *4; see also Chamberlan, 402 F.3d at 952 (" It is difficult to show that a class certification order is manifestly erroneous unless the district court applies an incorrect Rule 23 standard or ignores a directly controlling case. Class certification decisions rarely will involve legal errors, however, simply because class actions typically involve complex facts that are unlikely to be on all fours with existing precedent." ). Indeed, the Court of Appeals has already denied one Rule 23(f) petition challenging a district court's application of its opinion in DL v. DC, finding that it was not manifestly erroneous. See In re District of Columbia, No. 13-8009, (D.C. Cir. Jan. 30, 2014).
Defendant strongly urges the Court to take the Court of Appeals' decision to refer the Rule 23(f) petition to a merits panel as a strong signal that the petition will be granted. However, the Court is aware of seven Rule 23(f) petitions that have been referred to merits panels since 2001, only one of which was granted and that was not based on a finding of manifest error. Compare In re Lorazepam., 289 F.3d at 100 (Rule 23(f) petition referred to merits panel then denied), In re Veneman, 309 F.3d 789, 353 U.S.App.D.C. 398 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (same), In re James, 444 F.3d 643, 370 U.S.App.D.C. 298 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (same), In re D.C. Water and Sewer Auth., 561 F.3d 494, 385 U.S.App.D.C. 183 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (same), In re U--Haul, Int'l Inc., No. 08-7122, 2009 WL 902414 (D.C. Cir. April 6, 2009) (same), and In re Johnson, 2014 WL 3765707, at *1, with In re Rail Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litig., 725 F.3d 244, 247, 406 U.S.App.D.C. 371 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (granting review based on " special circumstances," including a " confluence of multiple rationales" and a subsequent decision of the Supreme Court). As other district judges have noted, " [i]t is a fool's errand to try to predict what the court of appeals is likely to do before it acts or, absent explanation, to speculate on why it has made a certain procedural decision." In re Rail Freight, 286 F.R.D. at 93.
Although the Court has made no secret of its view that the class certification issues in this case are complicated and, to some extent, novel in this Circuit, it certainly does not believe that the Court of Appeals could find its rulings to be " manifestly erroneous," at least not as that standard has been defined. Accordingly, the Court finds that defendant has not shown a substantial likelihood of success on its Rule 23(f) petition, which necessarily means that it has not shown a substantial likelihood of success on appeal.
B. Three Remaining Factors
The three remaining factors for the Court to weigh are (1) whether defendant will suffer irreparable injury if a stay does not issue; (2) whether others will suffer harm if a stay is granted; and (3) whether the public interest will be furthered by a stay. Of these factors, only the first arguably weighs in defendant's favor.
On the question of irreparable injury to defendant if a stay is denied, defendant argues that it will suffer irreparable injury due to the expenditure of time and resources on unnecessary discovery. In the first place, " litigation expenses alone do not necessarily qualify as irreparable harm." In re Lorazepam, 208 F.R.D. at 6. Moreover, the Court has already stayed expert discovery pending disposition of the Rule 23(f) petition, and the remaining fact discovery is limited in scope, thereby minimizing any injury to defendant if the stay is denied. Thus, to the extent this factor weighs in defendant's favor, it is not a significant consideration.
On the question of harm to others from granting a stay, defendant argues that a stay of discovery would not cause harm to plaintiffs because any delay would be de minimus. However, just as it is almost impossible to predict whether the Court of Appeals will grant the Rule 23(f) petition, it is impossible to know when it will make its decision. What the Court does know is that with briefing not scheduled to be completed until the end of September and no date set for oral argument, the delay will certainly be more than a couple of months, cf. In re Lorazepam, 208 F.R.D. at 4-5 (staying case where expected delay would be limited to a few months), and it could over a year. See, e.g., In re Johnson, No. 13-8002 (Rule 23(f) petition filed on March 11, 2013; referred to merits panel on June 21, 2013; fully briefed by December 16, 2013; oral argument date set on February 18, 2014; oral argument held on April 21, 2014; petition denied on August 1, 2014, one year and 5 months after it was filed). In addition, given the injunctive nature of the relief sought in this case, and the nature of the class, delaying the litigation will almost certainly deprive some class members of the opportunity to benefit from any relief that is obtained. Thus, on balance, the Court finds that plaintiffs " have demonstrated a risk of significant harm that offsets that faced by defendants, particularly in light of defendants' failure to show a substantial likelihood of prevailing on the merits of their appeal." In re Rail Freight, 286 F.R.D. at 94.
As defendant is aware, since the commencement of this litigation in 2010 several named plaintiffs have died.
Finally, on the question of the public interest, the Court finds that if the public interest is " rooted in the proper resolution of the important issues raised in this case," as defendant contends, granting a stay of discovery would not further that interest.
In sum, the Court finds that defendants have failed to demonstrate that the likelihood of success of their appeal is sufficiently high that the costs of proceeding with fact discovery outweigh the costs of further delay. Accordingly, the Court concludes that no stay of fact discovery is warranted.
II. DISCOVERY ISSUES
The parties' Joint Status Report proposes a schedule for remaining fact discovery should the Court decide, as it has, to deny defendant's motion for a stay. (Joint Status Report, July 10, 2014 [ECF No. 140].) According to that report, the parties agree that all answers to all interrogatories (including supplementation of existing responses) and production of all responsive documents (including supplementation of existing document productions) shall be completed by September 12, 2014, and that all fact witness depositions, including 30(b)(6) depositions, shall be completed by December 31, 2014. ( Id. at 1.) Defendant does not contemplate any additional depositions of the named plaintiffs, but may seek a third-party deposition related to a recently released report on long-term care. ( Id. at 2.) Plaintiffs intend to take additional depositions in preparation for trial. ( Id. at 2.)
The parties disagree on only two matters. First, " it is the District's position that Plaintiffs are required to obtain leave of Court, pursuant to Rule 30(a)(2), in order to conduct any additional depositions, as they already have taken twelve depositions in this matter." ( Id. at 2 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 30(a)(2)(A)(i)).) Second, plaintiffs " question the purpose of Defendant's notice of specific third-party discovery subjects at this junction." ( Id. at 2.) To the extent these anticipated discovery disputes cannot be resolved by the parties, the Court will refer them to Magistrate Judge Kay for resolution.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, and for the reasons stated above, it is hereby
ORDERED that defendant's renewed motion for a stay of discovery [ECF No. 138] is DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED that all discovery disputes are referred to Magistrate Judge Alan Kay for resolution.