Summary
In State v. Jacques, 171 La. 994, 132 So. 657 (1931), this Court declared Article 218 unconstitutional as being in conflict with the provisions of the state constitution relating to the trial of capital and non-capital felonies.
Summary of this case from State v. McZealOpinion
No. 31016.
February 2, 1931.
Appeal from Criminal District Court, Parish of Orleans; A.D. Henriques, Judge.
Ito Jacques was indicted in separate counts for murder and for robbery. From a judgment sustaining defendant's motion to quash the indictment, the State appeals.
Affirmed.
Percy Saint, Atty. Gen., and Eugene Stanley, Dist. Atty., and J. Bernard Cocke, Asst. Dist. Atty., both of New Orleans, for the State.
Chandler C. Luzenberg, Sr., and A.P. Tureaud, both of New Orleans, for appellee.
Defendant is jointly indicted with three others, in separate counts, for the murder of Raymond S. Rizzo, and for the robbery of certain employees of the Rocheblave Market Branch of the Canal Bank Trust Company.
Defendant moved to quash the indictment in the lower court, and, from a judgment sustaining this motion the state has appealed.
The indictment is framed under article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides that: "When two or more crimes result from a single act, or from one continuous unlawful transaction, only one indictment will lie; but each of said distinct crimes, though some of them be felonies and others of them misdemeanors, may be separately charged in distinct counts in the same indictment."
It is admitted that on the trial of this cause the state will contend and attempt to prove that the crimes of murder and robbery, with which defendant is charged in separate counts of the indictment in this case, resulted from one continuous unlawful transaction.
In the motion to quash the indictment, defendant asserts that to try him on the indictment as confected is a denial to him of due process of law, in violation of section 2 of article 1 of the Constitution of this state (1921), and of Amendment 14 to the Federal Constitution.
To the motion to quash, the district attorney filed a demurrer in which he alleges that the drafting of the indictment is in compliance with article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and in accordance with the jurisprudence of the state, as announced by this court in State v. Roberts, 170 La. 727, 129 So. 144.
Defendant filed a reply to this demurrer, in which he alleges that article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is unconstitutional, in that it is in direct conflict with section 41 of article 7 of the Constitution of the state.
It is provided in this section of the Constitution that: "All cases in which the punishment may not be at hard labor shall, until otherwise provided by law, be tried by the judge without a jury. Cases, in which the punishment may be at hard labor, shall be tried by a jury of five, all of whom must concur to render a verdict; cases, in which the punishment is necessarily at hard labor, by a jury of twelve, nine of whom must concur to render a verdict; cases in which the punishment may be capital, by a jury of twelve, all of whom must concur to render a verdict."
Article 337 of the Code of Criminal Procedure expressly provides that: "Whenever the indictment charges any capital offense, whether there be or be not counts charging offenses not capital, the trial shall be by a jury of twelve, all of whom must concur for the finding of a verdict."
It is clearly the intention of article 337 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that the defendant in the present case shall be tried by the same jury for the crimes of murder and robbery, charged in separate counts in the indictment, and that all of the jurors shall concur to acquit defendant of the crime of robbery, although it is provided in section 41 of article 7 of the Constitution that only nine jurors must concur to render a verdict of guilty or not guilty in case of a felony, in which the punishment is necessarily at hard labor, and robbery is a felony of this character.
Article 337 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is therefore a plain violation of section 41 of article 7 of the Constitution of the state.
Besides, this article indicates that it was the intention of the Legislature, in drafting article 218 of the Code, that offenses not cognate, and not triable in the same manner, should be tried by the same jury, when charged in separate counts of the indictment, the higher offense controlling the selection of the jury.
If the construction placed by us upon article 218 needed additional support, it is found in article 226 of the Code, which provides that: "The right to compel the district attorney to elect on which charge of an indictment he will proceed, whether the charge be contained in the same count or in separate counts, is confined to cases where the indictment contains charges which are entirely distinct and grow out of different transactions; and the motion to compel such election can be made only before the trial begins."
If the district attorney cannot be compelled to elect which offense he will prosecute, where several distinct offenses, resulting from one continuous unlawful transaction, are charged in separate counts, it is clear that the intention of the Legislature, in enacting article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, was that the district attorney should proceed before one and the same jury with the trial of all of the distinct offenses so charged.
It is evident, therefore, that article 218 of the Code would violate section 41 of article 7 of the Constitution in every case, in which one of the distinct crimes, charged in separate counts and resulting from one continuous unlawful transaction, would have to be tried by a jury of five, and the other distinct crime or crimes so charged would have to be tried by a jury of twelve members.
It may be true that, in some cases arising under article 218 of the Code, distinct crimes, charged in the indictment in separate counts, might be of the same magnitude, and all might be triable by a jury of five or a jury of twelve members.
However, article 218 of the Code must be construed as a whole, and cannot be separated by us into different parts for different purposes, in passing upon the constitutionality of the article, as the Legislature clearly intended that its provisions should operate in their entirety, or not at all. State v. Beeling, 169 La. 785, 126 So. 61.
The Constitution of the state has provided different tribunals for the trial of capital offenses, offenses necessarily punishable by imprisonment at hard labor, etc., and such procedure necessarily constitutes due process of law, and cannot be changed in any class of cases by a mere act of the Legislature.
Prior to the adoption of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the state, this court had repeatedly held that, when a defendant, charged with a crime for which he should be tried by a jury of five members, is tried by a jury of twelve members, the verdict and sentence are null. State v. Desselles, 150 La. 494, 90 So. 773; State v. Bailey, 154 La. 536, 97 So. 851; State v. Hataway, 153 La. 751, 96 So. 556.
Our conclusion is, therefore, that article 218 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, construed with reference to articles 226 and 337, is unconstitutional, null, and void.
The constitutionality of this article was not raised in the Roberts Case, 170 La. 727, 129 So. 144, nor in the later cases of State v. Hill, 171 La. 277, 130 So. 865, and State v. O'Banion, ante, p. 323, 131 So. 34.
Whatever may have been said in any of these cases, contrary to the views herein expressed, must yield to the conclusion which we have reached in the present case.
In our opinion, the judgment of the lower court quashing the indictment in this case is correct.
Judgment affirmed.