Opinion
No. 54609.
December 2, 1974.
APPEAL FROM FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, PARISH OF LAFAYETTE, STATE OF LOUISIANA, HONORABLE CHARLES T. EVERETT, J.
Robert L. Cole, Lafayette, for defendant-appellant.
William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., J. Nathan Stansbury, Dist. Atty., Byron P. Legendre, Asst. Dist. Atty., for Plaintiff-appellee.
The defendant, Joseph Milton Cormier, was charged by bill of information with armed robbery. He was alleged to have been one of two men who robbed the Allied Finance, Inc. in Lafayette, Louisiana on May 3, 1972. Four employees of Allied Finance were held at gun point while the robbery occurred. Money was taken from the cash drawers of the company and from two of the employees. After the robbery all of the employees were taken to the police station and placed together in a room to view photographs of possible suspects. Each was given a large group of photographs, to view, and while going through these, one of the witnesses, Mrs. Donald Soileau, exclaimed that she recognized one of the robbers in the pictures. The picture was that of the defendant. The other witnesses examined the photograph she had identified and concurred in the identification. The investigating officer took the picture and put it back in a large pile of picture. Each of the remaining three witnesses then separately went through the pictures and each picked out the picture of the defendant identifying the picture as one of the robbers.
Trial was held on June 18 and 19, 1973 in Lafayette. The jury returned a verdict of guilty as charged. The vote of the jury was 10-2. Defense counsel perfected and argues a single bill of exceptions.
The first witness called by the State was Mr. Monte, one of the four persons present at the holdup. As he was about to identify the defendant as one of the robbers, the defense counsel asked for the removal of the jury in order to test the validity of the photographic line-up. After eliciting the above described facts of the procedure, defense counsel moved for exclusion of the identification. The trial judge denied the motion, concluding that the photographic identification was not tainted by the fact that Mrs. Soileau had picked out the defendant's picture and showed it to the other three witnesses. After an exception was reserved, the jury was brought back and each of the four employees present at the holdup identified the defendant as one of the robbers.
Defendant's only argument on appeal is that the trial judge erred in allowing the identification of the defendant by each of the witnesses other than Mrs. Soileau.
There is no showing that the other three witnesses' identification was influenced by Mrs. Soileau's identification. The witness Monte testified that Mrs. Soileau's identification did not influence his identification.
Additionally, in this case the record shows that the in-court identification of the defendant by the other three witnesses had a basis independent of the photographic line-up. If all the circumstances and the testimony of the witness show that there is a sufficient basis for an independent incourt identification, irregularities in a pretrial line-up will not bar the in-court identification. State v. Richey, 258 La. 1094, 249 So.2d 143, 158, 159 (1971); State v. Henderson, 253 La. 981, 221 So.2d 480 (1969). Monte testified that he identified the defendant in court on the basis of his recollection of the robbery, not from viewing the picture.
Mrs. Broussard also testified that her in-court identification was the result of viewing the defendant during the robbery. The identification in court did not violate the defendant's constitutional rights. The bill of exceptions is without merit.
The conviction and sentence are affirmed.
BARHAM, J., dissents with reasons.
I respectfully dissent from the majority's determination that the identifications in court did not violate the defendant's constitutional rights. It is my opinion that the in-court identifications by three of the State's four eyewitnesses were so tainted by their prior out-of-court photographic identifications that admission of them as evidence constituted reversible error.
In State v. Chaney, 273 So.2d 259, 260 (La. 1973), this Court held that the district judge's determination on the admissibility of a photographic identification is given great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless the preponderance of evidence is clearly against it. It is my opinion that this case falls within that exception. As observed by the United States Supreme Court in Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383-384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247, 1253 (1968):
"Regardless of how the initial misidentification comes about, the witness thereafter is apt to retain in his memory the image of the photograph rather than of the person actually seen, reducing the trustworthiness of subsequent lineup or courtroom identification."
Therefore, if in-court identifications are based on a pretrial lineup that did not meet constitutional standards, the in-court identifications are fruit of a forbidden procedure and inadmissible. See Rudd v. State of Florida, 477 F.2d 805 (5th Cir. 1973). In Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1972, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199, 1206 (1967), the United States Supreme Court held that pretrial identification procedures "unnecessarily suggestive and conductive to irreparable mistaken identification" may violate due process. The test of the admissibility of in-court identifications by witnesses who attended impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedures was promulgated in Simmons v. United States, supra. The Supreme Court held in Simmons that the State commits reversible constitutional error in eliciting in-court identifications by witnesses if the pretrial identifications proceedings they attended were "so" impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Id. 390 U.S. at 384, 84 S.Ct. at 971, 19 L.Ed.2d. at 1253.
In Rudd v. State of Florida, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's holding that an identification procedure by two or more witnesses in the presence of each other was impermissibly suggestive. 343 F. Supp. 212 (M.D.Fla. 1972), aff'd 477 F.2d 805 (5th Cir. 1973). In Rudd, the police permitted two witnesses to simultaneously view and identify photographs. The court held:
"In so doing neither witness had an opportunity to evaluate independently the identification material which he or she was examining. Therefore, any identification by one could not otherwise but color the judgment of the other. Thus, this Court holds that any simultaneous identification of a suspect by two or more witnesses in the presence of each other is so impermissibly suggestive as to amount to a denial of due process, and any subsequent in-court identifications must be subjected to a per se exclusionary rule * * *." Id. 343 F. Supp. at 220.
The Fifth Circuit upheld the district court's determination of this issue, but rejected the per se exclusionary rule articulated in the district court's opinion as too rigid because due process inquiries should be made in each case into the impermissible suggestiveness issue. In my opinion, application of that test to the facts in this case must result in a determination of constitutionally impermissible suggestiveness.
In the case at bar, one of the eyewitnesses, Mrs. Soileau, in the presence of the other eyewitnesses singled out a photograph and identified it as the man who held the gun during the robbery. She exclaimed words to the effect that this was the man, whereupon the other eyewitnesses examined the photograph and concurred in her identification. Mrs. Soileau's exclamation could not help but affect the judgment of the other three witnesses, regardless of whether she was in any supervisory position over them or of whether she had a particularly forceful personality. It is impossible to make a subsequent determination as to whether the other three witnesses based their identifications upon the actual incident, or, subconsciously, upon the photograph thus singled out. Four repetitious in-court identifications, as compared to only one if the testimony of the other three witnesses had been held inadmissible, here constitutes irreparable prejudicial error. For these reasons, it is my opinion that the district court committed constitutionally reversible error in admitting the testimony of the three witnesses.
I respectfully dissent.