Opinion
Docket No. 150459.
Submitted April 8, 1994, at Detroit.
Decided July 18, 1994, at 9:05 A.M.
Draugelis Ashton (by Richard T. Haynes and Steven O. Ashton), for the plaintiff.
Vincent J. Maloney, for the defendants.
Defendants appeal as of right from the trial court order that granted summary disposition to plaintiff pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.
Plaintiff filed this action for declaratory judgment to determine its obligations under a homeowner's insurance policy to defend defendants, its insureds, in an underlying action filed by Jeannine Westwood for damages for mental anguish, suffering, embarrassment, ridicule, humiliation, loss of wages and earning capacity, attorney fees and expenses, invasion of privacy, and harm to reputation. Westwood also sought damages for psychological and psychiatric injury. The complaint pleaded causes of action for libel, slander, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, malicious prosecution, and invasion of privacy.
Defendants requested plaintiff to defend them and to provide coverage if they were found liable to Westwood. Plaintiff denied the request, claiming that coverage was excluded under the insurance policy because Westwood had not alleged any bodily injury in the underlying action. The provision in the policy upon which plaintiff relied for its denial of coverage provides:
COVERAGE L — PERSONAL LIABILITY
If a claim is made or a suit is brought against an insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this coverage applies, caused by an occurrence, we will:
1. pay to our limit of liability for the damages for which the insured is legally liable; and
2. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our choice. . . .
Bodily injury is defined in the policy as
bodily harm, sickness or disease. This includes required care, loss of services and death resulting therefrom. Bodily injury does not include any of the following which are communicable: disease, bacteria, parasite, virus, or other organism, any of which are transmitted by any insured to any other person. It also does not include the exposure to any such disease, bacteria, parasite, virus, or other organism by any insured to any other person.
Plaintiff moved for summary disposition on the ground that there was no genuine issue of material fact that it did not have a duty to defend or provide coverage under the insurance policy. MCR 2.116(C)(10). The trial court granted the motion, finding that Westwood's injuries did not constitute the requisite "bodily injury" necessary to trigger coverage.
Defendants thereafter filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied. In the motion, defendants included the affidavit of Dr. R. Curtis Bristol, who opined that physical manifestations result from psychiatric problems and that psychiatric damage is a form of bodily injury.
Whether an insurance carrier has a duty to defend its insured in an underlying tort action depends upon the allegations in the complaint. The duty extends to allegations that "even arguably come within the policy coverage." Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 432 Mich. 656, 662-663; 443 N.W.2d 734 (1989); United States Fidelity Guaranty Co v Citizens Ins Co of America, 201 Mich. App. 491, 493; 506 N.W.2d 527 (1993). The duty to defend or indemnify, however, is not determined solely on the basis of the terminology used in the plaintiff's pleadings in the underlying action. Freeman, supra at 662. Rather, a court focuses on the cause of the injury to determine whether coverage exists. Id. at 662-663; U S F G, supra at 493-494.
In Greenman v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 173 Mich. App. 88; 433 N.W.2d 346 (1988), the plaintiff sued the defendant for failing to defend him in a lawsuit in which sexual harassment and discrimination were alleged. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the defendant on the ground that it was not required to provide coverage or a defense in the absence of bodily injury. Id. at 90. "Bodily injury" was defined in the policy as bodily injury, sickness, or disease. This Court held, in pertinent part, that because the complainant in the underlying action did not allege any physical manifestations of her mental injuries, the plaintiff failed to fulfill the bodily injury requirement of the policy. As such, the defendant was not required to defend the plaintiff. Id. at 92. See also Nat'l Ben Franklin Ins Co of Michigan v Harris, 161 Mich. App. 86, 90; 409 N.W.2d 733 (1987) (the phrase "bodily injury," absent allegations of physical manifestations, does not encompass damages for humiliation, mental anguish, and mental distress); Farm Bureau Mutual Ins Co of Michigan v Hoag, 136 Mich. App. 326, 332, 335; 356 N.W.2d 630 (1984) (the phrase "bodily injury" does not encompass damages for humiliation, mental anguish, and mental suffering; at a minimum, physical manifestation of mental suffering is necessary to satisfy bodily injury requirement).
Defendants distinguish Greenman, Harris, and Hoag by claiming that psychiatric harm is a sickness or illness from which physical manifestations can result and as such constitutes "bodily injury" within the meaning of the policy. We disagree and hold that, absent physical manifestations, the phrase "bodily injury" does not include a claim for psychiatric damage. While we recognize that there are differences between "mental suffering" and "psychiatric damage," the distinction does not alter our analysis as it relates to insurance coverage. At a minimum, there must be allegations of physical manifestations supported by sufficient documented evidence in order for insurance coverage to be triggered.
In her complaint in the underlying action, Westwood did not allege any physical manifestations resulting from the psychiatric harm she claims to have suffered. Defendants did state in passing at the summary disposition hearing that Westwood was suffering from alcoholism as a result of the psychiatric damage. However, defendants failed to present any documentary evidence in support of this allegation. Mere allegations are not sufficient to withstand a motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). McCart v J Walter Thompson USA, Inc, 437 Mich. 109, 115; 469 N.W.2d 284 (1991). Further, the affidavit of Dr. Bristol, which defendants presented at the hearing for the motion for reconsideration, was general in nature and did not address whether Westwood experienced any physical manifestations of injury. Id.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly granted summary disposition in favor of plaintiff because Westwood did not allege a bodily injury within the terms of the parties' insurance policy.
Affirmed.