Summary
In Toth, the facts of which, according to the Ohio Supreme Court on direct review of petitioner's conviction, were similar to those in this case, and "did not involve any more evidence of studied deliberation than was present" in this case, 78 Ohio St.3d at 22, the defendant sought out his three victims over a period of three hours, stated he was going to "waste" them (believing them to have tampered with his car), and shot them seriatim.
Summary of this case from Taylor v. MitchellOpinion
No. 77-217
Decided December 28, 1977.
Criminal law — Aggravated murder — Defenses of disabling intoxication and insanity — Degree of proof necessary to raise defense — Jury instructions, improper — Not reversible error, when — Sentencing — Mitigation hearing — Improper placing of burden of proof on defendant — Reversible error.
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Licking County.
On June 24, 1975, Donald Steven Toth, appellant herein, was indicted by the Licking County Grand Jury for the crime of aggravated murder, with the specification that he "* * * did unlawfully and purposely and with prior calculation and design, cause the death of Terri Singleton * * *," in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A).
Appellant plead not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity to the charges in the indictment. Following a sanity hearing, the court found, on July 21, 1975, that Toth was sane and competent to be tried.
On the evening of June 4, 1975, Patricia J. Zinck, age 19, Terri L. Singleton, age 20, and Kathy Roseculp, age 20, decided to visit the Toy Box Bar, located in Union Township, Licking County, Ohio. They arrived there around 10:00 p.m. Upon entering the bar, Patricia left the group to go to the restroom, and upon rejoining her friends, saw the appellant sitting at the bar next to Terri. The girls left the bar around 10:30 p.m. because the appellant was bothering Terri.
The girls then set out by car to the Rock Palace, located about one mile away from the Toy Box Bar, only to again encounter the appellant. While Kathy and Patricia were standing near the juke box, the defendant was seen approaching Terri, who continued to ignore him. The girls thereupon left the Rock Palace and returned to the Toy Box Bar. They arrived there around 1:00 a.m. on the morning of June 5, 1975.
Meanwhile, shortly before 1:00 a.m. that same morning, Orin G. Noyes saw the appellant trying to repair his car on the corner of the parking lot next to the Rock Palace and the main road. Noyes, in assisting the appellant, found that the car's headlights were connected to the wrong terminals, and repaired them. Noyes heard the appellant say that he would "waste" those responsible for "messing" with his headlights.
The appellant then returned to the Toy Box Bar and began to argue with the three girls concerning his headlights. Patricia denied that the girls did anything to his car, and asked that the appellant leave them alone.
Shortly thereafter, the appellant reached into his pants and pulled out a gun. The gun fell to the floor. The appellant picked up the gun, fired and missed. He then grabbed Patricia by the hair, held the gun to her jaw, and fired. Taking two more steps he shot Terri, and from two to four more steps shot Kathy.
Terri Singleton later died in a Columbus hospital on June 9, 1975. Doctor George A. Gressle, the coroner for Licking County, testified at the trial that Terri died of a pulmonary embolism directly caused by the gunshot wound.
Laura Jean Toth, one of the two witnesses for the defense, who was apparently the common-law wife of the appellant, testified on direct examination that she had been in the company of the defendant on the afternoon of June 4, 1975. She stated that, despite the fact that the appellant had drunk about a fifth of Bacardi rum (less two shots) that afternoon, he was not drunk when he left their trailer home around 10:00 p.m. that night. She stated, however, that upon his return home between the hours of 1:00 and 1:30 a.m. the next morning, the defendant was "* * * staggering all over the place, falling over furniture * * * mumbling and not making any sense * * *." She stated that when the appellant entered the trailer he told her not to ask any questions, that he did not want to hurt her, and that he wanted to park his car somewhere away from the trailer. He also had a gun and loaded it. According to Mrs. Toth, the appellant then undressed himself and went to bed.
Upon cross-examination of Mrs. Toth, it was learned that the Toth trailer was located about 8 or 9 miles from the Toy Box Bar (a one-way trip took 25 minutes to complete over five separate routes); that upon the defendant's returning home early on the morning of June 5, 1975, he stated to her that if anyone asked about him, she should reply that she had not seen him for two weeks; that, before retiring for the night, the defendant placed a gun under his pillow; and that, about a week and a half before the crime, the defendant had hit her on the face during an argument.
The following medical opinions were rendered concerning the issue of whether the appellant was insane at the time of the commission of the crime.
Doctor Allen Sherrow, a psychiatrist, called as a witness for the defense, testified in answer to a hypothetical question, that in his opinion, the appellant was temporarily insane at the time of the crime, which condition was induced by a combination of drugs and alcohol. He testified further in response to this question, that at the time of the crime, the appellant was severely impaired in terms of judgment, that he had major problems in terms of thinking, and in terms of being able to negotiate, that in his condition he was extremely paranoid and suspicious, that he was unconscious to the extent that his judgment would be severely clouded, and that he suffered a black out, in terms of remembering as opposed to functioning.
On the other hand, Doctor Dwight D. Palmer, the court-appointed psychiatrist, testified that at the time of the crime the appellant was sane, and testified further in answer to a similar hypothetical question as given to Doctor Sherrow, that in his opinion, at the time of the crime, the appellant was not blacked out, that he knew what he was doing, and that he suffered from a personality disorder of the anti-social type.
The following, additional evidence was provided the jury on the issue of whether the appellant was intoxicated at the time of the crime.
Orin G. Noyes testified that while assisting the appellant with his headlights minutes before the appellant returned to the Toy Box Bar, he noticed that the appellant was logical in his speech, and not staggering or "falling all over himself." Noyes noted that the appellant was angry about his headlights.
Steven H. Eichorn, the owner of the Toy Box Bar, testified that the appellant ordered a drink when he was in the bar around 4:30 p.m. on June 4, 1975, that he remained there about 45 minutes, and that upon his return to the bar early in the morning of June 5, 1975, he showed no signs of intoxication, such as a staggered walk.
Alfred C. Mazalic, who witnessed both the altercation between the girls and the appellant, and the ensuing shots of fire, observed that the appellant demonstrated no physical difficulties either in his speech or walk.
Sergeant Gerald Eddington testified that upon apprehending the appellant at home around 4:08 a.m. on June 5, 1975, he observed that there was no odor of alcohol whatsoever about the appellant's person, that his speech was clear, and that his ability to walk was very good. Sergeant John Swick also observed that at 5:00 a.m. the appellant spoke very plainly.
Trial before a twelve-member jury commenced on August 21, 1975. In its instructions to the jury, the court, in effect, directed that the appellant had the burden of proving the defense of insanity and of establishing his claim of disabling intoxication by a preponderance of the evidence. On August 27, 1975, the jury rendered a guilty verdict as to the charge and specification made in the indictment.
A mitigation hearing was conducted on November 17, 1975, whereupon the court found that the appellant failed to establish any of the mitigating factors set forth in R.C. 2929.04 by a preponderance of the evidence, and imposed the sentence of death upon the appellant.
The trial court granted appellant a hearing on his motion for new trial, and found that the jury verdict as rendered on August 27, 1975, was sustained by sufficient evidence and not contrary to law.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of conviction and sentence.
The appeal is now before this court as a matter of right.
Mr. David E. Lighttiser, prosecuting attorney, and Mr. Robert L. Becker, for appellee.
Mr. John I. Peters, for appellant.
I.In his first proposition of law, the appellant contends that: (1) the trial court erred in instructing the jury that the appellant had the burden of proving insanity and disabling intoxication by a preponderance of the evidence; (2) the appellant's failure to object to such instruction did not automatically prevent him from raising the error on appeal, where the error critically affected his substantial rights; and (3) the charge to the jury imposing upon the appellant the burden of proving insanity and intoxication or drug influence by a preponderance of the evidence deprived him of due process of law as guaranteed by the United States Constitution.
The Court of Appeals, although finding that the trial court had improperly placed upon the defendant a higher degree of proof than necessary to successfully raise the issues of intoxication and insanity under R.C. 2901.05, held that there was no prejudicial error, since there was insufficient evidence to even raise those questions. We affirm the judgment.
It is a well-established rule in Ohio that the defense of insanity cannot be successfully established simply on the basis that the condition resulted from the use of intoxicants or drugs, where such use is not shown to be habitual or chronic. Paragraph three of the syllabus in Rucker v. State (1928), 119 Ohio St. 189. See, generally, Annotation, 8 A.L.R. 3d 1236, Section 6 (b). In the instant cause, the record reveals that the only evidence supporting the claim of insanity was the testimony provided by Doctor Allen Sherrow, who stated that at the time of the crime the appellant suffered from a condition of temporary insanity induced by a combination of drugs and alcohol.
The record includes the following exchange on cross-examination of Doctor Sherrow:
"Q. * * * you had to accept as fact that he was extremely intoxicated and that he did in fact take 2 sopors and that was the basis of your formulating your opinion, is that correct?
"A. He described * * * [pause]
"Q. Is that correct Doctor?
"A. Yes.
"Q. But if it were in fact that he was not intoxicated and he did not take 2 sopors, then what Doctor?
"A. Then he could not be insane as I had formulated."
Thus, no jury instruction on the issue of insanity was warranted.
With respect to the appellant's assertion that he was incapable of forming criminal intent due to intoxication, the record reflects that all the witnesses who observed the appellant either before, during, or after the crime, excluding Mrs. Toth, testified that the appellant demonstrated no signs of intoxication or drug influence. Moreover, despite the fact that Mrs. Toth testified that her husband was extremely intoxicated when he arrived home shortly after the time of the crime, she revealed that he had given her specific instructions which included hiding the car, not asking any questions, nor revealing his whereabouts. Although Doctor Sherrow testified on cross-examination that the appellant could have suffered from a black out from the time he left the parking lot of the Rock Palace until the time he returned home, such opinion fails to explain how the appellant, upon returning to the Toy Box Bar, had remembered the three girls and what had been done to his headlights, and does not explain the appellant's concern over his discovery upon returning home that night.
Because the record reflects that the appellant failed to introduce sufficient evidence concerning the issue of whether he was intoxicated at the time of the crime, there was no need to instruct the jury on the issue.
Therefore, we conclude that it was proper for the Court of Appeals to hold that the trial court, despite the fact that it gave improper jury instructions concerning intoxication and insanity, did not commit reversible error. See Fowler v. State (1965), 237 Md. 508, 206 A.2d 802; People v. Spencer (1963), 31 Cal.Rptr. 782, 383 P.2d 134.
Because of the above holding, this court need not discuss the remaining issues raised in appellant's proposition of law number one.
Appellant's proposition of law number one is overruled.
II.
In his second proposition of law, the appellant contends that the evidence fails to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the murder of Terri Singleton was committed with prior calculation and design.
The defense contends that the shootings took place as a result of a spontaneous act, done in response to certain remarks made by Patricia Zinck to the appellant, and not as the result of a prior plan. The defense bolsters this argument by contending: that there was little evidence to show a prior animosity, or even acquaintance, between the appellant and the three girls; that the word "waste," which the appellant apparently used to describe what he intended to do about those who had tampered with his car's headlights, was inconclusive to show on the part of the appellant a specific intent to take a certain type of action against those responsible; that the appellant, having consumed a large amount of drugs, was severely impaired in terms of judgment, and in effect was temporarily insane; and that, even if one were to assume that the appellant had planned an attack or killing upon discovering that his car's headlights had been tampered with, he had insufficient time to deliberate about his future course of action. We disagree with all of the above contentions.
The record clearly discloses that there was sufficient substantial evidence to support the jury verdict that the appellant had shot the three girls with prior calculation and design.
Prior to the shootings at the Toy Box Bar, the appellant had encountered the three girls on two separate occasions, where the evidence discloses that the appellant had visited with Terri. On these occasions, the record reflects that the girls left the bars to avoid the appellant. Prior acquaintance and animosity were sufficiently demonstrated.
With respect to the words used by the appellant on the parking lot of the Rock Palace to the effect that he would "waste" those responsible for tampering with his headlights, the subsequent actions of the appellant after making the statement support the jury finding that the appellant had, before firing the fatal shots, formed an intent and plan to kill the three girls. On the parking lot of the Rock Palace, appellant was apparently in a state of anger. Upon leaving the lot, the appellant returned to the Toy Box Bar, approximately one mile away. Upon entering the bar, he directly walked up to the three girls, and accused them of the prank. The record discloses that the appellant had two opportunities to alter his course of action upon arrival at the bar — first, when he dropped the gun initially, and second, when he picked up the gun, fired, and missed. Instead, the appellant grabbed Patricia by the hair, held the gun up to her jaw, and fired, and then proceeded to shoot Terri and Kathy as well. The appellant's method of shooting the three girls as well as his apparent determination to follow through on a specific course of action, sufficiently supports the finding that the appellant had adopted a plan to kill.
Upon the record before us, we reject the claim that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the appellant could have formed the specific intent, and adopted a plan, to kill the three girls.
Concerning the proposition that there was insufficient time for deliberation by the defendant to justify the jury's finding of prior calculation and design under the new standard for premeditated murder set forth in R.C. 2903.01(A), it should suffice to say that the court is well aware that under the new Criminal Code provisions, momentary deliberation, or acts done on the spur of the moment, are no longer sufficient to demonstrate premeditated murder. See State v. Jenkins (1976), 48 Ohio App.2d 99; Committee Comment to R.C. 2903.01. See, also, Comment, Reflections on the Proposed Ohio Law of Homicide, 33 Ohio St. L.J. 422, 429. However, this court is not compelled at this time to explore the effect of the changes in the wording of the statute on current Ohio law, since in the instant cause the record overwhelmingly reflects that the appellant had sufficient time to deliberate and formulate a plan.
Appellant contends further that the prosecution failed to prove the cause of Terri Singleton's death beyond a reasonable doubt. The appellant states that the testimony of the county coroner was so conflicting in regard to the events directly preceding the death of Terri on June 9, 1975, that the coroner's testimony concerning the cause of Terri's death was highly suspect as well.
At trial, although the county coroner repeatedly testified that, in his opinion, Terri's death was the direct result of the gunshot wound inflicted by the appellant, he appeared to have contradicted himself in answering questions concerning the events that took place at the hospital on the day of Terri's death. For example, the coroner testified that he had learned from Terri's family and the hospital staff that Terri suffered a black out spell at about 2:00 p.m. and was given the anti-coagulant drug Cumidin shortly thereafter. However, upon cross-examination the following day, the doctor denied the fact that he testified that Terri received treatment between the hours of 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., and later claimed that he was responding to a hypothetical question in which he was asked to assume that the patient was suspected of suffering from a blood clot at 2:00 p.m. on June 9th.
Although the testimony of this expert witness appears self-contradictory, it should be noted that the county coroner's conflicting statements involved collateral issues such as the quality of care the victim received before her death, as opposed to the relevant issue concerning the direct cause of her death. Furthermore, the record reflects that the county coroner performed a thorough and satisfactory autopsy.
Appellant's second proposition of law is overruled.
III.
In his third proposition of law, the appellant challenges the trial court's inquiry into the veniremen's beliefs concerning capital punishment. Of the 55 prospective jurors questioned in voir dire, eight veniremen to some degree indicated that they were opposed to capital punishment. Two of these prospective jurors were later excused by the court on the basis of preemptory challenges made by the prosecution, one was seated as a juror, and the remaining five were excused for cause. The record shows that of these remaining five veniremen, two admitted that because of their strongly held beliefs against capital punishment, they could not serve as fair and impartial jurors; one indicated specifically that she should not serve as a juror in the cause; and two, while indicating that they could put aside their individual reservations about capital punishment, expressed doubts that they could remain fair and impartial.
The court finds that no error was committed either in the trial court's questioning of the prospective jurors concerning their views on capital punishment ( State v. Bayless, 48 Ohio St.2d 73, at pages 87-94), or in its dismissal for cause of the five prospective jurors who had expressed doubts concerning their ability to serve as fair and impartial jurors ( State v. Roberts, 48 Ohio St.2d 221, at pages 222-223).
Appellant's third proposition of law is overruled.
IV.
In his fourth proposition of law, the appellant attacks the constitutionality of Ohio's death penalty procedures. Because this court has already addressed similar issues as those raised by the appellant in his brief, further discussion is not merited.
Appellant contends that the death penalty is per se cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, see State v. Bayless (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 73, 79; that, as administered, the death sentence is cruel and unusual because it falls arbitrarily upon a select few, see State v. Weind (1977), 50 Ohio St.2d 224, 227; that the Ohio statutory scheme fails to provide an informal, focused, guided, and objective inquiry into the question of whether a defendant should be sentenced to death, see State v. Black (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 262, 267; State v. Bell (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 270, 280; Weind, supra, 225; and State v. Miller (1977), 49 Ohio St.2d 198, 203; that placing the burden upon the defendant to prove mitigation in order to save his life deprives him of due process, see State v. Downs (1977), 51 Ohio St.2d 47, 59; and that the Ohio death penalty procedure violates the constitutional law on mandatory death penalties, see Bayless, supra, at page 86; and Weind, supra, at page 225.
Appellant contends further that the trial court committed reversible error by incorrectly holding at the mitigation hearing that the appellant had the burden of establishing one of the mitigating factors mentioned in R.C. 2929.04(B) by a preponderance of the evidence to avoid the sentence of death. We agree.
In paragraph one of the syllabus in State v. Downs (1977), 51 Ohio St.2d 47, this court held that the mitigation hearing conducted under the provisions of R.C. 2929.03 is not an adversary proceeding, and that neither the defendant nor the prosecution has the burden of producing any evidence of mitigating circumstances. The court made clear that at the mitigation hearing the defendant only bears the risk of nonpersuasion. Paragraph five of the syllabus in Downs, supra.
In the instant cause, the trial judge improperly placed on the defendant the burden of proving one of the mitigating circumstances. Because of this action, the proceedings at the mitigation hearing were infected with an adversary atmosphere, which may have adversely affected the proper outcome. We, therefore, reverse that part of the judgment of the Court of Appeals which affirmed the sentence and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
V.
In his fifth proposition of law, the appellant argues that R.C. 2903.01, by permitting a conviction for aggravated murder to rest solely upon a finding that the defendant acted purposely and with prior calculation and design, without also requiring a finding of malice aforethought as required under former Ohio law, violates his substantive due process rights guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
This argument is without merit. In Patterson v. New York (1977), ___ U.S. ___ , 53 L. Ed. 2d 281, the Supreme Court of the United States expressly upheld the right of the state of New York to exclude malice aforethought as one of the elements of the crime of second degree murder. The court stated at page 286:
"It goes without saying that preventing and dealing with crime is much more the business of the States than it is of the Federal Government, Irvine v. California, 347 U.S. 128, 134 (1954) (plurality opinion), and that we should not lightly construe the Constitution so as to intrude upon the administration of justice by the individual States."
Furthermore, as already indicated above, R.C. 2903.01(A) is designed to exclude the concept of only an instant's prior deliberation, thus affording the defendant additional protection from prosecution on a first degree murder charge.
Appellant urges further that R.C. 2903.03(A) unconstitutionally places upon the defendant the burden of persuading the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted under extreme emotional distress. Mullaney v. Wilbur (1975), 421 U.S. 684. Appellant's argument is completely without merit.
R.C. 2903.03(A) provides:
"No person, while under extreme emotional distress brought on by serious provocation reasonably sufficient to incite him into using deadly force, shall knowingly cause the death of another."
Nowhere does this provision place upon the defendant the burden of proving a mitigating circumstance, which also is an element of the crime charged (a situation expressly prohibited in Mullaney); rather, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly caused the death of another while under extreme emotional distress brought on by a serious provocation. Simply because the element of extreme emotional distress may reduce the seriousness of the offense charged from aggravated murder to voluntary manslaughter, does not, per se, make such element an affirmative defense or mitigating factor to be proved by the defendant. Although it may aid the defense to introduce evidence showing emotional distress, it clearly is not required.
Appellant's proposition of law number five is therefore overruled.
In conclusion this court holds the following:
The judgment of the Court of Appeals with respect to the conviction of the appellant is affirmed.
However, because the trial court improperly placed upon the appellant the burden of proving one of the mitigating factors mentioned in R.C. 2929.04(B) by a preponderance of the evidence, the judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the death sentence of the appellant is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
O'NEILL, C.J., HERBERT, W. BROWN and SWEENEY, JJ., concur.
CELEBREZZE and LOCHER, JJ., concur in the judgment.
P. BROWN, J., dissents.
The evidence of drunkenness or narcosis presented at this trial had no tendency to show lack of criminal intent which is the only relevance of such evidence. On the contrary, the acts of the defendant unequivocally demonstrateed his malicious purpose.
There is no claim that pre-sentence investigation and examination were not made, not reported or not considered as required by R.C. 2929.03(D) and (E), and R.C. 2929.04(B).
The circumstances of the crime as developed by the evidence had no tendency to show that "the offense was primarily the product of the offender's psychosis or mental deficiency." Where this is the state of the record and absent any failure by the court to fulfill its duties under R.C. 2929.03(D) to hear testimony, statements of the defendant, statements of counsel for the defense and for the prosecution, and to receive other evidence relevant to the penalty which should be imposed on the offender in this non-advisory inquiry, the defendant loses. This is because he bears the risk of persuasion and no mitigating circumstance or condition has appeared. With this in mind, the trial court's discussion on this issue of "burden of proof," although the term is ambiguous as we said in Downs, was an irrelevant, non-prejudicial aside. I cannot see what useful purpose a remand will accomplish.
State v. Downs (1977), 51 Ohio St.2d 47.
I would affirm the conviction and sentence.