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finding defendant responsible for delay where his filing a motion to suppress "necessitated a slowdown of the judicial process"
Summary of this case from Osman v. CommonwealthOpinion
44464 Record No. 820021.
March 11, 1983
Present: Carrico, C.J., Cochran, Poff, Compton, Thompson, and Stephenson, JJ., and Harrison, Retired Justice.
Justice Thompson participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on March 2, 1983.
Continuance granted by order of circuit court was "agreed to" and "concurred in" by Commonwealth's Attorney and defendant and thus provisions of Code 19.2-243 do not apply to period of delay before trial; other issues.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Speedy Trial, Right to — Constitutional Law — Statutory Construction — Time Within Which Court to Set Criminal Cases for Trial (Code Sec. 19.2-241) — Limitation on Prosecution of Felony Due to Lapse of Time After Finding of Probable Cause; Exceptions (Code Sec. 19.2-243) — Code Sections are Legislative Interpretation of What Constitutes Speedy Trial Under Constitutional Guarantees.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Speedy Trial, Right to Statutory Construction — Time Within Which Court to Set Criminal Cases for Trial (Code Sec. 19.2-241) — Limitation on Prosecution of Felony Due to Lapse of Time After Finding of Probable Cause; Exceptions (Code Sec. 19.2-243) — Protections Under Code Provisions Can Be Claimed or Waived and Are Not Self-Operative.
(3) Criminal Procedure — Speedy Trial, Right to — Statutory Construction — Limitation on Prosecution of Felony Due to Lapse of Time; Exceptions (Code Sec. 19.2-243) — Exceptions Not All Inclusive and Others May Be Implied.
(4) Criminal Procedure — Speedy Trial, Right to — Statutory Construction — Burden of Proof — Time Within Which Court to set Criminal Cases for Trial (Code Sec. 19.2-241) — Limitation on Prosecution of Felony After Finding of Probable Cause; Exceptions (Code Sec. 19.2-243) — Burden of Proof on Prosecution to Prove Excusable Delay.
(5) Criminal Procedure — Pleading and Practice — Statutory Construction — Courts of Record — How Proceeding of Record Drawn Up and Signed (Code Sec. 17-27) — Order Books (Code Sec. 17-25) — Court Acts When it Signs Order Book.
(6) Criminal Procedure — Pleading and Practice — Statutory Construction — Courts of Record — How Proceedings of Record Drawn Up and Signed (Code Sec. 17-27) — Order Books (Code Sec. 17-28) — Caption for Record on Opening of Term (Code Sec. 17-30) — Evidence — No Time Specified for Signing of Record and No Evidence That Trial Judge Failed to Sign May 22nd Order.
(7) Criminal Procedure — Continuance — Evidence — Indicates Continuance was Agreed to and Concurred in By Commonwealth and Defendant.
(8) Criminal Procedure — Speedy Trial, Right to — Statutory Construction — Limitation on Prosecution of Felony After Finding of Probable Cause; Exceptions (Code Sec. 19.2-243) — Under Circumstances Time Taken by Trial Court not Unreasonable or Inordinate and Provisions of Code Sec. 19.2-243 Inapplicable.
On 13 March 1981 and 19 March 1981, the General District Court certified various felony charges against defendant to the Circuit Court and found defendant guilty of two misdemeanors which he appealed. On 4 May 1981 a Grand Jury returned indictments against defendant and his cases appeared for the first time on the docket of the Circuit Court. Counsel for defendant filed a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence. A hearing was had on the motion on 22 May 1981, evidence being taken and oral arguments being made. The Trial Judge took the motion under advisement, stating that he would review the file, write an opinion and get back in touch with the Commonwealth's Attorney and counsel for the defendant. The clerk's docket sheet showed "Motion to suppress the evidence" and "C-O-N-T". A typewritten order dated 22 May 1981 was placed in the file and "spread upon" the record on 16 September 1981. On 20 August 1981 counsel for defendant moved to dismiss all cases against defendant and discharge him from prosecution on the ground he had been held continuously in custody for a period of more than five months. The motion to suppress the evidence and the motion to dismiss were overruled on 25 August 1981. Defendant was tried on the various indictments and warrants on 24 September 1981 and convicted. He contends on appeal that the failures of the Trial Court to commence his trial within five months from the date of finding of probable cause on the felony charges and within five months from the date of appeal from the conviction on the two misdemeanor charges were grounds for dismissal of the charges under Code Sections 19.2-241 and 19.2-243. There is no claim of denial of a constitutional right to a speedy trial.
1. The right to a speedy trial is accorded under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and under Va. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 8 and is supplemented by Code Sections 19.2-241 and 19.2-243 which are legislative interpretations of what constitutes a speedy trial.
2. The protections granted under Code Sections 19.2-241 and 19.2-243 are not self-operative and can be claimed or waived.
3. The exceptions contained in Code Sec. 19.2-243 are not intended to be all-inclusive but others of a similar nature may be implied.
4. While in the orderly administration of justice some delay is unavoidable, courts must inquire into the reasons for the delay and the burden is on the prosecution to prove excusable delay.
5. The Court acts when it signs the order book which it is required to sign by Code Sections 17-27 and 17-28 and the fact that the Trial Judge did not sign or initial the draft of the order prepared by the Deputy Clerk is of no consequence.
6. No time is specified in Code Sections 17-27 and 17-28 when the signing of the order must occur. Code Sec. 17-30 indicates that the orders making up the day's proceedings are deemed signed when the signature of the Trial Judge is shown in the order book. There is no evidence that the Trial Judge failed to sign the order book containing the May 22nd order.
7. Here the evidence indicates that the continuance granted by order of the lower court was "agreed to" and concurred in by both the Commonwealth's Attorney and the defendant. This is reflected in the order and record.
8. In view of the gravity of the offenses involved, other circumstances surrounding the case, and the motion to suppress, the time taken by the Trial Court to consider the defendant's motion was not unreasonable or inordinate and the provisions of Code Sec. 19.2-243 do not apply.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Martinsville. Hon. Frank I. Richardson, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
John L. Gregory, III (Young, Haskins, Mann, Gregory Young. P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The defendant contends that the lower court should have granted his motion to dismiss all charges against him because of the admitted failure of the Commonwealth to commence his trials within five months from the date of the finding of probable cause on four felony charges and within five months from the date of appeal from his convictions on two misdemeanor charges. Code 19.2-241 and 19.2-243.
On October 19, 1980, Ayer's Sandwich Shop, located in Martinsville, was burglarized, and various articles of personal property were stolen therefrom. On December 5, 1980, a magistrate issued an arrest warrant, charging Venson Lee Stephens with committing the offenses. The warrant was issued upon an affidavit of Detective C. J. Evans, which affidavit reads as follows:
I received information from a person who said that Venson Stephens had talked to him and told him that he had broken into Ayer's Sandwich Shop through the back door and went inside and told him that he did take the Canon desk calculator. This person said he would testify to that fact.
Following his arrest, the defendant agreed that the officers could search the room in which he lived. As a result of this search, articles found there, and certain statements made by the defendant, other warrants were obtained charging him with three additional burglaries and four other larcenies which had occurred in the Martinsville area at various times.
Prior to the preliminary hearings and trials in the General District Court of the City of Martinsville, counsel for defendant made a motion to suppress the evidence in all cases pending against him upon the ground that his arrest was illegal and the evidence obtained as a result thereof was inadmissible. He filed a memorandum in support of the motion. The Commonwealth's Attorney filed a response to the memorandum, and defendant's counsel answered. On March 13, 1981, and March 19, 1981, the district court certified the various felony charges against defendant to the circuit court, and found defendant guilty of two misdemeanors, which he appealed.
On May 4, 1981, a grand jury returned indictments against defendant, and his cases appeared for the first time on the docket of the lower court. Counsel for defendant filed a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence upon the ground previously alleged in the district court. The record shows that a hearing was had on this motion on May 22, 1981, at which time evidence was taken and oral arguments made. At the conclusion of the arguments, the trial judge took the motion under advisement, stating that he would review the file, write an opinion, and get back in touch with the Commonwealth's Attorney and counsel for defendant. The clerk's docket sheet show the following as having occurred in the case: "Motion to suppress the evidence," and below that the letters, "C-O-N-T."
Audrey Hall, a deputy clerk, was required to monitor each criminal case called in the lower court and to record an appropriate order to fit that case. When asked by the trial judge what her notes indicated as having occurred in defendant's case on May 22, she replied:
My notes indicate that Mr. Gregory made the Motion to suppress the evidence gained by the search and that the Court took the file and stated that he would review the file and write an opinion and get back in touch with Mr. Gregory and the Commonwealth; and Mr. Gregory indicated his agreement to this by nodding or murmuring all right, sir, or something similar.
When asked by the trial judge if her notes indicated "anything about a Continuance," she replied: "Yes sir. I wrote continued after that part."
It further appears that, consistent with the practice usually followed in the clerk's office of the lower court, the deputy clerk thereafter prepared the following order:
In the Circuit Court of the City of Martinsville, this the 22nd Day of May, 1981
INDICTMENT: Break and Enter — 181-23,866 Case C
This day came the Attorney for the Commonwealth as well as the defendant in his proper person and by his Attorney John L. Gregory, who raised the issues of illegal warrant and illegal arrest, and it appearing this case is awaiting a decision by the Court on certain motions, it is ordered this cause be continued.
This typewritten order was then placed in a file, along with numerous other orders showing the court's disposition of criminal cases, and it remained in that file until copied on the order book of the court some time prior to the beginning of its next term. In the instant case, the order was "spread upon" the order book on September 16, 1981.
It was testified that the Martinsville City docket consists of 45 or 60 pages and usually shows from 250 to 300 "or better" cases pending, some new and some continued.
It is not clear from the record what, if anything, occurred between May 22, 1981, and August 20, 1981, while the court was considering defendant's motion to suppress. It does appear that there was some action in the case on or about July 13, 1981. The judge's recollection was that a brief was to be filed by one of the attorneys at that time. Counsel for defendant said that he understood that the court would render its decision on his motion on August 5, 1981, and that the briefs previously submitted to the district court would be relied upon by the parties. The trial judge's recollection was that counsel for defendant was on vacation the day he was supposed to rule on the motion.
On August 20, 1981, counsel for defendant moved to dismiss all cases pending against defendant in the lower court and to discharge Stephens from prosecution for the offenses upon the ground that he had been held continuously in custody without trial for a period of more than five months. On August 25, 1981, the court overruled defendant's motion to suppress the evidence and, in the same order, overruled defendant's motion to dismiss, finding that "the [court's] order of May 22, 1981 in this case properly shows the actions of the Court."
Defendant was tried on the various indictments and warrants on September 24, 1981. He waived trial by jury and introduced no evidence. He was convicted of four charges of statutory burglary, two charges of grand larceny, and two charges of petit larceny, and was sentenced to a total of five years in the penitentiary and thirty-seven months in jail, the jail time to run concurrently.
The defendant's right to a speedy trial is one accorded him under the sixth amendment of the United States Constitution and under article I, section 8 of the Virginia Constitution. This right has been supplemented by Code Sections 19.2-241 and 19.2-243, held to be a legislative interpretation of what constitutes a speedy trial. Flanary v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 204, 35 S.E.2d 135 (1945).
Code Sec. 19.2-243, in pertinent part provides:
Where a general district court has found that there is probable cause to believe that the accused has committed a felony, the accused, if he is held continuously in custody thereafter, shall be forever discharged from prosecution for such offense if there be no trial commenced in the circuit court within five months from the date such probable cause was found by the district court; . . . * * * * The provisions or this section shall not apply to such period of time as the failure to try the accused was caused: * * * * (4) By continuance granted on the motion of the accused, or by his concurrence in such a motion by the attorney for the Commonwealth, or by reason of his escaping from jail or failing to appear accordingly to his recognizance.
Code Sec. 19.2-241, in pertinent part, provides: [W]hen an appeal has been perfected from the conviction of a misdemeanor . . . the accused, if in custody, . . . shall be tried within the time limits fixed in Sec. 19.2-243.
[2-3] However, the protections granted under these Code sections are not self-operative and may be claimed or waived. Brooks v. Peyton, 210 Va. 318, 171 S.E.2d 243 (1969); Butts v. Commonwealth, 145 Va. 800, 133 S.E. 764 (1926). Further, we have held that the exceptions in the speedy trial statute are not meant to be all-inclusive, but that others of a similar nature were implied. In Commonwealth v. Adcock, 49 Va. (8 Gratt.) 661, 681 (1851), we said:
The truth is the statute never meant by its enumeration of exceptions, or excuses for failure to try, to exclude others of a similar nature or in pari ratione; but only to enact if the Commonwealth was in default for three terms without any of the excuses for the failure enumerated in the statute, or such like excuses, fairly implacable by the Courts from the reason and spirit of the law, the prisoner should be entitled to his discharge.
In Wadley v. Commonwealth, 98 Va. 803, 35 S.E. 452 (1900), a defendant obtained from the federal court an injunction restraining the law officer of the state from proceeding with his trial and prohibiting the use of certain books and records as evidence on behalf of the Commonwealth, thereby causing a delay that he sought to take advantage of. The Court held:
The contention is that the statute does not enumerate an injunction by a Federal court as one of the causes of delay disentitling the prisoner to his discharge. It may fairly be presumed that the Legislature never contemplated such a cause of delay, and it would defeat, rather than carry out, the purpose of the enactment to give its language the narrow and technical meaning contended for. The sole object was to insure a speedy trial.
98 Va. at 805, 35 S.E. at 453.
To the same effect, see Knott v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 531, 533, 211 S.E.2d 86, 88 (1975), where we reaffirmed Wadley and observed: "The General Assembly has enumerated six circumstances which excuse 'the failure to try'. And, as the Commonwealth says we have held that this enumeration was not intended to exclude other circumstances in pari ratione."
Defendant established, without contradiction, that he had been held continuously in custody and that the five-month time limit had passed without trial. He argues that the burden was on the prosecution to prove excusable delay within the enumerated exceptions in the statute, and cites in support Flanary, supra; Woodard v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 495, 201 S.E.2d 785 (1974); Heflin v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 407, 177 S.E.2d 644 (1970).
In Flanary a defendant's case was continued for more than two years after indictment on motion of the Commonwealth. It was not contended there that the accused agreed to the continuance. In fact neither the defendant nor the Commonwealth had asked for a trial during the interim. In Woodard we found that the order granting the continuance contained no suggestion of an agreement by the defendant and that the order spoke for itself. We further rejected the argument of the Attorney General that the failure of the trial judge to appear on the trial date was an excuse similar to those set out in the speedy trial statute. And in Heflin, we found no court entry upon the record reflecting any continuance by agreement or anything in the record which suggested any other excuse for the failure to try the defendant.
While Flanary, Woodard and Heflin relied upon by the defendant are distinguishable we have held that while in the orderly administration of justice some delay is unavoidable and some is essential to due process, courts must inquire into the reasons for the delay. We have also held that the burden is on the prosecution to prove excusable delay. In Fowlkes v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 763, 766-67, 240 S.E.2d 662, 664 (1978), we said:
But it is the prosecution which has the responsibility of vindicating society's interests in swift and certain justice; [footnote omitted] it is the prosecution which has the duty of implementing the constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial; it is the prosecution which has ready access to the data concerning delay attributable to law enforcement personnel and court administrators; and when delay is attributable to the defendant, proof of that fact poses little problem for the prosecution. We believe, therefore, that when a defendant challenges the delay as unreasonable, the burden devolves upon the Commonwealth to show, first, what delay was attributable to the defendant and not to be counted against the Commonwealth and, second, what part of any delay attributable to the prosecution was justifiable.
We must determine here whether the Commonwealth has carried the burden of showing that the delay in bringing Stephens to trial is not attributable to the prosecution but to the defendant. The Commonwealth's Attorney disclaims any responsibility for the delay of the trial of defendant. He insists that at all times he has been ready to try defendant's cases and on one or more occasions asked that trial dates be set. He further stated that on one occasion he tried to initiate plea bargain negotiations but that counsel for defendant objected.
[5-6] Council for defendant argues that the May 22, 1981 order was never signed or seen by the trial judge until August 25, 1981. He says that prior to filing his motion to dismiss he attempted to find the order in the clerk's office but was unable to do so. He further complains that the May 22 order was not spread upon the order book of the lower court until September 16, 1981, the day his motion to dismiss was argued.
We recognized in Daley v. Commonwealth, 132 Va. 621, 111 S.E. 111 (1922), that it was not the practice in the state and would not be physically possible for court orders to be recorded immediately or to be signed forthwith by the judge. We observed: "The universal practice is that the clerk extends the orders upon the permanent record of the court just as soon as possible, and they are thereafter read in open court and signed as orders [as] of the date when the judgments were pronounced." 132 Va. at 623, 111 S.E. at 111. The fact that the trial judge did not sign or initial the draft of the order prepared by the deputy clerk is of no consequence. The court acts when it signs the order book which it is required to sign by Code Sections 17-27 and 17-28. No time is specified at which the signing of the order must occur. Code Sec. 17-30 specifically provides that "[s]igning of the individual orders that make up the entire day's proceedings, when such signature is shown in said order book, shall be deemed to be compliance herewith . . . ." While it may not appear affirmatively from the record, there is no indication that the trial judge failed to discharge his administrative duty of signing the order book containing the May 22 order in accordance with his policy and as required of him by the statute.
The dispositive issue here is whether the order continuing defendant's case to give the trial court an opportunity to study the issues raised by defendant's motion to suppress, and to consider the arguments advanced by counsel, was in fact an "agreed" continuance, "concurred in" by both the defendant and the attorney for the Commonwealth. We decide that it was.
This case cannot be considered in a vacuum. The defendant had been charged with the commission of numerous burglaries and larcenies. His counsel filed a motion to suppress the evidence, alleging that his arrest was illegal and the evidence obtained thereby was inadmissible. An examination of the circumstances surrounding defendant's arrest, including the affidavit upon which the arrest warrant was issued, convinces one that the motion to suppress was by no means a frivolous motion or one wholly without substance. The district judge obviously did not so regard it. He heard argument thereon and apparently invited counsel for the defendant and the Commonwealth's Attorney to submit written memoranda. After some time the district court found probable cause in the felony cases and convicted in certain of the misdemeanor cases. After defendant was indicted and had perfected his appeals in the misdemeanor cases in the court below, defendant again moved that the evidence be suppressed, alleging illegal arrest. Counsel for defendant and the Commonwealth's Attorney argued this motion, and the parties tendered to the trial judge written memoranda. It was then that the trial judge took the case under advisement to study it, consider the briefs, hear the tapes, and otherwise give the motion the attention it deserved in order that he might form and make a considered judgment.
When the defendant filed his motion to suppress he was not asking for a speedy trial. It was an act which necessitated a slowdown of the judicial process. What the defendant desired was favorable action on this motion and dismissal of the prosecution. At that stage, defendant did not seek a trial on the merits of his case but rather a final disposition of the case on his pretrial motion. Obviously he was pinning all his hopes upon the strength of his arguments, oral and written, made to the trial judge in support of his motion to suppress, and he did not want precipitate action. He wanted careful consideration by the court. Although defendant did not make a formal motion for a continuance, he was the moving party in a proceeding which necessitated the continuance, and he should not be permitted to take advantage of the delay thus occasioned. See State ex rel. Spadafore v. Fox, 155 W. Va. 674, 680, 186 S.E.2d 833, 836 (1972).
It is our conclusion that the continuance granted by order of the lower court on May 22, 1981, was "agreed to" and "concurred in" by both the Commonwealth's Attorney and the defendant and that this is reflected by the order and the record. In view of the gravity of the offenses involved, other circumstances surrounding the case, and the motion to suppress, we cannot say that the period of time taken by the trial court to consider defendant's motion was unreasonable or inordinate. The provisions of Code Sec. 19.2-243 therefore do not apply to such period, and defendant claims no violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Accordingly, the judgments of conviction appealed from are
Affirmed.