Opinion
19-CV-2552 (LAK) (OTW)
04-16-2019
STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, Plaintiff, v. JOHN DOE, subscriber assigned IP address 74.66.83.211, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER ONA T. WANG, United States Magistrate Judge :
Plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings, LLC ("Plaintiff") moves for leave pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(d)(1) to serve a subpoena on non-party Internet Service Provider Spectrum to ascertain the identity of Defendant John Doe. (ECF 6). In its Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant John Doe infringed upon Plaintiff's copyrights by downloading Plaintiff's films and distributing them without Plaintiff's authorization. For the reasons below, Plaintiff's motion is GRANTED.
I. Background
Plaintiff runs subscription-based websites streaming adult films and also licenses those films to third-party distributors. (ECF 1 ("Compl."), ¶ 13). Plaintiff believes that a number of individuals are pirating Plaintiff's copyrighted content and offering them to the public for free on peer-to-peer file-sharing networks such as BitTorrent. Compl. ¶¶ 16-19. To combat this suspected theft, Plaintiff hired investigators to track the Internet Protocol ("IP") addresses of users who provided Plaintiff's films for download on BitTorrent. Compl. ¶ 24. Defendant John Doe, associated with the IP address 74.66.83.211, is one of those users. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant downloaded and made available on BitTorrent at least one of Plaintiff's films. Compl. ¶¶ 25, 27.
Because Plaintiff only has Defendant's IP address, Plaintiff now moves for leave to subpoena Defendant's Internet Service Provider, Spectrum, for the name and address of Defendant John Doe.
II. Discussion
a. Legal Standard
Generally, a party may not seek discovery prior to the parties' Rule 26(f) conference unless it obtains leave of the Court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). The Court will permit such early discovery upon a showing of "reasonableness" and "good cause." Stern v. Cosby, 246 F.R.D. 453, 457 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). In cases involving subpoenas seeking identifying information from Internet Service Providers, courts applied this standard by looking at five factors: (1) whether plaintiff has a prima facie case for infringement, (2) the specificity of the request, (3) the absence of alternative means to obtain the information, (4) the need for the subpoenaed information, and (5) the defendant's expectations of privacy. See Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 18-CV-12167 (AJN), 2019 WL 340712, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2019) (citing Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 2010)).
b. Analysis
Plaintiff has made a prima facie showing of copyright infringement. "To prove a claim of copyright infringement, a plaintiff must show (1) ownership of a valid copyright and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original." Urbont v. Sony Music Entertainment, 831 F.3d 80, 88 (2d Cir. 2016). In its Complaint, Plaintiff attaches a sheet listing the United States Copyright Office registration information for its works that it claims Defendant distributed without authorization. (ECF 1 ("Compl."), Ex. A). Plaintiff then alleges that Defendant distributed "complete cop[ies] of Plaintiff's Works." Compl. § 27; see also ECF 7-4 ("Stalzer Decl.") ¶¶ 9-10 (attesting that digital files distributed by Defendant were copies of Plaintiff's copyrighted films).
Plaintiff's request is also sufficiently specific, requesting only the "true name and address" of the subscriber associated with IP address 74.66.83.211. (ECF 7 at 2). Courts in this District have repeatedly found that information necessary to identify and serve the defendant satisfies the specificity factor. See, e.g., Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 18-CV-5590 (AJN), 2018 WL 3756453, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2018); Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe No. 4, No. 12-CV-2950 (JPO), 2012 WL 5987854, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2012); John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Doe Nos. 1-30, 284 F.R.D. 185, 190 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
Plaintiff asserts that absent Spectrum's cooperation, it would otherwise be unable to identify Defendant. See ECF 7-3 ("Pasquale Decl.") ¶ 10; see also Wiley, 284 F.R.D. at 190 (noting BitTorrent only shows the user's IP address); Digital Sin, Inc. v. Does 1-27, No. 12-CV-3873 (JMF), 2012 WL 2036035, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 6, 2012) (pointing out that Internet providers' protection of customers' privacy means they are the only source of subscribers' identifying information).
It follows that because obtaining information from Spectrum is necessary to identifying Defendant, obtaining information from Spectrum regarding the subscriber's IP address is necessary for continued prosecution of this action. See Strike 3 Holdings, 2018 WL 3756453, at *3 (noting inability to serve the defendant would effectively terminate the litigation); Sony Music Entertainment Inc. v. Does 1-40, 326 F. Supp. 2d 556, 566 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (finding Doe defendants' identities "critical").
Lastly, "ISP subscribers have a minimal expectation of privacy in the transmission or distribution of copyrighted material." Wiley, 284 F.R.D. at 191; see also Malibu Media, LLC v. John Does 1-11, No. 12-CV-3810 (ER), 2013 WL 3732839, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 6, 2013) (finding courts in this District agree on "minimal" privacy expectation for copyright infringers). Any concern about identifying the wrong individual and subsequent undue embarrassment can be alleviated with the Court's procedural safeguards described below. See Digital Sin, 2012 WL 2036035, at *4.
III. Conclusion
Accordingly, Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to Serve a Third-Party Subpoena is hereby GRANTED. To protect the rights of Spectrum and Defendant John Doe, it is ORDERED that:
Plaintiff may immediately serve a Rule 45 subpoena on Spectrum to obtain the name and address of the subscriber associated with IP address 74.66.83.211. Plaintiff shall include a copy of this Order with the subpoena.
Spectrum shall have thirty (30) days from the date it is served the subpoena to serve the subscriber with a copy of the subpoena and a copy of this Order. Spectrum may use any reasonable means to provide such notice, including, but not limited to, written notice to the subscriber's last known address.
The subscriber shall have forty-five (45) days from the date he/she is served the subpoena to file any motion with the Court to contest the subpoena, including any request to litigate the subpoena anonymously. Spectrum shall not turn over the subscriber's identifying information to Plaintiff before the expiration of this 45-day period. Spectrum may also move to contest the subpoena consistent with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. If the subscriber or Spectrum files a motion to contest the subpoena, Spectrum may not turn over any information to Plaintiff pursuant to the subpoena until the Court has resolved all such motions and ordered Spectrum to disclose the information.
If the 45-day period lapses without the subscriber or Spectrum contesting the subpoena, Spectrum shall have ten (10) days to produce to Plaintiff all the information necessary to comply with the subpoena.
Spectrum shall preserve any subpoenaed information pending the resolution of any motion to contest the subpoena.
SO ORDERED.
s/ Ona T . Wang
Ona T. Wang
United States Magistrate Judge Dated: April 16, 2019
New York, New York