Opinion
No. 88-328
Opinion Filed October 19, 1990
Constitutional Law — Right to Counsel — Invocation
Trial court erred in failing to suppress statements of defendant in police custody for DUI processing who had asked for an attorney and spoken to one on the telephone but who had subsequently responded to police-initiated questioning; once defendant asked for counsel, regardless of what advice attorney gave over the telephone, there could be no further police-initiated questioning without presence of his attorney. U.S. Const. amends. 5, 6.
Appeal from conviction of driving under influence of intoxicating liquor. District Court, Unit No. 2, Chittenden Circuit, Bryan, J. (motion to suppress) and Cashman, J. (trial), presiding. Reversed and remanded.
William Sorrell, Chittenden County State's Attorney, Burlington, and Robert Katims, Law Clerk (On the Brief), Department of State's Attorneys, Montpelier, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Kurt M. Hughes and Pamela Hall, Law Clerk (On the Brief), of Wool Murdoch, Burlington, for Defendant-Appellant.
Present: Allen, C.J., Peck, Gibson and Dooley, JJ.
Defendant appeals his conviction of operating a motor vehicle on a public highway while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, 23 V.S.A. § 1201(a)(2), claiming that the court erred by failing to suppress statements he made to a police officer after his arrest. We reverse the judgment and remand the case for a new hearing without admission of the inculpatory statements.
Defendant was stopped for driving through a red light and, based on the officer's observations, was taken to the police station for DUI processing. The officer gave defendant Miranda warnings at the station, reading verbatim from the standard processing form, which was admitted into evidence. Defendant was advised, and affirmed his understanding, that he had the right to talk to a lawyer for advice and to have a lawyer with him during questioning. Defendant then answered "Yes" to the question "Do you want a lawyer?" It is not clear from the form whether this question refers to a lawyer for advice only or to have one present at questioning.
The standard DUI processing form reads as follows:
— You have the right to remain silent. Do you understand? ___ Yes ___ No
— Anything you say can be used against you in court. Do you understand? ___ Yes ___ No
— You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice and to have a lawyer with you during the questioning. Do you understand? ___ Yes ___ No
— If you cannot afford a lawyer and want one, you can contact a Public Defender or one will be contacted for you before questioning, at the State's expense. Do you understand? ___ Yes ___ No
— You may refuse to answer any questions asked of you at any time. Do you understand? ___ Yes ___ No
— Do you want a lawyer? ___ Yes ___ No
— If yes, name of lawyer _____ Time contacted _____
— With all of these rights in mind, are you willing to talk to me now? ___ Yes ___ No
When defendant was unable to find the listing for his attorney in the telephone book he had been given, the officer found the number for him, dialed it, and then left the room. After defendant had completed his conversation with his attorney, the officer came back into the room and asked him, "With all these rights in mind, are you willing to talk to me now?" Defendant answered "Yes." The officer then asked a series of questions that led to inculpatory statements by defendant.
The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress the officer's testimony about any statements defendant made after he had asked for an attorney, and defendant was convicted as charged. Following the court's denial of his motion for a new trial, defendant appealed the verdict. The sole issue on appeal is whether the court erred in refusing to suppress the statements. Defendant argues that denial of his motion to suppress constituted reversible error because, under State v. Trombley, 147 Vt. 371, 518 A.2d 20 (1986), once an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation, a waiver of that right cannot be established merely by showing that the accused responded to police-initiated questioning. We agree that Trombley is dispositive, and that defendant's statements following his phone call must be suppressed.
Trombley is very similar to the instant case. There, the defendant, who had been stopped for suspicion of DUI, responded to Miranda warnings by indicating that he wished to consult with an attorney. Following the defendant's telephone conversation with the public defender, the officers asked him, "What were you advised?" The defendant answered that he had been advised to take the breath test but not to answer any questions. The officers then reread the Miranda warnings from a standard form almost identical to the one used in the instant case. Again, the defendant answered "Yes" to the question, "Do you want a lawyer?" Nevertheless, based on the defendant's affirmative response to the last question on the form — "With these rights in mind, are you willing to talk to me now?" — the officer asked him a series of questions that elicited inculpatory statements. The trial court denied a motion to suppress the statements.
Despite the public defender's advice, the defendant did talk to police upon further police-initiated questioning, but refused to take a breath test.
On appeal, the Court relied on "the per se rule," id. at 371, 518 A.2d at 21, announced in Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981), where the United States Supreme Court held as follows:
[A]lthough we have held that after initially being advised of his Miranda rights, the accused may himself validly waive his rights and respond to interrogation, the Court has strongly indicated that additional safeguards are necessary when the accused asks for counsel; and we now hold that when an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation, a valid waiver of that right cannot be established by showing only that he responded to further police-initiated custodial interrogation even if he has been advised of his rights. We further hold that an accused, . . . having expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.
Miranda itself indicated that the assertion of the right to counsel was a significant event and that once exercised by the accused, "the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present."
(Citations omitted.) The Trombley Court concluded that the defendant had twice invoked his right to deal with the police only through counsel, and that, under Edwards, all interrogation should have ceased upon each invocation. Trombley, 147 Vt. at 375, 518 A.2d at 23. According to the Court, by answering "yes" to the question "Do you want a lawyer?," the defendant invoked his right to have a lawyer present during any further questioning. Id. Further, the fact that the defendant then agreed to answer questions initiated by the officers was "of no consequence in determining whether [he] actually invoked his right to counsel," since the "inquiry necessary to determine if the defendant invoked his right to counsel, thereby terminating the officer's legal ability to question him, must focus only upon the circumstances leading up to the request for counsel." Id. at 375, 518 A.2d at 23-24. Because the inculpatory statements resulted from police-initiated questions after the defendant had indicated that he wanted a lawyer, there was no valid waiver and the statements had to be suppressed. Id. at 376, 518 A.2d at 24.
In the instant case, defendant also asked for counsel. From that point on, regardless of what advice his attorney might later have given him over the phone, there could be no further police-initiated questioning without the presence of his attorney. If defendant had wished to waive his right to have an attorney present during questioning, he need only have indicated the same to the authorities, but it had to have been on his own initiative without police prompting. Although it is true that an affirmative answer to the question "Do you want a lawyer?" could be seen either as a desire to speak with a lawyer before proceeding further or as a desire not to proceed without the presence of counsel, we decline to apply this ambiguity against a defendant where his constitutional rights are at stake. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 475 (1966) (government has heavy burden to prove waiver of constitutional rights).
Reversed and remanded.