Opinion
NO. 03-22-00238-CV
01-11-2024
The ATTORNEY GENERAL of The State of Texas, Ken Paxton, Appellant v. Mark GONZALEZ, District Attorney for the 105th Judicial District, and the Nueces County District Attorney’s Office, Appellees
Douglas K. Norman, for Appellees. Clayton R. Watkins, for Appellant.
FROM THE 261ST DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, NO. D-1-GN-21-000130, THE HONORABLE GARY HARGER, JUDGE PRESIDING
Douglas K. Norman, for Appellees.
Clayton R. Watkins, for Appellant.
Before Justices Baker, Kelly, and Theofanis
OPINION
Thomas J. Baker, Justice
This case presents the question of whether the Texas Public Information Act (PIA), see Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 552.001–.376, requires disclosure by a district attorney’s office of the names of impaneled grand jurors. The trial court rendered summary judgment for the Nueces County District Attorney’s Office and its District Attorney (collectively, the DA Office) that disclosure is not required. The Attorney General of Texas appeals. For the following reasons, we reverse and render judgment for the Attorney General that the DA Office must disclose the requested information.
BACKGROUND
The only information. at issue in this case is a one-page list of the names of thirteen individuals who were present for grand-jury duty on a particular date. The list is on the DA Office’s letterhead, addressed to the "County Auditor—Attn: Jury Processing," and was submitted to the trial court for in camera review. See id. § 552.3221. The DA Office received two separate PIA requests from an individual seeking "all information allowed by law regarding the grand jury report" in two different criminal cases. See id. § 552.001 (outlining PIA’s policy entitling each person to "complete information about the affairs of government and the official acts of public officials and employees" unless otherwise expressly provided by law). As relevant, the requestor sought the disclosure of the "name, gender, race, age[,] and number of all [grand] jurors."
The document also lists the grand jurors' addresses and telephone numbers, but that information is not at issue. Additionally, in his request, for an Attorney General opinion, the DA represented that he would redact such information if he is ordered to produce the document.
This is the rule beyond Texas as well:
The ejusdem generis canon applies when a drafter has tacked on a catchall phrase at the end of an enumeration of specifics, as in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and other animals. The principle of ejusdem generis … implies the addition of similar after the word other.
….
In all contexts other than the pattern of specific-to-general, the proper rule to invoke is the broad associated-words canon, not the narrow ejusdem generis canon.
Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Gamer, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 199, 205 (2012); accord Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 552 U.S. 214, 223, 128 S.Ct. 831, 169 L.Ed.2d 680 (2008) (stating that ejusdem genens is "the principle that 'when a general term follows a specific one, the general term should be understood as a reference to subjects akin to the one with specific enumeration’ " (quoting Norfolk & W. Ry. Co. v American Train Dispatchers Assn, 499 U.S. 117, 129, 111 S.Ct. 1156, 113 L.Ed.2d 95 (1991))).
The DA Office requested decisions from the Attorney General about whether it must disclose some of the requested information, arguing—relevant to this dispute—that the grand jurors’ names were protected from disclosure under PIA Sections 552.003 and 552.101. See id. §§ 552.003, .101; see also id. § 552.301 ("Request for Attorney General Decision"). In three separate letter rulings, the Attorney General identified what information may be withheld and other information not protected from disclosure and that must be released to the requestor, including the grand jurors’ names. See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2020-30748, Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2021-09195, Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2021-10329.
Seeking nonetheless to withhold the information at issue, the DA Office filed in Travis County district court an original petition under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.001; Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 552.324, .325. The Attorney General answered and requested that the trial court render judgment declaring that the information must be disclosed to the requestor. The parties filed competing motions for summary judgment, and the trial court granted the DA Office’s summary-judgment motion, implicitly denying that of the Attorney General, who then timely perfected this appeal.
DISCUSSION
In two issues, the Attorney General argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for summary judgment and in granting the DA Office’s motion. The DA Office raised two grounds in support of its summary-judgment motion: (1) the PIA’s judicial exclusion applies to the information at issue, excepting it from disclosure, see Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.003, and (2) the information at issue falls under the PIA’s exception of information made confidential by Article 19A.104 of the Code of Criminal. Procedure, see id. § 552.101; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.104. In his summary-judgment motion, the Attorney General made the opposite arguments as to those same two grounds.
[1–3] When reviewing a trial court’s rulings on cross-motions for summary judgment, we review all the summary-judgment evidence, determine de novo all issues presented, and render the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013). Additionally, the issues raised in the parties’ competing motions involve pure questions of law, to wit: whether the information at issue is subject to the PIA and whether an exception to disclosure applies. See City of Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2000); Abbott v. State Bar of Tex., 241 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied). Although the Attorney General’s construction of the PIA is persuasive and we must give it due consideration, it is not controlling or binding. See City of Dallas v. Abbott, 304 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2010); Abbott v. Texas State Bd. of Pharmacy, 391 S.W.3d 253, 258 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, no pet.).
Whether the judiciary exclusion applies
The PIA expressly does not apply to the judiciary. See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 552.002 (defining "public information" as information written, produced, collected, assembled, or maintained by or for "governmental body" or by one of its officers or employees), .003(1)(B)(i) (expressly excluding "the judiciary" from definition of "governmental body"). Furthermore, information that is "collected, assembled, or maintained by or for the judiciary is governed by rules adopted by the Supreme Court of Texas or by other applicable laws and rules," id. § 552.0035(a), and thus cannot be ordered disclosed under the PIA, see State Bar, 241 S.W.3d at 609.
The DA Office concedes that it is not included in the definition of "the judiciary" and that it is a "governmental body" governed by the PIA. See Holmes v. Morales, 924 S.W.2d 920, 923 (Tex. 1996). It argues, however, that the grand jury is "an extension of the judiciary" for purposes of the PIA and that information within the grand jury’s actual or constructive possession is thus not public information. See Ex parte Edone, 740 S.W.2d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (noting that grand jury is not entirely autonomous entity but functions as "arm" or "appendage" of court (citations omitted)); State v. Newton, 179 S.W.3d 104, 110–11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.) (holding that information that was presented to or received from grand jury does not fall under PIA’s definition of "public information" and citing Attorney General opinion determining that PIA does not apply to information within grand jury’s actual or constructive possession); Harrison v. Vance, 34 S.W.3d 660, 663 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (holding that because communications made to grand jury in "the regular performance of its duties are secret," district attorney had no affirmative duty under PIA to provide requestor with information that would disclose what occurred during grand-jury proceedings). The DA Office contends that the list of grand-juror names it created was performed "by or for the judiciary" and is under the grand jury’s "constructive possession" because the DA Office was acting as an "actual or implied agent of the grand jury" when it created the list.
[4] We disagree with the DA Office because its argument would require this Court to improperly expand agency law to allow an agent to act with, implied authority in the absence of any express actual authority. See Sanders Oil & Gas GP, LLC v. Ridgeway Elec., 479 S.W.3d 293, 301 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet) ("An agent that does not have express actual authority cannot have implied authority."); Behring Int'l Inc. v. Greater Houston Bank, 662 S.W.2d 642, 649 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1983, writ dism’d by agr.) ("In the absence of express authority to act as an agent there can be no implied authority because authority is implied to enable the agent to perform the transaction or acts expressly delegated to it by the principal."). The DA Office does not allege that it compiled the information at issue at the express request of the grand jury, that the grand jury expressly appointed the DA Office as its agent, dr that any statute appoints the DA Office as the grand jury’s agent.
Instead, the DA Office argues that it and the grand jury function in a "collaborative process" and that the DA Office "actively assists the grand jury in many of its judicial functions." See, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 20A.103 ("The attorney representing the state is entitled to appear before the grand jury and inform the grand jury of offenses subject to indictment at any time except when the grand jury is discussing the propriety of finding an indictment or is voting on an indictment."), 20A.151 ("The grand jury may send for the attorney representing the state and ask the attorney’s advice on any matter of law or on any question regarding the discharge of the grand jury’s duties."). While that may be true for some of the DA Office’s duties and functions, the DA Office has not cited any statutory mandate that it create a list of grand-juror names to assist the grand jury with its duties. Cf. State Bar, 241 S.W.3d at 607–09 (holding that attorneys’ personal information collected by State Bar was information "collected, assembled, or maintained by or for the judiciary" because supreme court has exclusive administrative control over State Bar, including promulgating its rules, which require State Bar to collect such information).
Furthermore, while the DA Office’s compilation of a list of grand-juror names might support its performance of its specific statutory duties related to grand juries, as the DA Office argues, see, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.252 (requiring attorney representing state to prepare order for court identifying disqualified or unavailable grand juror and naming alternate), the fact that its creation of such list facilitates those statutory duties does not, without more, render the compilation of the names therein an activity performed "by or for the judiciary" (or by or for the grand jury as an extension of the judiciary). We sustain the Attorney General’s first issue and hold that the information at issue is not excepted from disclosure under the judiciary exclusion.
Whether the information at issue is confidential under the Code of Criminal Procedure
[5] The PIA excepts from disclosure "information considered to be confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by judicial decision." Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.101. In his second issue, the Attorney General argues that the information at issue is not confidential under Article 19A.104 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which was the second ground on which the DA Office relied to support its motion for summary judgment. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.104(a), (b). That article provides, (a) Except as provided by Subsection (c), information collected by the court, court personnel, or prosecuting attorney during the grand jury selection process about a person who serves as a grand juror is confidential and may not be disclosed by the court, court personnel, or prosecuting attorney.
(b) Information that is confidential under Subsection (a) includes a person’s: (1) home address; (2) home telephone number; (3) social security number; (4) driver’s license number; and (5) other personal information.
Id.; see also id. art. 35.29 (providing for confidentiality of same information about persons who serve as petit jurors). Although a juror’s name is not specifically listed in Subsection (b) among the types of information that are expressly confidential, the DA Office posits that a juror’s name is included in the generic term "other personal information." See id. art. 19A.104(b). For several reasons, we disagree.
[6, 7] Our fundamental goal in construing statutes is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent, which we do by looking to the plain meaning of a statute’s words unless a different meaning is supplied, a more precise definition is apparent from the context, or the plain meaning would lead to absurd or nonsensical results. Paxton v. City of Dallas, 509 S.W.3d 247, 256 (Tex. 2017); Cadena Comercial USA Corp. v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Comm’n, 518 S.W.3d 318, 325 (Tex. 2017). Further, we must consider the context and statutory framework of the entire statute and "meld its words into a cohesive reflection of legislative intent." Cadena Comercial, 518 S.W.3d at 326. Here, looking solely to the plain and common meaning of the words in the phrase "other personal information" results "in an overbroad phrase that borders on being vague and ambiguous and that would encompass nearly every fact about a person, including their name. See, e.g., Other, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/other (relevantly defining "other" to mean "different" or "additional") (last visited January 5, 2024); Personal, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/personal (last visited January 5, 2024) (relevantly defining "personal" to mean "of, relating to, or affecting a particular person"); Information, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information (relevantly defining "information" to mean "facts" or "data") (last visited January 5, 2024). We thus must look to the statutory context to limit the possible correct meanings. See Cadena Comercial, 518 S.W.3d at 327.
Part of that context is the remainder of the statute. The phrase "other personal information" follows a list of specific types of personal information that are expressly deemed confidential. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.104(b). The canon of statutory construction known as ejusdem generis compels that we limit the phrase "other personal information" to "the same class or kinds as the specific examples." See Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom v. Saenz, 319 S.W.3d 914, 925 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied); see also Hilco Elec. Co-op., Inc. v. Midlothian Butane Gas Co., 111 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tex. 2003). An individual’s name is not of the same class or kind of information as the specific examples provided of home address, home telephone number, Social Security number, and driver-license number—those types of personal information people universally safeguard. On the other hand, and in everyday life, people freely disclose their names to other individuals, businesses, and institutions. Indeed, a person’s name is of the type of information that courts routinely ask people to state in open court. Furthermore, the very process of grand-jury organization is open to the general public, as opposed to grand-jury proceedings, which are secret and closed to the public. Compare, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 1.24 ("The proceedings and trials in all courts shall be public."), 19A.151(a) ("Before the grand jury is impaneled, any person may. challenge the array of grand jurors or any person presented as a grand juror."), and 19A.201(c) ("A grand juror is considered to be impaneled after the grand juror’s qualifications have been tested and the grand juror has been sworn."), with id. art. 20A.202 ("Grand jury proceedings are secret."); see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0422 (2006) ("Although the proceedings of a grand jury—once it is organized—are closed to the public … there are no similar provisions that release a court during the grand jury organization process from the general rule … that the "proceedings and trials in the courts shall be open to the general public[.]"). "As a practical matter, then, grand jurors’ identities will become public during the grand jury organization process." Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0422 (2006) (citing George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, 41 Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 18.06 (2d ed. 2001) (stating that identity of grand juror is public information despite [current article 19A.104]’s language because qualifications of potential grand jurors are tested in open court, among other reasons)). Aside from a grand juror’s name being made public during the selection process, each indictment must bear the signature of the grand jury’s foreperson. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 20A.302(b). It is unlikely that the legislature intended forepersons to enjoy less confidentiality than their fellow grand jurors. Similarly, when the State’s prosecuting attorney learns that a grand juror has become disqualified or unavailable to serve, the attorney "shall prepare an order for the court" that identifies the disqualified or unavailable grand juror and identifies one of the alternate jurors. See id. art. 19A.252. Additionally, when a grand jury’s term has expired without the body’s completion of the matters before it, the judge of the district court in which the grand jury was impaneled may "by an order entered on the minutes of the court" extend the period during which the grand jury may serve. See id. art. 19A.255. It would seem that such order would necessarily have to include the designation of the particular grand jurors to which the order pertains, and the minutes of the court are generally public records. See Johnson v. Texas Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, 449 S.W.2d 145, (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1969, no writ) ("[T]he minutes of the court are generally considered public records unless made otherwise by law, [and thus] the practical effect of entering a judgment, order or decree is to give public notice[.]"); see also Ralls v. State, 151 Tex.Crim. 146, 205 S.W.2d 594, 597–98 (1947) (acknowledging that minutes of court typically list names of impaneled grand jurors and holding that where minutes mistakenly listed name of thirteenth grand juror who was not in fact impaneled did not render indictment void when district attorney’s affidavit explained mistake and demonstrated that grand jury was legally impaneled).
Additionally, in contrast to Article 19A.104’s enumeration of types of personal information that are confidential—and especially its omission of a person’s name in the list—the legislature elsewhere in the Code of Criminal Procedure and other codes has expressly listed circumstances when a person’s name is confidential. See, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 58.103(a) (making names of victims of sex offenses confidential), 58.153(a) (likewise for victims of stalking), 58.252 (likewise for victims of trafficking); Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.123 ("The name of an applicant for the position of chief executive officer of an institution for higher education … is excepted from the [PIA]."); Tex. Fam. Code § 264.118 ("The identity of each child participating in a department survey is confidential and not subject to public disclosure under [the PIA]."). If the legislature wanted to do the same here, it could have said so expressly.
Considering the canon of ejusdem generis and the context in which the phrase at issue appears, the legislature’s deliberate choice in other statutes—but not in Article 19A.104—to require that a person’s name be kept confidential, the fact that grand jurors’ names are necessarily made public during the grand-juror-selection process, the default rule in the Code of Criminal Procedure that court proceedings are public, and the presumption in the PIA that all information maintained or collected by governmental bodies is "public information," we are compelled to agree with the Attorney General and conclude that Article 19A.104 does not make grand jurors’ names confidential and that, therefore, grand jurors’ names are not excepted from disclosure under PIA Section 552.101. We sustain the Attorney, General’s second issue.
While its opinion may not be cited for precedential value, we note that one of our sister courts has held that grand-juror names are not confidential, finding no authority "supporting a conclusion that the identities of grand jurors are required to be kept secret," albeit in an unpublished criminal opinion analyzing current Article 20A.202's mandate that grand-jury proceedings be "secret" rather than Article 19A.104 or its interaction with the PIA. See Barnhart v State, No. 13-08-00511-CR, 2010 WL 3420823, at *11 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Aug. 31, 2010, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
In fact, the statute’s arrangement of Subsection (a) before Subsection (b) suggests that the former is specifically intended to be read unusually broadly: "Following the general term with specifics can serve the function of making doubly sure that the broad (and intended-to-be-broad) general term is taken to include the specifics. … [E]ven without those prefatory words [like 'including without limitation’], the enumeration of the specifics can be thought to perform the belt-and-suspenders function." Scalia & Garner, supra note 1, at 204.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained the Attorney General’s issues and determined that the trial court improperly granted the summary-judgment motion of the DA Office and denied that of the Attorney General, we reverse the trial court’s summary judgment and render judgment for the Attorney General that the information at issue must be disclosed under the PIA.
Dissenting Opinion by Justice Kelly
DISSENTING OPINION
Chari L. Kelly, Justice
Information that is made confidential by statute—and thus free from the Public Information Act (PIA)—includes "information collected by the … prosecuting attorney during the grand jury selection process about a person who serves as a grand juror." See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.104(a); Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.101. When a prosecuting attorney collects the names of grand jurors during the selection process, those names are thus information collected by the prosecuting attorney during the selection process about a person who serves as a grand juror. The names are thus confidential under the plain language of subsection (a) of Article 19A.104.
Although the attorney general and majority’s arguments quote Subsection (a), they do not apply it. They treat Article 19A.104 as if it instead said:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (c), information about a person who serves as a grand juror that is confidential and may not be disclosed by the court, court personnel, or prosecuting attorney. (b) includes a person’s: (1) home address; (2) home telephone number; (3) social security number; (4) driver’s license number; and (5) other personal information.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art 19A.104(a)–(b) (struck-through material deleted from statute and italicized word added). If that were the statute, then I would vote with the majority on this topic.
But in the statute as the Legislature wrote it, Subsection (a) is not restricted by Subsection (b). Subsection (a) is expressly restricted only "as provided by Subsection (c)." See id. art. 19A.104(a). The Legislature’s choice to restrict Subsection (a) only by express mention of Subsection (c) is strong evidence that it intended for Subsection (b) not to restrict Subsection (a). See TotalEnergies E&P USA, Inc. v. MP Gulf of Mex., LLC, 667 S.W.3d 694, 710 (Tex. 2023) ("[I]n law the expression of one thing often implies the exclusion of other things." (quoting Blanton v. Domino's Pizza Franchising LLC, 962 F.3d 842, 845 (6th Cir. 2020))); Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 572 S.W.2d 303, 307 (Tex. 1978) ("When specific exclusions or exceptions to a statute are stated by the Legislature, the intent is usually clear that no others shall apply.").
Subsection (b)’s plain language works in harmony with this understanding. Subsection (b) says what the information made confidential by Subsection (a) "includes"—not what it excludes. Plus, note how Subsection (a) and Subsection (b) use different terms, suggesting that the Legislature meant something different when using the different terms. Subsection (a) uses "information collected by the prosecuting attorney about a person who serves as a grand juror"—with no use of the adjective "personal"—while Subsection (b) uses "personal information." In all, the plain language of Article 19A.104 requires that the names here be kept confidential.
The attorney general and majority’s first workaround for these plain-language problems is the ejusdem generis canon of statutory construction. But it gets misapplied. Ejusdem generis limits the scope of statutory catchall language "to the same class or category as the specific items that precede" the catchall language. In re Millwork, 631 S.W.3d 706, 712 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (citing Ross v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 462 S.W.3d 496, 504 (Tex. 2015)). This structure of specifics-then-a-catchall most often crops up in statutory lists like the one in Subsection (b). For example, "[w]here the more specific items, [a] and [b], are followed by a catchall ‘other,' [c], the doctrine of ejusdem generis teaches that the latter must be limited to things like the former." Ross, 462 S.W.3d at 504. And "[w]hen general words follow specific, enumerated categories, we limit the general words’ application to the same kind or class of categories as those expressly mentioned." City of Houston v. Bates, 406 S.W.3d 539, 545 (Tex. 2013) (citing City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 29 (Tex. 2003)). Note the ejusdem generis order: specifics first, then the catchall.1a This shows why applying ejusdem generis using Subsection (b) cannot restrict Subsection (a) under the mistaken view that Subsection (a) is the catchall language that Subsection (b) restricts. The specifics-then-catchall structure that triggers ejusdem generis here is found only within Subsection (b)—its subdivisions (1) through (5). So while I would agree with the attorney general and majority that Article 19A.104(b)(5) "other personal information" does not encompass names, Subsection (b) plus ejusdem generis simply does not restrict Subsection (a), which does encompass grand jurors’ names when those are collected by the prosecuting attorney during the selection process. And, again, Subsection (a) is expressly restricted only by Subsection (c), not Subsection (b).2a
The other method deployed here to restrict Subsection (a) to less than what it says is the argument that "looking solely to the plain and common meaning of the words in the phrase ‘other personal information’ results in an overbroad phrase that borders on being vague and ambiguous and that would encompass nearly every fact about a person, including their name." See ante at 866. There are at least three problems with this argument. First, it defies the rule that "[i]n the absence of 'clear statutory language to the contrary,’ we presume that when the Legislature chooses broad language, ‘the Legislature intended it to have equally broad applicability.’ " See Rogers v. Bagley, 623 S.W.3d 343, 353 (Tex. 2021) (emphasis added) (quoting Cadena Comercial USA Corp. v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Comm’n, 518 S.W.3d 318, 327 (Tex. 2017)). Second, the majority’s analysis still stops short of considering the statute to be vague and ambiguous; the analysis claims only that the statute "borders on being vague and ambiguous." Well, if it isn’t ambiguous, then it should be interpreted according to its plain meaning, which here under Subsection (a) extends to grand jurors’ names. Finally, the statutory phrase "other personal information" is from Subsection (b), not Subsection (a). And nobody has shown why it cannot be the case that the Legislature actually wanted Subsection (a) to "encompass nearly every fact about a person, including their name." Don’t we want to keep grand jurors safe as much as possible?
The consequences of the attorney general and majority’s position show it to be self-defeating. Their position would keep confidential only grand jurors’ home addresses, home telephone numbers, and the like. It would do so presumably out of the same concern for keeping grand jurors safe. But don’t we think that all those erstwhile-confidential facts about a grand juror will be quickly discoverable once a bad actor knows the grand juror’s name and location within a particular county or similarly small area? Modern methods make virtually all those facts discoverable when starting from just the person’s name and location. Subsection (a), because it protects a huge set of information about a grand juror, eliminates this modern-day concern. Subsection (a) sets the default rule for grand jurors’ information—anything collected about them by the prosecuting attorney during selection is confidential. It is no response then to say that their names often will be published during grand-jury organization. For a government officer charged with keeping personal information confidential still bears that responsibility—despite public-information statutes like Texas’s PIA—even when the same information might be available in public form otherwise. See Texas Comptroller of Pub. Accts. v. Attorney Gen., 354 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. 2010) (quoting United States Dept of Def v. Federal Lab. Rels. Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 500, 114 S.Ct. 1006, 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994)).
A PIA requestor will know the grand juror’s county or judicial district when the requestor is seeking information from a particular district attorney’s office.
This default rule meshes well with Texas’s overarching scheme of grand-jury secrecy. See Harrison v. Vance, 34 S.W.3d 660, 663 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (discussing this secrecy and citing Stem v. State ex rel. Ansel, 869 S.W.2d 614, 622 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (collecting authorities)). Maintaining grand-jury secrecy serves goals like "prevent[ing] other persons subject to indictment, or their friends, from importuning the grand jurors." Stern, 869 S.W.2d at 621. Therefore, "Texas courts have permitted the veil of grand jury secrecy to be pierced in only a few instances." Id. at 622.
I thus conclude that the grand jurors’ names here are confidential under Article 19A.104(a) and may not be disclosed via the PIA, under its Section 552.101 exception. See Harrison v. Vance, 34 S.W.3d 660, 662–63 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (reaching same conclusion about PIA request that sought "disclosure of the names of the grand jurors").
The majority rightly acknowledges that Barnhart v. State does not support its position. See generally No. 13-08-00511-CR, 2010 WL 3420823 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Aug. 31, 2010, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The court there was not even purporting to analyze the statutory language here. But in another case, one in which the court did analyze Article 19A.104’s similarly worded predecessor, the court recognized that the statute kept grand jurors' names confidential. See In re letter, No. 08-01-00387-CR, 2001 WL 1249259, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso Oct. 18, 2001, orig. proceeding) (not designated for publication).
My differences with the majority’s opinion and judgment do not end there. The majority (1) renders judgment in the attorney general’s favor over the district attorney’s arguments from the PIA’s uses of the term "judiciary" and (2) gives the attorney general the affirmative relief of a judgment declaring "that the information at issue must be disclosed under the PIA," see ante at 868. Even setting aside my views about Article 19A.104, I still would not render judgment in the attorney general’s favor on the merits. And I would not render an affirmative judgment in his favor declaring anything at all because the pleadings here do not support one.
First, the merits stemming from the PIA’s uses of "judiciary." The PIA does not apply to "the judiciary." See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 552.002(a)(1), 552.003(1)(B)(i), 552.021. And it does not give access to "information collected, assembled, or maintained by or for the judiciary" because that information is available, if at all, only through other sources. See id. § 552.0035(a); Abbott v. State Bar of Tex., 241 S.W.3d 604, 608–09 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied). Although the district attorney’s office is not part of the judiciary, the grand jury is an arm of the judiciary. Compare Holmes v. Morales, 924 S.W.2d 920, 923 (Tex. 1996) (district attorneys), with Harrison, 34 S.W.3d at 663 (grand juries), and Euresti v. Valdez, 769 S.W.2d 575, 577–78 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1989, orig. proceeding) (same). Therefore, if the district attorney’s office collected, assembled, or maintained the list of grand jurors’ names for a judge or the grand jury, then the names may not be disclosed via the PIA. The district attorney has raised a fact issue about whether his office collected, assembled, or maintained the list of names for a judge or the grand jury. The record suggests that the district attorney’s office gathered the names, compiled a list of the names alongside the grand jurors’ mailing addresses and phone numbers, and sent the list to the Nueces County Auditor for "jury processing." (Formatting altered.) The district attorney points out his statutory obligations on behalf of judges or grand juries, arguing that the obligations require his office to gather grand jurors’ names. By statute, attorneys for the State must "prepare an order for the court" when a grand juror has become disqualified or unavailable "identifying" the grand juror lost and "naming" one of the alternates. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.252(a)(1), (4). To accomplish these tasks "for the" judge, the attorney necessarily must have "collected" the names of the grand jurors "for the" judge’s order. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.0035(a). As for work "for the" grand jury, this case would not be the first to recognize that a "prosecuting attorney is the servant of the grand jury." See Stem v. State ex rel. Ansel, 869 S.W.2d 614, 621 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied). In acting as such a servant, the attorney must help the grand jury determine who is qualified to serve, and the statute governing qualifications requires that grand jurors have "never been convicted of misdemeanor theft or a felony," are "not under indictment or other legal accusation for misdemeanor theft or a felony," and are "not a complainant in any matter to be heard by the grand jury during the term of court for which the person has been selected as a grand juror," See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 19A.101(a)(7), (8), (11). Who helps the grand jurors assemble information about these qualifications if not the district attorney’s office? That office is the grand jury’s "servant," see Stern, 869 S.W.2d at 621, for these matters. And how can the office carry out the qualification statute’s directives without collecting the grand jurors’ names "for the" grand jury? See Tex. Gov’t Code § 552.0035(a). Still further here, the sending of the list of names to the county auditor for "jury processing" gives rise to the reasonable inference that the district attorney was helping the grand jurors receive some benefit for their service—whether their juror fee, an excuse to hand to their employer for work absences, or something else. That would thus be "maintain[ing]" the list of names "for the" grand jury, see id., as its servant. Whether for this reason or the other statutory ones that the district attorney has identified, there is at least a fact issue about why the district attorney’s office collected or maintained this list of grand jurors’ names, so rendering judgment for the attorney general is inappropriate.
These statutory directives thus supply at least some of the express and implied authority to act as agent that the majority opinion says is lacking.
Nor is the rendition of the affirmative judgment in his favor supported by the pleadings. The district attorney and his office sued the attorney general under the PIA, see id. § 552.324, pleading for a declaratory judgment about the list of names. The attorney general answered and filed a jurisdictional plea but filed no other pleadings. The attorney general did not plead any counterclaims. Because judgments must conform to the pleadings, a party is not entitled to an affirmative judgment in the party’s favor on a claim that the party has not pleaded. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 301; Cunningham v. Parkdale Bank, 660 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex. 1983) ("[A] party may not be granted relief in the absence of pleadings to support that relief."). The part of the attorney general’s answer in which he "prays for such other and further relief, both general and special, at law and in equity, to which he may be justly entitled" cannot support an affirmative declaratory judgment in his favor without fair notice that he was pleading an affirmative claim for relief. See Davidow v. Inwood N. Pro. Grp.—Phase I, 747 S.W.2d 373, 377 (Tex. 1988). The most that the attorney general could be entitled to here based on the pleadings is a judgment that the district attorney and his office take nothing on their claims. See Hunt v. Heaton, 643 S.W.2d 677, 679 (Tex. 1982) (stating that "the correct judgment" to render when plaintiff's claim failed on the merits was "that he take nothing"); see, e.g., Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKee, 943 S.W.2d 455, 456, 460 (Tex. 1997) (reversing and rendering judgment that claimant take nothing on his declaratory-judgment claim in appeal in suit in which the parties had cross-moved for summary judgment on the claim); Safeco Ins. Co. of Ind. v. Moss, No. 03-16-00879-CV, 2017 WL 2856750, at *1–2, 5 (Tex. App.—Austin June 29, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (same); Charlie Thomas Ford, Inc. v. A.C. Collins Ford, Inc., 912 S.W.2d 271, 272–73, 275–76 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ dism’d) (reversing declaratory judgment and rendering judgment that declaratory-judgment claimant take nothing on that claim). I thus disagree with the majority’s opinion and judgment over rendering a judgment for the attorney general with the affirmative, declaratory relief "that the information at issue must be disclosed under the PIA."
The majority opinion seems to assert that the attorney general’s one-line request from his answer’s prayer for a judgment declaring that the information must be disclosed suffices to plead a declaratory-judgment counterclaim. See ante at 863–64. Even if that one line from the prayer sufficed to plead a counterclaim, there is no showing here that such a counterclaim could survive the district attorney’s and his office’s governmental immunity from suit.
No one here argues that the parties tried any affirmative claim by the attorney general by consent. The record supports only that the parties tried, via summary-judgment practice, the claims pleaded by the district attorney and his office.
To sum up, the trial court’s summary judgment should be affirmed because the grand jurors’ names are confidential under Article 19A.104. Failing that, we should not render judgment for the attorney general because the district attorney has raised a fact issue on his "judiciary"-based arguments from the PIA Still further, no affirmative declaratory judgment should be rendered here for the attorney general, who at most could be entitled to a take-nothing judgment. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion and judgment.