Opinion
1 Div. 2.
February 14, 1918.
Appeal from Circuit Court, Mobile County; Saffold Berney, Judge.
Sam Will John, of Selma, and Webb, McAlpin Grove, of Mobile, for the State. S. R. Prince and William Buck Taylor, both of Mobile, for appellee.
The formal validity and prima facie effect of state patents of the class here exhibited — known as the "Chardavoyne patents" — have been affirmed and fully settled by the decisions of this court. Jordan v. McClure Lumber Co., 170 Ala. 289, 54 So. 415; Turner v. Davis, 186 Ala. 77, 64 So. 958; State v. M. O. R. R. Co., 190 Ala. 409, 67 So. 286.
The two propositions insisted upon for the state are: (1) That the state's patent to respondent is in fact but a quitclaim conveyance, and not effective to pass an after-acquired title; and (2) whether it would or would not so operate against an ordinary grantor, it does not bind the state, since sovereignty is not subject to any form of estoppel.
This patent conveys not merely the grantor's interest in the land, but the land itself. It uses the word "grant," which by force of the statute (Code, § 3421) imports a covenant "for quiet enjoyment against the grantor, his heirs and assigns, unless limited by the express words of such conveyance." The effect of this covenant, as declared by an unbroken line of decisions, is to vest in the grantee any title afterwards acquired by the grantor, other than by adverse possession. Stewart v. Anderson, 10 Ala. 504, 509; Chapman v. Abrahams, 61 Ala. 108; Swann v. Gaston, 87 Ala. 569, 6 So. 386; Prewitt v. Ashford, 90 Ala. 294, 7 So. 831; N.E. M. S. Co. v. Fry, 143 Ala. 637, 42 So. 57, 111 Am. St. Rep. 62; Shannon v. Ogletree, 76 So. 865. There is nothing in this patent to limit the statutory effect of the "grant." A dictum in the early case of Tillotson v. Doe, 5 Ala. 407, 413, 39 Am. Dec. 330, to the effect that a grant, with a warranty only against the grantor and his heirs, does not carry an after-acquired title, was based on the supposed rule at common law, and has been nullified by our statute and the decisions just cited.
It has been held in a few cases, which are cited in brief for appellant, that a patent from the state is in the nature of a quitclaim merely, and passes only such title as the state then has. Asher v. Howard, 122 Ky. 175, 91 S.W. 270; Baltimore v. McKim, 3 Bland (Md.) 453; Davis v. Moyles, 76 Vt. 25, 56 A. 174; 32 Cyc. 1093. Those cases, however, do not deal with patents using the word "grant" under the influence of a statute like ours, and they are therefore not in point.
So the real question in the case is simply whether the state's deed, containing the statutory word "grant," is controlled as to its operation and effect by section 3421 of the Code, as all other conveyances are.
"Generally speaking the doctrine of estoppel by deed applies against the state, and it will not be allowed to assert anything in derogation of its grant." 16 Cyc. 714.
"In North Carolina the rule has been laid down that the doctrine of estoppel by deed does not apply as against a state, the state being the sovereign, but the prevailing rule would seem to be that estoppel may arise from the express grants of the state as well as in the case of individuals." 11 A. E. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 396.
This view was recognized by Chief Justice Brickell in State ex rel. Lott v. Brewer, 64 Ala. 287, 298, where he said:
"Estoppels against the state cannot be favored. They may arise from its express grants (Magee v. Hallett, 22 Ala. 699), but cannot arise from the laches of its officers; not on the notion of extraordinary prerogative, but upon a great public policy."
In his note to Flowers v. Logan County, 137 Am. St. Rep. 347, 356, discussing the general subject of estoppels as against the federal government and the states, Judge Freeman quotes from United States v. Willamette, etc., Co. (C. C.) 54 Fed. 807, as follows:
"While it is true that for the neglect or the illegal or unauthorized acts of its agents the government should not ordinarily be estopped to show the truth, there is good authority, based upon sound reasoning, to support the doctrine that where the government has acted by legislative enactment, resolution, or grant, or otherwise than through the unauthorized or illegal acts of its agents, and the parties dealing with the government have relied upon the same, and in good faith have so changed their relation to the subject-matter thereof that it would be inequitable to declare such action or grant illegal, the government will be estopped. Commonwealth v. Andre's Heirs, 3 Pick. [Mass.] 224; Cahn v. Barnes [C. C.] 7 Saw. 48, 5 Fed. 326; State of Indiana v. Milk [C. C.] 11 Biss. 197, 11 Fed. 397; Pengra v. Munz [C. C.] 29 Fed. 830; Woodruff v. Trapnall, 10 How. 190, 13 L.Ed. 383. No good reason can be offered why the United States, in dealing with their subjects, should be unaffected by considerations of morality and right which ordinarily bind the conscience. The defense of estoppel stands upon different ground from that of laches."
In U.S. v. Walker, 148 Fed. 1022, 79 C.C.A. 392, the court declared:
"The underlying principle of all the decisions is that, when the sovereign comes into court to assert a pecuniary demand against the citizen, the court has authority, and is under the duty, to withhold relief to the sovereign, except upon terms which do justice to the citizen or subject, as determined by the jurisprudence of the forum in like subject-matter between man and man. The acts or omissions of its officers, if they be authorized to bind the United States or to shape its course of conduct as to a particular transaction, and they have acted within the purview of their authority, may in a proper case work an estoppel against the government. * * * The principle that the sovereign is bound by his own acts, and those of his lawfully authorized agents within the purview of their authority, is a wholesome one, and requires the courts to visit an estoppel upon the sovereign in a proper case, where he invokes judicial action. While the application of the doctrine is attended with difficulty under our institutions, where sovereignty of the United States does not reside in any one person or collection of persons, that difficulty is no reason for rejecting the operation of the principle, if the facts of the particular case will admit of its application."
In People v. Stephens, 71 N.Y. 527, 549, the Supreme Court of New York gave very pointed expression to this idea, saying, per Rapallo, J.:
"The state, in all its contracts and dealings with individuals, must be adjudged and abide by the rules which govern in determining the rights of private citizens contracting and dealing with each other. There is not one law for the sovereign and another for the subject; but, when the sovereign engages in business and the conduct of business enterprises, and contracts with individuals, although an action may not lie against the sovereign for a breach of the contract, whenever the contract, in any form, comes before the courts, the rights and obligations of the contracting parties must be adjusted upon the same principles as if both contracting parties were private persons."
And to the same effect is Carr v. State, 127 Ind. 204, 26 N.E. 778, 11 L.R.A. 370, 22 Am. St. Rep. 624.
In Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Douglas County, 134 Wis. 197, 114 N.W. 511, 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1074, the rule was laid down quite clearly that whenever the state makes itself a party to an action, or to a contract or grant in its proprietary capacity, it is subject to the law of estoppel, as other parties litigant or other contracting parties.
Dealing particularly with grants of land by the state, the Supreme Court of Texas, in Fristoe v. Blum, 92 Tex. 80, 45 S.W. 998, stated the principle as follows:
"A clear understanding of the relation in which the state stands to the purchasers in these contracts will greatly facilitate a proper solution of the questions upon which this case depends. It is well settled that so long as the state is engaged in making or enforcing laws, or in the discharge of any other governmental function, it is to be regarded as a sovereign and has prerogatives which do not appertain to the individual citizen; but when it becomes a suitor in its own courts, or a party to a contract with a citizen, the same law applies to it as under like conditions governs the contracts of an individual."
The rule that a grantor's after-acquired title passes to his grantee under a former warranty deed is based upon principles of the highest morality; principles which ought to be, and which we think are, as binding upon the state as upon its citizens; and we think that the rule must therefore be accorded full operation and effect to the conclusion of the title against the state of Alabama in the case before us.
It is urged that the executive department of the state was without authority to convey lands not in fact owned by the state, and that therefore this patent of 1872 was a void act upon which no right whatever can be predicated. This, however, is merely a begging of the question, and another mode of denying the doctrine of estoppel.
So far as authority was concerned, the test must be whether, if the lands had been then owned by the state, the grant by patent was authorized by law. There can be but one answer to this question.
Our conclusion is that the decree of the circuit court should be affirmed.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. J., and MAYFIELD and THOMAS, JJ., concur.