Opinion
Docket No. 85156.
Decided October 21, 1985. Leave to appeal denied, 424 Mich. 864.
Shirley J. Burgoyne, for plaintiff.
Gerald C. Beckwith, for defendant.
Plaintiff filed a complaint in Washtenaw County Circuit Court on January 3, 1985, seeking custody of his eight-year-old daughter pursuant to the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act, MCL 600.651—600.673; MSA 27A.651-27A.673 (the UCCJA). Custody had previously been granted to defendant by a court in the State of Washington. Defendant currently resides in Washington and had the child until she came to Michigan on December 25, 1984, to visit plaintiff. Washtenaw County Circuit Court Judge William F. Ager, Jr., ultimately concluded that he had no jurisdiction to determine custody. Since jurisdiction remained with the Washington court, Judge Ager ordered that the child be returned to Washington and another circuit court judge, acting in Judge Ager's absence, refused to stay Judge Ager's order. Plaintiff appeals from these orders as of right. This Court granted a stay on June 25, 1985, and ordered an expedited hearing.
The UCCJA governs the power of state courts to enforce custody orders of other states and the jurisdiction of Michigan's courts to make child custody determinations. It contemplates jurisdiction both to make initial custody orders and to modify custody orders. MCL 600.652(d); MSA 27A.652(d). The purposes of the UCCJA are outlined in MCL 600.651; MSA 27A.651. They include avoidance of jurisdictional competition and conflict with courts of other states, promotion of cooperation with the courts of other states to ensure that the court in the best position to do so decides the case in the interest of the child, deterrence of continuing custody controversies and abductions, avoiding relitigation of custody decisions when possible, and facilitating enforcement of custody orders.
The Washington custody orders were entered while both parties and the child were living in Washington. No subsequent modifications were apparently made. The UCCJA provides:
"The courts of this state shall recognize and enforce an initial or modification decree or judgment of a court of another state which had assumed jurisdiction under statutuory provisions substantially in accordance with sections 651 to 673 or which was made under factual circumstances meeting the jurisdictional standards of sections 651 to 673 as long as this decree or judgment has not been modified in accordance with jurisdictional standards substantially similar to those of sections 651 and 673." MCL 600.663; MSA 27A.663.
Enforcement of a custody order from another state is mandatory if the state which entered the order has adopted the UCCJA (absent a valid emergency situation). Bull v. Bull, 109 Mich. App. 328, 335; 311 N.W.2d 768 (1981). Washington adopted the UCCJA in 1979. Nothing in the record suggests that the Washington court did not have jurisdiction under Washington law to enter its custody orders. Therefore, the Washtenaw County Circuit Court was obligated under the UCCJA to enforce the Washington orders.
Our opinion is not inconsistent with any of the sections of the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 which is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1738A.
Section 664(1) of the UCCJA, MCL 600.664(1); MSA 27A.664(1), provides:
"If a court of another state has made a custody decree or judgment, a court of this state shall not modify that decree or judgment unless it appears to the court of this state that the court which rendered the decree or judgment does not now have jurisdiction under jurisdictional prerequisites substantially in accordance with sections 651 or 673 or has declined to assume jurisdiction to modify the decree or judgment and the court of this state has jurisdiction."
Two conditions must be met before the Michigan court could modify the Washington custody orders: (1) the Washtenaw County Circuit Court had jurisdiction and (2) the Washington court either did not have jurisdiction or had declined to exercise it. See Brown v. Brown, 104 Mich. App. 621, 625; 305 N.W.2d 272 (1981).
The UCCJA sets forth four jurisdictional prerequisites and meeting any of the prerequisites will allow a Michigan court to exercise jurisdiction to make a child custody determination, by modification of a decree or judgment. See MCL 600.653(1); MSA 27A.653(1).
We have examined the facts before us in light of each of the prerequisites and it is our opinion that the trial court correctly determined that only the courts in the State of Washington, rather than Michigan, had the jurisdiction to modify the custody orders which were initially issued by the Washington Superior Court in King County, Seattle, Washington.
Although the child was physically present in Michigan, she had not been abandoned by her mother who lived in Washington, nor was there a valid emergency situation. Although testimony indicated that the child may not have received the best of care possible, a court here could not conclude from testimony of the parties in interest that she was abandoned, mistreated or neglected by her mother. The circumstances occurred in Washington, where they could be more easily investigated. Michigan is far removed from the alleged occurrences of improper care. Furthermore, the State of Washington has not declined jurisdiction and the Superior Court Commissioner has indicated that the Superior Court would exercise jurisdiction and monitor the situation there. Washington has not yet had the opportunity to exercise jurisdiction because plaintiff never proceeded there.
The physical presence of the child in Michigan and one parent's presence alone, under the facts in this case, are not sufficient to confer jurisdiction with the Michigan courts. The child had been in Michigan for a Christmas visit, having arrived on December 25, 1984. She was to return to Washington on January 3, 1985. Plaintiff did not send her back and instituted the instant suit in Washtenaw County that same day. The child's contacts with Michigan were not significant and there was no emergency or risk situation. The record also reveals that Washington was the child's home state on January 3, 1985, when the instant proceedings was commenced. The child can be considered to have been living with her mother in Washington, although in the temporary care of another at the mother's request. It was also not in the child's best interests for the Michigan court to exercise jurisdiction. Again, the Washington authorities were familiar with the case and the background of both parents and were in a far better position to evaluate the entire situation involving both the mother and the father. Thus, none of the prerequisites under the UCCJA have been met here. Jurisdiction should be asserted only by one state. Bacon v. Bacon, 97 Mich. App. 334, 336; 293 N.W.2d 819 (1980).
We recognize that this is one of those cases where the evidence presented by plaintiff raises a temptation to assume jurisdiction and keep Erin in what Judge Ager described as a "happy home" because the picture painted of her life in Washington appeared bleak. A Michigan court can only perform acts within its jurisdiction, however. The Washington courts can be fully apprised of the Michigan proceeding pursuant to the Washington statutes analogous to MCL 600.664(2); MSA 27A.664(2) and MCL 600.669—600.672; MSA 27A.669-27A.672. Judge Ager recommended that a transcript be made available to the Washington authorities. The Washington court will presumably face its task with the same conscientiousness as the Washtenaw County Circuit Court.
We point out that Judge Ager indicated that he was "tremendously impressed" with the child. We point out that Judge Ager was not deciding custody. He did, however, have to consider whether an emergency situation existed in order to determine if he had jurisdiction.
This case is a difficult one and we commend Judge Ager for his thorough efforts in evaluating the situation before him and for fairly applying the law and weighing all the facts before concluding that there was no jurisdiction. At times, a court's decision may be most difficult to make because only one side of the picture is presented and the court must fairly evaluate the entire situation. Because of the UCCJA, we agree that the Michigan courts cannot wrest control from the Washington courts. We know that the situation at bar will be closely monitored and evaluated in Washington in order to protect the interests of all parties involved.
The father always has the right to file a request for a change of custody in Washington if he feels that the circumstances have changed enough to warrant a change in the orders.
Affirmed. We retain no further jurisdiction.