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finding Grippon's recommended charge "emphasizes the lack of distinction between the weight to be given to direct and circumstantial evidence" and therefore approving the trial court's use of an instruction stating that "circumstantial evidence is just as competent or capable of proving a fact in issue as is direct evidence"
Summary of this case from State v. CherryOpinion
Opinion No. 25300.
Heard April 24, 2001.
Filed June 4, 2001.
Appeal From Charleston County, Costa M. Pleicones, Circuit Court Judge.
AFFIRMED
Michael S. Seekings and W. Peter Beck, both of Charleston, for appellant.
Attorney General Charles M. Condon, Chief Deputy Attorney General John W. McIntosh, Assistant Deputy Attorney General Donald J. Zelenka, Senior Assistant Attorney General William Edgar Salter, III, all of Columbia; and Solicitor David Price Schwacke, of North Charleston, for respondent.
Appellant appeals his conviction for the murder of Richard Allen Brown. We affirm.
DISCUSSION
I. Did the trial court err in denying defense counsel's motion to be relieved?
Appellant argues he was unfairly prejudiced and denied effective assistance of counsel because the trial court denied defense counsel's motion to be relieved. We disagree. The trial court did not deny the motion. Rather, defense counsel withdrew the motion, leaving nothing for the trial court to rule upon.
However, the record contains a pro se letter addressed to the trial court four days before the start of appellant's trial asking for help firing his attorney. The record contains no action by the court in response to this letter. The State argues the court properly took no action on this letter in the absence of a request by trial counsel that the motion be renewed. In support of this statement, the State citesState v. Stuckey, 333 S.C. 56, 58, 508 S.E.2d 564, 564 (1998), which held "[s]ince there is no right to hybrid representation, substantive documents filed pro se by a person represented by counsel are not accepted unless submitted by counsel." However, Stuckey goes on to state, "Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit any party's right to file a pro se motion seeking to relieve his counsel." Id., 508 S.E.2d at 565. The rule against hybrid representation does not bar pro se motions to relieve counsel.
Nevertheless, there is no reversible error here. A motion to relieve counsel is addressed to the discretion of the trial judge and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Hyman, 276 S.C. 559, 562, 281 S.E.2d 209, 211 (1981), overruled on other grounds, State v. Torrence, 305 S.C. 45, 406 S.E.2d 315 (1991). Appellant bears the burden to show satisfactory cause for removal. Id. Appellant made only the most conclusory arguments why counsel should have been relieved: "Mr. Runyon is not representing my interests and is not fully prepared for this case. I do not feel comfortable going to court with him as my lawyer." The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant appellant's request for new counsel mere days before the start of appellant's trial for murder.
II. Did the trial court err in permitting the State to cross-examine a witness about his prior intention not to testify?
Appellant argues the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the State to question a defense witness concerning the witness's earlier intention not to testify. We disagree.
David Greene was also charged in connection with the death of the victim. He initially indicated his intent to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, but ultimately agreed to testify as a defense witness. The State requested permission to cross-examine Greene about his prior intention not to testify for the purpose of "explain[ing] why the state did not call him." The trial court expressed some concern that "if [the Solicitor] is seeking to use it as making the guy look bad, then it may be a problem if Arthur Graddick doesn't take the witness stand." However, the court granted the Solicitor permission to ask Greene if he had previously refused to testify for the State.
On cross-examination, the Solicitor asked Greene whether he had changed his mind at the last minute about testifying. Greene responded:
We talked about that. And I told [my attorney] when I was going to lunch that I was going to think about this. And I don't see why — I don't see the reason why not — I shouldn't be testifying, because I was right there. And I know I do have two charges pending against me. And I'm going to be honest with you, I know I didn't do nothing and I know Arthur didn't do nothing, that's why I'm up here telling y'all the truth.
Appellant asserts this line of questioning improperly drew attention to his own decision not to testify.
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in part that "No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." U.S. Const. amend. V. As a corollary of the right to remain silent, a prosecutorial comment upon a defendant's failure to testify at trial is constitutionally impermissible. Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965); State v. Hawkins, 292 S.C. 418, 357 S.E.2d 10 (1987), overruled on other grounds, State v. Torrence, 305 S.C. 45, 406 S.E.2d 315 (1991). Because neither party is entitled to draw any inference from a witness's invocation of privilege, it is desirable the jury not know that a witness has invoked the privilege against self-incrimination. State v. Hughes, 328 S.C. 146, 150, 493 S.E.2d 821, 823 (1997).
This provision governs state as well as federal criminal proceedings. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964). Moreover, Article I, Section 12, of the South Carolina Constitution contains similar language.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the questioning. Cf. State v. Lynn, 277 S.C. 222, 284 S.E.2d 786 (1981) (a trial court's ruling concerning the scope of cross-examination of a witness to test his credibility should not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion). The express purpose of the questioning was to explain why the State did not call Greene as a witness. Nothing in the record indicates this purpose was a subterfuge. Cf. State v. Hughes, 328 S.C. 146, 153, 493 S.E.2d 821, 824 (1997) (witness may not be called solely for the sake of having witness invoke privilege against self-incrimination, for the purpose of permitting jury to infer wrongdoing from that assertion). Although Greene stated he had no reason not to testify because he and appellant were innocent, this commentary — even if it can be characterized as a comment on appellant's failure to testify — cannot fairly be attributed to the State. The Solicitor did not elicit the commentary, nor did she highlight the remarks in any way. In her closing argument, the Solicitor vigorously assailed Greene's credibility without reference to his decision to testify. The trial court committed no error in permitting the questioning.
III. Did the trial court's circumstantial evidence charge place improper significance on direct evidence?
Appellant contends the trial court's circumstantial evidence charge improperly placed greater significance on direct evidence than on circumstantial evidence, contrary to State v. Grippon, 327 S.C. 79, 489 S.E.2d 462 (1997). We disagree. The trial court's circumstantial evidence charge was a hybrid of the traditional circumstantial evidence charge and the charge approved in Grippon. Grippon recommended a circumstantial evidence charge which emphasizes the lack of distinction between the weight to be given to direct and circumstantial evidence.Id. at 83-84, 489 S.E.2d at 464. The trial court expressly instructed the jury that "circumstantial evidence is just as competent or capable of proving a fact in issue as is direct evidence." Grippon did not invalidate the traditional circumstantial evidence charge. See State v. Needs, 333 S.C. 134, 155, n. 13, 508 S.E.2d 857, 868, n. 13 (1998). Reviewing the charge as a whole, it is an accurate statement of the law. See Grippon, 327 S.C. at 82-83, 489 S.E.2d at 463 (jury instructions should be considered as a whole, and if as a whole they are free from error, any isolated portions which may be misleading do not constitute reversible error).
The charge contained none of the language disapproved in State v. Manning, 305 S.C. 413, 409 S.E.2d 372 (1991), and State v. Raffaldt, 318 S.C. 110, 456 S.E.2d 390 (1995).
CONCLUSION
Appellant's remaining issues are disposed of pursuant to Rule 220, SCACR, and the following authorities: State v. Mitchell, 286 S.C. 572, 336 S.E.2d 150 (1985) (improper introduction of hearsay evidence constitutes reversible error only if its admission is prejudicial to the defendant); State v. Dennis, 321 S.C. 413, 420, 468 S.E.2d 674, 678 (Ct.App. 1996) (jury instruction on "mere presence" generally applicable in cases of accomplice liability or constructive possession of contraband). Appellant's conviction for murder is AFFIRMED.
TOAL, C.J., MOORE, WALLER, JJ., and Acting Justice John L. Breeden, Jr., concur.