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considering a situation where a child was placed back into the parent’s home at a later hearing, after initial removal
Summary of this case from D.F. v. StateOpinion
20210657-CA
07-06-2023
State of Utah, in the interest of M.S., a person under eighteen years of age. v. State of Utah, Appellee. R.S. and J.S., Appellants,
Emily Adams, Sara Pfrommer, Freyja Johnson, and Hannah Leavitt-Howell, Attorneys for Appellants Sean D. Reyes, Carol L.C. Verdoia, and John M. Peterson, Attorneys for Appellee Martha Pierce, Guardian ad Litem
Fourth District Juvenile Court, Spanish Fork Department The Honorable F. Richards Smith No. 1186449
Emily Adams, Sara Pfrommer, Freyja Johnson, and Hannah Leavitt-Howell, Attorneys for Appellants
Sean D. Reyes, Carol L.C. Verdoia, and John M. Peterson, Attorneys for Appellee
Martha Pierce, Guardian ad Litem
Judge Gregory K. Orme authored this Opinion, in which Judges David N. Mortensen and Ryan D. Tenney concurred.
OPINION
ORME, JUDGE:
¶1 R.S. (Mother) and J.S. (Father) (collectively, Parents) appeal the juvenile court's award of temporary custody of their infant son, M.S. (Child), to the Department of Child and Family Services (DCFS) following a shelter hearing and the court's later finding that Child was neglected. We hold that Parents' first argument is moot but conclude that their second argument satisfies the collateral consequences exception to mootness. And because the juvenile court did not make the necessary findings of fact and conduct the required analysis of whether Parents' medical decisions for Child were "reasonable and informed," we reverse the court's neglect adjudication.
"We recite the facts in the light most favorable to the juvenile court findings." In re J.M., 2020 UT App 52, n.1, 463 P.3d 66 (quotation simplified).
¶2 Child was born on March 6, 2020, weighing 9.63 pounds. During her pregnancy, Mother had gestational diabetes-a condition which has been linked to increased birth weights. Therefore, while not off the charts, Child's somewhat larger birth weight was likely caused by Mother's gestational diabetes. Child was also born with elevated bilirubin levels and was prescribed photo light therapy for jaundice, which Parents administered for the next ten days. Hospital staff informed Mother that Child needed to be seen by a pediatrician three days following discharge from the hospital. Mother complied with the instruction and made an appointment to see a pediatrician (First Pediatrician) at a nearby clinic on March 9.
¶3 By the time of the appointment, Child had lost 12.5% of his birth weight, weighing in at 8.42 pounds. First Pediatrician found Child "to be in good health" overall, but he was concerned about Child's elevated bilirubin levels and weight loss. Although weight loss is typically expected immediately after birth for infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes, First Pediatrician noted Child's weight "to be more down than we usually would expect at that time." First Pediatrician recommended a follow-up appointment "in the next day or two" to check on Child's bilirubin levels and weight. No such follow-up appointment took place.
¶4 First Pediatrician saw Child again about two-and-a-half weeks later, on March 26. Father took Child to this appointment because Mother did not appreciate First Pediatrician's "bedside manner" and she did not feel that he had been "very willing to listen to [her] concerns." At this appointment, Child weighed in at 7.96 pounds, which according to First Pediatrician was a total weight loss of approximately 18% of Child's original birth weight. First Pediatrician told Father that because Child had lost even more weight, he was concerned that Child was not getting sufficient nutrients from Mother's breast milk-which was Child's sole source of nourishment. First Pediatrician became even more concerned when he learned that Child had not had a bowel movement in three days. First Pediatrician explained that while exclusively breast-fed babies can sometimes "go a few days" without producing stool, this information combined with the weight loss caused him to further worry that Child's nutritional needs were not being met.
¶5 First Pediatrician recommended that Mother pump so that they could quantify the amount of milk she was producing and that Child be given formula every few hours and be weighed each day so it could be determined whether "there was appropriate weight gain with a known specified amount of volume he was taking in." Father expressed doubt whether this was something Mother would "go for" because they preferred to exclusively breast-feed Child, but he said he would discuss the recommendations with her. First Pediatrician wrote down his recommendations on a note for Father to give to Mother and said for her to contact him if she had any questions. He also tried to contact Mother both during and after the appointment but was unsuccessful.
¶6 First Pediatrician also emphasized the importance of a follow-up appointment the next day to check Child's electrolyte levels and weight, which instruction he also included in his written note to Mother. At this point, First Pediatrician was "[v]ery concerned" about Child's health and safety and noted in Child's file, "If labs are not obtained and no visits happen, I will report to DCFS."
¶7 Neither parent brought Child in for the labs and weight-check the following day. When First Pediatrician learned this, he called Mother to express his concerns. Mother stated that she was not aware of the missed appointment, that she was out of town, and that she would not be able to come in with Child that day. Mother informed First Pediatrician that she was feeding Child more often, but she was not giving him formula. She repeatedly thanked First Pediatrician for his recommendations and told him she would "take them under consideration." At the end of the conversation, they both agreed that Mother should find another pediatrician for Child. Mother subsequently scheduled an appointment with another pediatrician for April 2 but did not relay this information to First Pediatrician. She also increased the frequency of Child's breast-feedings to every two hours, and she immediately filled and began administering a medication for diaper rash First Pediatrician had prescribed during the March 26 appointment.
¶8 Following the phone conversation, First Pediatrician contacted DCFS and reported Parents' apparent medical neglect and physical neglect of Child and Child's failure to thrive. First Pediatrician later testified that even if he had known that Child had an appointment with another pediatrician set for April 2, his concerns would not have been eased. He explained that he had ordered labs on Child's electrolyte levels because his "biggest concern" was that if Child became dehydrated, he would develop "elevated sodium levels in the blood . . . that could potentially cause a lot of health problems" such as lethargy, seizures, and neurological damage. First Pediatrician stated that "the problem with the elevated sodium is more of an urgent or emergent problem that could have been developing, and so it couldn't have waited" until the April 2 appointment.
¶9 On March 30, a DCFS caseworker (Caseworker) followed up with First Pediatrician, who expressed his concern that Child was at risk of dehydration, which could lead to further health complications. Following the conversation, Caseworker had a difficult time locating and communicating with Parents. When Caseworker called one of the phone numbers provided to her, a man Caseworker believed to be Father answered. He was skeptical that Caseworker worked for DCFS, and the conversation proved unfruitful. After visiting multiple addresses on file for the family to no avail, Caseworker contacted law enforcement officers, who were able to locate Mother, Father, and Child in a motel by "pinging" their cellphone.
¶10 Caseworker arrived at the motel around 1:00 a.m. on April 1. Law enforcement was already at the motel and officers informed Caseworker that paramedics had already examined Child and had determined that Child was alert, breathing normally, had a strong heartbeat, and exhibited no obvious signs of dehydration. Because the examination revealed no concerns, the paramedics did not consider Child in need of further medical attention and returned him to Mother. The paramedics had left by the time Caseworker arrived, so she did not have an opportunity to speak with them.
¶11 The officers warned Caseworker that Father was very upset about her being there and that Father even instructed an officer to stand between him and Caseworker. During the hour-long conversation that ensued, Father refused to allow Caseworker to see Child and instead insisted that Child was "fine." At one point, Father told Caseworker that he would allow her to see Child if she returned at 8:00 a.m. Caseworker was reluctant to do so because she was aware of a prior case in which Father had fled across state lines with two of his other children, and she worried that Child "would be gone" by 8:00 a.m. if she left. She also found it odd that she had located the family at a motel that was approximately 20 miles from their home.
¶12 Caseworker then requested a warrant for removal of Child. A judge approved the warrant, and Child was taken into DCFS custody in the wee hours of the morning. Caseworker then took Child to an emergency room. There, Child appeared to have gained a little weight, weighing in at 8.05 pounds, although Caseworker suggested the slight weight gain could have also been attributed to a wet diaper. According to the pediatrician (Second Pediatrician) who examined Child later that afternoon when he was brought in by the foster parents with whom Child had been placed, Child "was within the 11th percentile for weight, but his weight to length ratio was in the 3rd percentile," which was troubling, especially given Child's higher birth weight. Second Pediatrician stated that although Child was "generally well appearing," he nonetheless "did appear dehydrated" and underweight. Child's lab results revealed "abnormalities that were consistent with dehydration and possibly poor feeding," including abnormal bilirubin levels and elevated liver enzymes (transaminases). Child's initial lab results also "show[ed] evidence of hemolysis," which is when the body destroys red blood cells quicker than it can produce them, so the hospital had the labs redone. The second round of labs revealed "normal potassium, but the transaminases still remained mildly elevated." The lab report also included the following note: "I spoke with [the] pediatric hospitalist, and confirmed that these current findings are not worrisome in this current setting, and they recommended that the patient follow-up with [a] pediatrician in about a week for recheck."
¶13 Second Pediatrician noted that Child needed to be closely monitored for kernicterus, which he explained "is when bilirubin levels get to a high enough point in the blood that they deposit into the brain, and can cause some brain damage, to use layman's terms." Second Pediatrician instructed Child's foster parents to feed Child formula every "three to four hours" and to return in a couple of days.
¶14 At the follow-up appointment two days later, on April 3, Child had gained approximately 13 ounces, weighing in at 8.88 pounds. At a second follow-up appointment three days later, on April 6, Child weighed 9.44 pounds, meaning he had gained approximately 9 more ounces. A week later, on April 13, Child weighed 10.08 pounds. Child continued to show weight gain in other subsequent exams. Based on this, Second Pediatrician testified that it was his "clinical impression" that Child had not been "receiving appropriate nutrition, and upon receiving appropriate nutrition [Child] returned to an expected weight." He further explained that "inadequate nutrition can have devastating effects on someone so young" because "dehydration can lead to renal failure, and poor growth can affect development in all areas, physical and mental development."
Second Pediatrician testified that Child had gained around 6 ounces by the April 3 appointment, but medical records show that Child's weight increased from 3.65 kg to 4.03 kg in the two-day interval, for a total weight gain of 0.38 kg, which is 13.40 ounces.
¶15 On April 1, the State petitioned for legal custody and guardianship of Child, alleging, in relevant part, neglect by Parents "in that [Child] lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of the parents." See Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(a)(ii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022). The petition alleged, among other things, the following:
At the time, the relevant provision appeared in section 78A-6-105 of the Utah Code. The provision has since, without any substantial change, been moved to section 80-1-102. Compare Utah Code Ann. § 78A-6-105(36)(a)(ii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2018), with id. § 80-1-102(58)(a)(ii) (Supp. 2022). We cite the current version of the annotated code for convenience.
• Child "had lost 18% body weight since birth and was at significant risk for seizures and brain damage," but Parents
refused to follow medical advice and supplement Mother's breast milk with formula.
• Parents had provided First Pediatrician's office with an incorrect address, but with assistance from law enforcement, DCFS eventually located them and Child in a motel approximately 20 miles from their home.
• Paramedics examined Child and determined that he "was not in distress," but because the paramedics left prior to Caseworker's arrival at the motel, DCFS "was not able to get additional information regarding the failure to thrive medical concerns, particularly a weight measurement."
• Father refused to allow Caseworker to see Child, and he was "hostile" toward her, even going so far as instructing a police officer to stand between them "so that [he] did not harm" her.
• Father had several aliases and had "a history of parental kidnapping."
• At the emergency room, it was noted that Child had gained a little weight but also that he had a significant diaper rash.
Specifically, the petition alleged that he took his then two- and four-year-old children out of state during his weekend parent-time and disappeared for eight months. Father and the children were finally located in Pennsylvania where they were observed outside in the winter cold, without coats. The petition further alleged that Father first refused to give responding police officers his name and eventually gave an alias. Once his true identity was discovered, Father was arrested, and the children were returned to their mother in Utah.
¶16 The juvenile court held a shelter hearing on April 3, which at Parents' request was then continued until April 8. Following the continued hearing, the court "found that, based upon the medical records relating to [Child], removal was appropriate." Specifically, the court found that "[t]he medical records indicate that [Child] was underweight," that Child's "lab values continued to show that transaminases still remained mildly elevated, and that the bilirubin is also mildly elevated." The court was also "concerned about the medical evidence of malnutrition presented by the State."
¶17 A few weeks later, on April 30, Parents filed an Emergency Motion to Return Custody and Dismiss Petition, in which they argued, among other things, that it was common for infants born from mothers with gestational diabetes to lose more than 10% of their birth weight in their first week. They also emphasized the benefits of breast-feeding and asserted that Child had repeatedly been examined following removal and had been found to be healthy. They also submitted a letter from their latest pediatrician (Third Pediatrician), who had originally been scheduled to see Child on April 2. Although Third Pediatrician had not examined Child, he reviewed Child's medical records and concluded that "while the concerns of [First Pediatrician] were valid, he failed to convey this concern properly to the parents and their wishes were not taken into consideration" and that the April 1 lab results did not reveal "signs of nutritional deficiency or compromise."
¶18 Some three weeks later, Parents filed an Order to Show Cause and Motion for Order seeking sanctions against DCFS for violating their right to seek a second medical opinion prior to removal. At a subsequent hearing, the State explained that it never opposed a second medical opinion but that Parents had never properly requested one under the Utah Rules of Juvenile Procedure or the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure. Parents withdrew their motion for sanctions and Order to Show Cause and moved for Third Pediatrician to examine Child. At a subsequent hearing, Mother reported that Third Pediatrician had examined Child and concluded "there are no safety concerns in this case." And in September 2020, the juvenile court placed Child in a trial home placement with Parents.
¶19 Following a multi-day trial in January 2021, the juvenile court found the State had proved the allegations in its petition by clear and convincing evidence and adjudicated Child neglected on the ground that Child lacked "proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of" Parents. The court did not find that Parents abused Child. The court found First Pediatrician's and Second Pediatrician's testimonies to be persuasive and stated "that the cursory physical examination by paramedics could not have identified" the "very real and very serious" medical issues that were later identified at the hospital.
¶20 The court next determined that Child's removal from Parents' home following the shelter hearing "was appropriate and necessary and in [Child's] best interest." But the court also found that the circumstances giving rise to Child's removal, i.e., Child's failure to thrive, were "largely resolved" and that Child's trial home placement with Parents that had begun some six months earlier had "not revealed any child safety concerns." Accordingly, the court terminated its jurisdiction in the case and returned custody of Child to Parents.
¶21 Parents appeal. Obviously, they do not appeal the decision that Child be returned to them. But they challenge prior rulings of the court.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶22 Parents raise two issues on appeal. First, they argue that "the juvenile court erred as a matter of law by awarding custody of Child to the State at the shelter hearing without giving [them] a reasonable time to obtain a second medical opinion." But because this issue is moot, as explained in Part I.A. below, we lack judicial power to address it. See Transportation All. Bank v. International Confections Co., 2017 UT 55, ¶ 14, 423 P.3d 1171 ("The mootness doctrine is not a simple matter of judicial convenience or an ascetic act of discretion. It is a constitutional principle limiting our exercise of judicial power under article VIII of the Utah Constitution.") (quotation simplified); Utah Transit Auth. v. Local 382 of Amalgamated Transit Union, 2012 UT 75, ¶ 12, 289 P.3d 582 ("[B]ecause it is moot, we lack the power to address the underlying merits or issue what would amount to an advisory opinion.").
¶23 Second, Parents argue that the "court improperly adjudicated Child as neglected." Specifically, they assert that (a) the court "did not consider the full statutory definition of neglect," (b) the court's findings "did not support its ultimate decision that Child was neglected," and (c) "the neglect adjudication was against the clear weight of the evidence." "We apply differing standards of review to findings of fact, conclusions of law, and determinations of mixed questions of law and fact." In re E.R., 2021 UT 36, ¶ 14, 496 P.3d 58. "We afford the [juvenile court] no deference on questions of law, reviewing issues de novo, and the most deference on questions of fact, reviewing only for clear error." In re A.B., 2022 UT 39, ¶ 23, 523 P.3d 168. The level of deference afforded to mixed questions of law and fact, however, depends on whether they are more "law-like" or "fact-like," with the former being subject to de novo review while the latter are subject to deferential review. See In re E.R., 2021 UT 36, ¶ 18. A juvenile court's neglect adjudication falls within the former category because, "[o]nce the facts have been established, the juvenile court is limited to determining whether the statutory criteria for neglect have been met," which "is primarily a law-like endeavor." In re A.B., 2022 UT 39, ¶ 28. Accordingly, we review the court's ultimate adjudication of neglect for correctness.
ANALYSIS
I. Mootness
¶24 Before we proceed to address the merits of Parents' arguments, we must first address the contention of the guardian ad litem (the GAL) that this appeal is moot. See Ramos v. Cobblestone Centre, 2020 UT 55, ¶ 22, 472 P.3d 910 (stating that "mootness is a threshold determination" that appellate courts must make before reaching the merits of an appeal). "The defining feature of a moot controversy is the lack of capacity for the court to order a remedy that will have a meaningful impact on the practical positions of the parties." Utah Transit Auth. v. Local 382 of Amalgamated Transit Union, 2012 UT 75, ¶ 24, 289 P.3d 582. "When a case is moot in this sense, the parties' interest in its resolution is purely academic." Id. See Transportation All. Bank v. International Confections Co., 2017 UT 55, ¶ 15, 423 P.3d 1171 ("A case may be mooted on appeal if the relief requested is rendered impossible or of no legal effect.") (quotation simplified).
¶25 The GAL argues that both issues Parents raise on appeal are moot. We agree that Parents' argument related to Child's removal following the shelter hearing is moot and does not satisfy a mootness exception, and we therefore do not reach the merits of that argument. But because we conclude Parents' arguments related to the juvenile court's adjudication that Child was neglected satisfies the collateral consequences exception to mootness, we address the merits of those arguments in Part II.
A. Child's Removal
¶26 The GAL argues that Parents' challenge to Child's removal from their care following the shelter hearing is moot because "they now enjoy full custody of Child." Although Parents concede that "appellate review would not affect the rights of the parties because the shelter hearing ruling was an interim ruling that is no longer operative," thereby rendering the issue technically moot, they nonetheless assert that "the issue qualifies under the exception to the mootness doctrine."
¶27 Under the mootness exception, "we will decide a moot issue when a litigant can demonstrate that the issue will (1) affect the public interest, (2) be likely to recur, and (3) because of the brief time that any one litigant is affected, be likely to evade review." Widdison v. State, 2021 UT 12, ¶ 14, 489 P.3d 158 (quotation simplified). Even assuming, without deciding, that the first and third elements are met, Parents have not carried their burden of persuasion on the second element. Accordingly, this issue does not satisfy the mootness exception.
¶28 Under the second element, "[a] party must convince us that the issue will arise again." Id. ¶ 17. "Under settled case law, a mere physical or theoretical possibility of recurrence is insufficient" to satisfy this element. Id. (quotation simplified). Rather, "there must be a reasonable expectation or a demonstrated probability that the same controversy will recur." Utah Transit Auth., 2012 UT 75, ¶ 36 (quotation simplified).
¶29 Parents' argument on this element is limited to the assertion that at shelter hearings, "whenever the basis for removal is an allegation of medical neglect, the issue will again arise as to whether the juvenile court can remove the child without permitting the parents reasonable time to seek a second medical opinion." But Parents' argument is more intricate than the mere question of whether they were entitled to seek a second medical opinion prior to Child's removal from their care. Indeed, Utah law is clear that parents facing removal of their child for medical neglect are generally entitled to a reasonable time to obtain such an opinion. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-3-304(1) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022) ("In cases of alleged medical neglect where [DCFS] seeks protective custody, temporary custody, or custody of the child based on the report or testimony of a physician, a parent or guardian shall have a reasonable amount of time, as determined by the juvenile court, to obtain a second medical opinion from another physician of the parent's or guardian's choosing who has expertise in the applicable field."). See also id. § 80-3-304(3) ("If the second medical opinion results in a different diagnosis or treatment recommendation from that of the opinion of the physician [DCFS] used, the juvenile court shall give deference to the second medical opinion as long as that opinion is reasonable and informed and is consistent with treatment that is regularly prescribed by medical experts in the applicable field."). What Parents' argument on this issue boils down to, however, is whether, under the facts of this case, Child was facing "an imminent risk of death or a deteriorating condition of [his] health," see id. § 80-3-304(2), or "an immediate threat of death or serious and irreparable harm," see id. § 80-3-304(4), thereby depriving Parents of what would otherwise be their statutory right to seek a second medical opinion prior to Child's removal, see id. § 80-3-304(1)-(2).
The subsection, in its entirety, states,
Unless there is an imminent risk of death or a deteriorating condition of the child's health, the child shall remain in the custody of the parent or guardian while the parent or guardian obtains a second medical opinion.Utah Code Ann. § 80-3-304(2) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022).
The subsection, in its entirety, states,
Subsections (1) through (3) do not apply to emergency treatment or care when the child faces an immediate threat of death or serious and irreparable harm and when there is insufficient time to safely allow the parent or guardian to provide alternative necessary care and treatment of the parent's or guardian's choosing.Id. § 80-3-304(4).
¶30 Because Parents' argument on the "likely to recur" element of the mootness exception does not directly address the intricacies of the issue they raise on appeal, they have not carried their burden of persuasion on this element. See Allen v. Friel, 2008 UT 56, ¶ 9, 194 P.3d 903. Accordingly, this issue is not exempted from the mootness doctrine, and we lack judicial power to address it further.
B. Neglect Adjudication
¶31 The GAL next asserts that because the juvenile court terminated its jurisdiction and returned Child to Parents' custody, Child no longer has the status of "neglected" and Parents' challenge to the juvenile court's neglect adjudication is therefore moot. Parents and the State oppose this suggestion of mootness. Specifically, although the State agrees that "this appeal may be technically moot because the child has been returned to the Parents and court jurisdiction terminated," it concedes that the issue satisfies the collateral consequences exception to mootness. This argument is likewise adopted by Parents in their reply brief.
But unlike the State, Parents do not concede that the current appeal is technically moot. Rather, they argue that the appeal is not moot because the juvenile court's neglect adjudication affects their parental rights. They support their assertion by adopting the State's collateral consequences argument. That is, Parents do not assert that our resolution of this issue in their favor would have any current or practicable effect on their parental rights. Instead, they base their argument on a potential future event, asserting that their rights are affected because, as discussed in greater detail later in this opinion, "a neglect adjudication remains a statutory basis for terminating Parents' rights going forward." See In re J.M., 2020 UT App 52, ¶¶ 28-30, 463 P.3d 66 ("Once neglect has occurred, a juvenile court is entirely justified in making a finding that a parent 'has neglected' a child, even if that parent has improved herself since."). But we are unpersuaded that even if Parents' argument proves meritorious, any remedy we could order would "have a meaningful impact on the practical positions of the parties." Utah Transit Auth. v. Local 382 of Amalgamated Transit Union, 2012 UT 75, ¶ 24, 289 P.3d 582. See State v. Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 26, 417 P.3d 592 ("The question of mootness doesn't turn on which collateral legal consequences the defendant will suffer, but on whether the requested judicial relief can affect the rights of the litigants.") (quotation simplified).
¶32 "Generally, once mootness has been demonstrated, the party seeking to survive dismissal bears the burden of demonstrating that collateral legal consequences will flow from the challenged issue." In re J.S., 2017 UT App 5, ¶ 11, 391 P.3d 358 (quotation simplified). Our approach to applying the collateral consequences exception differs depending on whether the collateral consequences are presumed or not. "When collateral legal consequences are presumed, the case isn't moot unless it can be shown that no adverse collateral consequences will result." State v. Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 14, 417 P.3d 592 (quotation simplified). Conversely, "[w]hen collateral legal consequences aren't presumed, a case is moot unless the party opposing mootness can establish actual collateral legal consequences." Id. We conclude that Parents' argument satisfies the former of these two approaches.
¶33 While "we presume collateral legal consequences follow criminal convictions," id. ¶ 17, the presumption may arise in other contexts when the collateral consequences are "sufficient to mandate the same undeniable conclusion as criminal convictions, i.e., the existence of a collateral legal consequence is virtually inescapable," id. ¶ 18. See id. ("We will only presume collateral legal consequences when the challenged action carries extensive collateral consequences imposed by law."); id. ¶ 24 ("Presumed collateral legal consequences aren't inherently limited to the realm of criminal convictions."). This presumption "does not come lightly." Id. ¶ 18. Indeed, the presumption in the criminal conviction context exists only because "the law mandates numerous legal consequences follow a criminal conviction to such an extent that the existence of at least one collateral legal consequence for an individual defendant is effectively inevitable." Id. ¶ 17. Thus, in the non-conviction context, the presumption likewise requires a demonstration of "numerous consequences imposed by law that would command the conclusion that some collateral legal consequence is inevitable for every" similarly situated party. Id. ¶ 32. Such consequences must be "statutorily mandated and cannot be avoided by conforming with the law." Id. ¶ 31. See id. ¶¶ 29-30.
An example of a non-criminal context in which the collateral consequences presumption applies is that of civil commitments because "patients of mental hospitals face similar deprivations of liberty as criminals." State v. Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 29 n.4, 417 P.3d 592 (quotation simplified). See In re Giles, 657 P.2d 285, 286-87 (Utah 1982).
Our Supreme Court has "recognized several collateral legal consequences that may result from a criminal conviction, such as the use of the conviction to impeach the petitioner's character or as a factor in determining a sentence in a future trial, as well as the petitioner's inability to vote, engage in certain businesses, or serve on a jury." State v. Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 22, 417 P.3d 592 (quotation simplified).
¶34 Parents and the State both argue that the juvenile court's "finding of neglect remains significant and important notwithstanding the fact that the juvenile court has now terminated jurisdiction over this family." Specifically, they assert that "a finding of neglect does provide a statutory basis for termination of parental rights were Parents to again find themselves before the juvenile court." See Utah Code Ann. § 80-4-301(1)(b) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022) (listing "that the parent has neglected or abused the child" as a legal ground for which a parent's rights may be terminated); In re J.M., 2020 UT App 52, ¶¶ 28-30 & n.3, 463 P.3d 66 (stating that a prior adjudication of abuse or neglect, regardless of whether the "parent has improved herself since," satisfies the statutory ground for parental termination, leaving the juvenile court to decide only whether termination is in the best interest of the child). The State additionally asserts that the neglect adjudication "precludes Parents from challenging their substantiated finding of neglect on the DCFS Management Information System child abuse database," see Utah Code Ann. § 80-2-707(7)(a) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022) ("[A]n alleged perpetrator may not make a request . . . to challenge a supported finding if a court of competent jurisdiction entered a finding, in a proceeding in which the alleged perpetrator was a party, that the alleged perpetrator is substantially responsible for the abuse, neglect, or dependency that is the subject of the supported finding."), which will have "implications for any future investigations of child abuse/neglect regarding the Parents, as well as affect[] things such as the Parents' ability to serve as foster parents in the future." We agree and conclude that this satisfies the presumed collateral consequences approach.
¶35 In State v. Legg, 2018 UT 12, 417 P.3d 592, our Supreme Court held that revocation of probation did not warrant presumed collateral consequences (or amount to actual collateral consequences, for that matter). See id. ¶¶ 25, 32, 38. The appellant in that case argued that probation revocation could be used as a "prior history in future contact with the legal system," could be used "as an aggravating factor in the sentencing recommendation matrix," could be a basis for the State to refuse "plea offers or offers of probation," and would render him ineligible "for a reduction of the degree of his or her first offense under Utah Code section 76-3-402." Id. ¶ 28 (quotation simplified). The Court rejected these arguments, holding that the first three arguments simply amounted to the allegation that "certain non-statutory consequences may occur," and that "these types of discretionary decisions are not governed by the mere presence or absence of a recorded violation of probation." Id. ¶ 29 (quotation simplified). Additionally, the Court stated that "the first three potential collateral legal consequences are contingent upon [the appellant] again violating state law," and that he is "able-and indeed required by law-to prevent such a possibility from occurring." Id. ¶ 30 (quotation simplified). And concerning the fourth argument regarding "the potential of a 402 reduction," the Court stated that because it was discretionary, the reduction was "at most, highly speculative and nothing more than a mere possibility." Id. ¶ 31.
¶36 Our Supreme Court also distinguished its prior opinion in In re Giles, 657 P.2d 285 (Utah 1982), in which it "concluded that an appeal of a civil commitment was not moot because there were 'collateral consequences that may be imposed upon appellant that might arise were he to face future confrontations with the legal system,'" Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 29 n.4 (quoting In re Giles, 657 P.2d at 287) (quotation otherwise simplified). The Court stated that individuals subject to civil commitments "face similar deprivations of liberty as criminals" and that "unlike the use of previous commitment in future commitment hearings, a defendant is able to completely avoid the use of a probation revocation in a future sentencing decision by not committing a future violation of law." Id. (quotation simplified). Adjudications of neglect by a juvenile court are on much the same footing.
Our Supreme Court also noted that, at the time, "being labeled 'mentally incompetent' carried collateral legal consequences comparable to criminal convictions," such as restrictions on voting rights and the ability to serve on a jury, obtain a driver license, or obtain a firearm license. See Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 29 n.4.
¶37 As an initial matter, "[a] parent's right to raise his or her child is one of the most precious rights any person enjoys, and is among the fundamental rights clearly protected by our federal and state constitutions." In re B.T.B., 2018 UT App 157, ¶ 9, 436 P.3d 206, aff'd, 2020 UT 60, 472 P.3d 827. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-4-104(1) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022) ("Under both the United States Constitution and the constitution of this state, a parent possesses a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of the parent's child. For this reason, the termination of family ties by the state may only be done for compelling reasons."). Accordingly, although taking a different form than that in the criminal-conviction context, parents nonetheless face "deprivations of liberty" as a result of neglect adjudications, which include collateral consequences in possible "future confrontations with the legal system." See Legg, 2018 UT 12, ¶ 29 n.4 (quotation simplified).
¶38 Unlike the arguments made by the appellant in Legg, the consequences that Parents would be subject to as a result of the neglect adjudication are imposed by law and are not discretionary. Under Utah law, the prior adjudication of neglect is a sufficient ground for termination of parental rights. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-4-301(1)(b); In re J.M., 2020 UT App 52, ¶¶ 28-30. Although it would satisfy only one of the two elements required for termination of parental rights, see Utah Code Ann. § 80-4-301, that first element plays a critical role in the protection of parental rights, see In re B.T.B., 2018 UT App 157, ¶ 14 ("Termination of parental rights solely on the basis of the child's best interest and without any finding of parental unfitness, abandonment, or substantial neglect, violates the parent's constitutional liberty rights.") (quotation simplified). Additionally, a finding of neglect carries various consequences because the adjudication remains on the DCFS Management Information System child abuse database. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-2-707(7)(a). As the State explains, this will at the very least preclude Parents from acting as foster parents and will affect any possible future investigations conducted by DCFS.
Parental rights may be terminated only if the following two elements are met: (1) "a trial court must find that one or more of the statutory grounds for termination are present" and (2) "a trial court must find that termination of the parent's rights is in the best interests of the child." In re B.T.B., 2018 UT App 157, ¶ 13, 436 P.3d 206 (quotation simplified), aff'd, 2020 UT 60, 472 P.3d 827.
¶39 Finally, unlike in Legg where the appellant's arguments were contingent on the appellant again violating the law, see 2018 UT 12, ¶ 30, such is not the case here. Under the parental rights termination test, based on the prior adjudication of neglect, a parent's rights could conceivably be terminated without the parent subsequently satisfying a statutory ground for termination, so long as termination is in the child's best interest. See In re J.M., 2020 UT App 52, ¶¶ 28-30 & n.3.
¶40 For these reasons, we hold that Parents' challenge to the juvenile court's neglect adjudication satisfies the collateral consequences exception to the mootness doctrine. We accordingly proceed to address the merits of their argument, even though the issue is technically moot.
II. Merits of the Neglect Adjudication
¶41 In challenging the juvenile court's adjudication of Child as neglected, Parents argue that the court committed a threshold legal error when it "failed to conduct the requisite legal analysis into whether Parents' conduct involved a reasonable and informed health care decision." We agree with Parents in this regard.
¶42 The juvenile court adjudicated Child neglected on the ground that Child lacked "proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of" Parents. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(a)(ii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022). But the Utah Code specifically exempts from its definition of neglect "a health care decision made for a child by the child's parent or guardian, unless the state or other party to a proceeding shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that the health care decision is not reasonable and informed." Id. § 80-1-102(58)(b)(ii).
The Utah Code further exempts from its definition of neglect a parent's exercise of his or her right to seek a second medical opinion when DCFS seeks to remove the child from the parent's custody on allegations of medical neglect. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(b)(iii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022). See also id. § 80-3-304 (stating that, with certain limitations, parents have a right to seek a second medical opinion in cases of alleged medical neglect). Parents also argue that the juvenile court erred in failing to consider this provision as part of its adjudication ruling. Because we reverse on the ground that the court did not consider whether Parents' medical decisions were "reasonable and informed," we do not reach this question.
¶43 In determining whether a parent acted reasonably regarding a child's healthcare, "the pivotal question is what action by the parent was proper under the circumstances." In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, ¶ 15, 995 P.2d 1. This standard "is flexible and depends on the actual circumstances involved," id. ¶ 17, "includes a full range of conduct on the part of parents and guardians," and "does not require extraordinary caution or exceptional skill," id. ¶ 19 (quotation simplified). See id. ¶ 18 ("[P]erfection is not required[.]"). Rather, "similar to a reasonableness standard in torts," "reasonable care is what an ordinary, prudent parent uses in similar situations." Id. ¶ 19 (quotation simplified). Additionally, although this "standard may accommodate the cautious and the hesitant, . . . it cannot accommodate inaction in the face of an obvious cause for immediate concern." Id. ¶ 21. See id. ¶ 16 ("[W]aiting even an hour when a child is suffering from an obvious and serious injury is ordinarily not reasonable and could support a determination of medical neglect.").
In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, 995 P.2d 1, addressed the reasonable parent standard under the medical neglect statute then in effect, which required this court to determine whether a parent provided a child with "proper or necessary" medical care. See id. ¶ 8. The statute has since been rephrased and renumbered, without any substantive change that is relevant to the current appeal. Compare Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(a)(iii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022) (defining "neglect" as "failure or refusal of a parent, guardian, or custodian to provide proper or necessary subsistence or medical care, or any other care necessary for the child's health, safety, morals, or well-being"), with id. § 78-3a-103(1)(r)(i)(C) (Supp. 1999) (defining "neglected child" as "a minor . . . whose parent, guardian, or custodian fails or refuses to provide proper or necessary subsistence, education, or medical care, including surgery or psychiatric services when required, or any other care necessary for health, safety, morals, or well-being"). Although the juvenile court in the case before us did not adjudicate Child neglected under the medical neglect statute, it nevertheless was barred from finding neglect if the underlying conduct constituted a "reasonable and informed" healthcare decision. See id. § 80-1-102(58)(b)(ii) (Supp. 2022) ("'Neglect' does not include . . . a health care decision made for a child by the child's parent or guardian, unless the state or other party to a proceeding shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that the health care decision is not reasonable and informed[.]"). Additionally, we see no reason why the reasonable parent standard that is applied to a determination of whether a parent provided "proper or necessary" medical care under the medical neglect statute should differ from the standard applied in determining whether a parent made a "reasonable" healthcare decision under the statute at issue in this case.
¶44 In addition to being reasonable, the parent's health care decisions must be "informed." Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(b) (ii). "Informed" is defined as "having information" or "based on possession of information." Informed, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com /dictionary/infor med [https://perma.cc/S8NV-S8X7]. See Informed, Dictionary.com, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/informed [https://perma.cc/ TN64-KHLB] (defining "informed" as "having or [being] prepared with information or knowledge; apprised"). Thus, parents must take the time to apprise themselves of the necessary information to allow them to make a considered health care decision for their child. Indeed, in cases of alleged medical neglect, absent "an immediate threat of death or serious and irreparable harm" to the child, if a parent obtains a second medical opinion that "results in a different diagnosis or treatment recommendation from that of the opinion of the physician [that DCFS] used," that opinion is entitled to deference "as long as that opinion is reasonable and informed and is consistent with treatment that is regularly prescribed by medical experts in the applicable field." Utah Code Ann. § 80-3-304(3)-(4) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022).
¶45 Here, at the adjudication hearing, the State argued that Parents' actions "were not reasonable and informed under the circumstance" because they failed to appear for follow-up appointments to check Child's weight and conduct additional lab tests. Parents countered, asserting that they "have a strong conviction against formula" and that based on the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation, they believed that exclusively breast-feeding "is the healthiest way to provide for your child." Indeed, the materials First Pediatrician gave Parents following the March 26, 2020 appointment state, "Breast milk is the best food for your baby." Parents further asserted that they did follow medical advice by "treating the bilirubin levels with the light therapy," treating Child's diaper rash by administering prescribed medication, and treating Child's weight loss by increasing the frequency of feedings and by making an appointment to see Third Pediatrician on April 2. Parents pointed to the fact that increased feedings (albeit with formula) were what Second Pediatrician instructed Child's foster parents to do following his examination of Child. Accordingly, they asserted that although they "disagreed with" First Pediatrician concerning the use of formula, they "did not disregard" his medical recommendation to increase the frequency of Child's feedings.
¶46 In finding Child was neglected by Parents, the juvenile court did not discuss whether the State had proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that Parents' medical decisions for Child were not "reasonable and informed." Instead, the court found that the State had proven the following facts by clear and convincing evidence:
• By March 30, 2020, Child "had lost 18% body weight since birth and was at significant risk for seizures and brain damage."
• Paramedics who examined Child at the motel concluded that Child "was not in distress," but this "cursory physical examination . . . could not have identified" the "very real and very serious" medical issues that were later identified at the hospital.
• First Pediatrician "was very concerned about dehydration of" Child.
• Parents "were advised by [First Pediatrician] of the very serious medical danger to [Child] and advised [Parents] to supplement the baby's intake with formula."
• Parents "refused to follow the medical advice and bring the baby in for weight checks, lab draws, and treatment recommendations regarding [Mother's] breastmilk supply, or follow the other medical advice given to" them.
• When taken to the emergency room by DCFS, Child's "weight had increased from the last time he was seen by" First Pediatrician.
The court also made findings regarding the difficulty Caseworker experienced in locating Child, Father's aggressive and belligerent attitude toward Caseworker, Father's use of aliases and "history of parental interference," and Father's "very strong, passionate feelings about Government interference or involvement in the lives of private citizens."
The GAL makes much of Father's contentious behavior, his history of parental interference, and the difficulty Caseworker experienced in locating Parents and Child. There is no question that these behaviors were not constructive and were not helpful to Parents' cause. But these findings of fact do not go to the reasonableness of Parents' medical decisions and are therefore largely irrelevant to the determination of whether their medical decisions were reasonable and informed.
¶47 But despite the GAL's assertions to the contrary, these facts, without more, are insufficient to establish that Parents' medical decisions for Child were unreasonable, i.e., that Parents did not "exhibit appropriate concern for the infant's needs given the observable evidence," In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, ¶ 20 (quotation simplified), and whether their decisions were informed. Specifically, the court's findings do not go to the reasonableness of Parents' decision to increase feeding frequency without supplementing with formula in response to Child's more-than-expected weight loss, whether Parents' decision to forgo feeding Child formula under the circumstances was informed, or the reasonableness of Parents' decision to wait until April 2 to have Child re-examined following the March 26 appointment with First Pediatrician in lieu of the follow-up appointment scheduled for the following day.
¶48 More importantly, even if the juvenile court did make the relevant findings, it did not undertake the necessary analysis of whether Parents' medical decisions were reasonable, which is an ultimate determination that is left to the juvenile court-not an appellate court. Reasonableness determinations involve the application of law to facts, some of which, depending on the context, are entitled to deferential review and others of which are subject to de novo review. See Sawyer v. Department of Workforce Services, 2015 UT 33, ¶ 20, 345 P.3d 1253 ("[S]ome determinations of reasonableness should be reviewed de novo and others should not."). The reasonable parent standard is "similar to a reasonableness standard in torts," In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, ¶ 19, which "is determined by the fact-finder and subject only to deferential review," Sawyer, 2015 UT 33, ¶ 21. This is because "the particular facts and circumstances of the [parent's] conduct are likely to be so complex and varying that no rule adequately addressing the relevance of all these facts can be spelled out." In re adoption of Baby B., 2012 UT 35, ¶ 43, 308 P.3d 382 (quotation simplified). Additionally, a juvenile court's determination under the reasonable parent standard "would often be affected by [the court's] observation of a competing witness's appearance and demeanor on matters that cannot be adequately reflected in the record available to the appellate courts." Id. (quotation simplified). Accordingly, absent the court's analysis of whether Parents' medical decisions satisfied the reasonable parent standard, the juvenile court's adjudication of neglect in this case is unsustainable, and this court cannot undertake the analysis in the juvenile court's stead even if it had made the requisite factual findings.
¶49 The State argues that Parents' conduct was objectively unreasonable and the fact that Child did not suffer permanent harm is not determinative. We certainly agree with the latter portion of this argument, that is, "[a] parent should not benefit from the happenstance that her child's condition did not worsen" as a result of her unreasonable medical decision. In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, ¶ 14. But for a healthcare decision to be objectively unreasonable, as was the case in In re N.K.C., the court needed to find that Child's condition presented "an obvious cause for immediate concern." Id. ¶ 21 (emphasis added). Although the juvenile court did find that Child's examination at the hospital revealed "very real and very serious" medical issues, the court did not make a finding regarding whether they were issues that should have been obvious to Parents. To the contrary, the court acknowledged that the examination completed by responding paramedics earlier that night at the motel revealed that Child "was not in distress." See id. ¶ 20 (stating that a parent is not expected "to make a diagnosis, only to exhibit appropriate concern for the infant's needs given the observable evidence") (emphasis added) (quotation otherwise simplified). Thus, Parents' conduct at the time could not have been objectively unreasonable.
In In re N.K.C., 1999 UT App 345, 995 P.2d 1, the father "vigorously shook" his one-month-old child. Id. ¶ 2. The child's mother, who had been absent during the abuse, later "observed that the child was limp and lethargic" and that his "pupils were fixed." Id. Instead of seeking immediate medical attention, the mother put the child to bed. Id. Later that night, after the child's condition had not improved, the mother contacted the child's pediatrician, who directed her to immediately take the child to the emergency room. Id. ¶ 3. The mother arrived with the child at the emergency room almost five hours after she initially discovered the child's serious condition. Id. The juvenile court determined that the mother "neglected the child by failing to obtain timely medical care." Id. ¶ 6 (quotation simplified). We affirmed, stating that under the reasonable-parent standard, the mother's conduct, in light of the severe symptoms the child was exhibiting, was "well outside that which can reasonably be expected of a parent in that situation," and therefore "the mother's failure to summon immediate medical attention amounted to a failure to exercise the minimum degree of care expected of a reasonably prudent parent." Id. ¶ 21.
¶50 In sum, because the underlying conduct that should have been the focus of the juvenile court's neglect adjudication was Parents' medical decisions regarding Child, the court could not find neglect unless the State had met its burden of proving that those decisions were not "reasonable and informed." See Utah Code Ann. § 80-1-102(58)(b)(ii) (LexisNexis Supp. 2022). Because the court did not conduct the requisite analysis, its ruling contained legal errors, and we therefore reverse.
CONCLUSION
¶51 Because Parents' argument regarding Child's removal from their care following the shelter hearing is moot and not subject to a recognized exception to the mootness doctrine, we lack judicial power to address it. But we have power to address Parents' challenge to the juvenile court's neglect adjudication because that argument, while technically moot, satisfies the collateral consequences exception to mootness. And because the juvenile court did not make findings or conduct an analysis related to whether Parents' medical decisions for Child were "reasonable and informed," the court's ruling contained critical legal errors, and we therefore reverse the court's neglect adjudication.