Summary
recognizing that the rule that interest ceases to accrue on unsecured debt upon commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is a fundamental principle of English bankruptcy law, which is the basis of our system
Summary of this case from In re MullinsOpinion
Nos. 662, 663.
Submitted January 6, 1911. Decided January 23, 1911.
Under the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, a secured creditor selling his securities after the filing of the petition must apply the proceeds, other than interest and dividends accrued since the date of the petition, first to the liquidation of the debt with interest to the date of the petition; he cannot first apply such proceeds to interest accrued since the petition. A secured creditor of a bankrupt can apply interest and dividends accruing on the securities after the date of the petition to interest on the debt accruing after such date. The English rule and authorities discussed and approved. 180 F. 979, reversed.
Mr. Wallace Macfarlane and Mr. George H. Gilman for appellant:
The bankruptcy law forbids the allowance of interest on provable debts after the date of the filing of the petition. Sections 57, 57 h, 63; and see corresponding provision, § 19, law of 1867; Collier on Bankruptcy, 7th ed., 701.
Interest accruing after petition filed is obviously not a debt existing at the time of filing, and so by the express provisions of the act is excluded from proof. See official forms Nos. 31 and 32, for proof of debt.
As long as the secured creditor stays outside the Bankruptcy Act, or as the English court puts it, "sits on his security," and claims nothing under the bankruptcy law, he is entitled to the full proceeds of his securities, and to collect from them all the interest and principal of his debt, if he can. Section 67 d protects him in these rights. If the proceeds are sufficient to pay both the principal and interest of his claim, nothing in the act can be invoked to restrict such a payment.
When, however, such a secured creditor comes into the bankruptcy court asking for dividends on an unsatisfied balance, his claim ceases to be a secured claim at all, and is really an unsecured claim for the diminished amount. Coder v. Arts, 152 F. 943 (afterwards affirmed without considering this point in this court in 213 U.S. 223).
The bankruptcy law in fixing the date of the filing of the petition as the date at which interest shall cease, seeks to treat all creditors alike. For this purpose, some date must be selected as the common due date. The present law adopts the date of filing of the petition. See Ex parte Bennet, 2 Atk. 527.
In cases of insolvent banks a secured creditor cannot have interest upon his claim allowed from the assets subsequent to the date of suspension. Chemical Nat. Bank v. Armstrong, 59 F. 378, 379; Merrill v. Nat. Bank, 173 U.S. 131, 140, 141; White v. Knox, 111 U.S. 784, 787. Hiscock v. Varick Bank, 206 U.S. 28, does not apply.
A secured creditor cannot evade the provisions of the bankruptcy law forbidding the allowance of interest, accruing subsequent to petition filed, by applying the proceeds of his security first to the payment of interest. In re Bonacino, 1 Manson, 59.
The long established rule of the English courts of bankruptcy forbids the application by secured creditors of the proceeds of security to interest accruing after the date of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, if such creditors after the liquidation of the securities claim dividends on an unpaid balance. Ex parte Wardell, 1787; Ex parte Hercy, 1792, cited in Cooke's Bankruptcy Law, 4th ed., 1799, p. 181; see also 2 Montague Ayrton, Appendix A; Ex parte Badger, 4 Ves. 165, decided in 1798; Ex parte Ramsbottom, 2 Montague Ayrton, 80; see also In re Savin, Law Rep. VII, Chan. App. Cas. 760; Quartermaine's Case, [1892], 1 Ch. Div. 639; In re Bonacino, 1 Manson, 59; Ex parte Lubbock, 9 Jur. (N.S.) Pt. 1, 854.
The dividends or interest collected on the security subsequent to the date of the receiving order should not be applied against interest after that date notwithstanding the ruling in In re Penfold, 4 DeG. Sm. 282, and Ex parte Ramsbottom, 2 Mont. A. 80; see In re Quartermaine, 1 Ch. Div. 639.
Mr. Frederic R. Coudert, for appellees in No. 662.
The cases on which appellant relies are certain English adjudications which are inconsistent, illogical, unsound and hence non-persuasive. In re Talbott ( King v. Chick) cited in In re Savin, 7 Chan. App. 761.
The French law is similar to the law as laid down by the court below. See French Code Civil, § 1254; Code of Commerce, § 445, and see Credit Agricole C. Syndic Bourson, Cass. Civ. 12, July, 1876, Sirey, Lois et Arrets (1878), p. 68, and also Societe Generale C. Synd. Courtignon, Cass. Civ. 13 July, 1896, Sirey, Lois et Arrets (1896), p. 395.
There is no reason why the British rule should prevail over the clear cut, symmetrical rule, sanctioned by the French codes and the highest French tribunal.
Mr. Rufus W. Sprague, Jr., for appellee in No. 663:
The Bankruptcy Act expressly recognizes and preserves valid liens existing at the time of the filing of the petition. Hiscock v. Varick Bank, 206 U.S. 28. Nor does it deny to a partially secured creditor, the right under its agreement to apply the proceeds of the security first to interest accruing on the debt after the filing of the petition and up to and including the time of the sale of the collateral, then to the principal and to prove for any balance remaining. Section 63 of the act; Story v. Livingston, 13 Pet. 359, 371; Merchants' Bank v. Freeman, 15 Hun, 359.
See Coder v. Arts, 213 U.S. 223; In re Stevens, 173 F. 842; In re Haake, 11 Fed. Cases, 134; S.C., 2 Sawy. 231, to effect that if the security is sufficient to pay in full all interest accruing (subsequent to the filing of the petition in bankruptcy and up to the time of the sale of the collateral) as well as the principal of the debt, the creditor would be entitled to retain from the sale of the collateral an amount sufficient to pay all such interest as well as the entire principal and would be obligated to turn over to the trustee only such balance as might remain after such application of the proceeds from the sale of the security.
The right of a partially secured creditor to take his interest and prove for the balance due seems to have been taken for granted in In re Peacock, 178 F. 851; McHenry v. La Societe Francaise, 95 U.S. 58; In re Strachen, Fed. Case No. 13,519; In re Kallak, 147 F. 276; In re Scheidt Bros., 177 F. 299.
The Bankruptcy Act provides a remedy if a secured creditor unreasonably delays in the liquidation of the security held by him. Hiscock v. Varick Bank, 206 U.S. 28, 40; In re Mertens, 144 F. 818.
As to the power of the court under § 57 h fixing the value of the security, see In re Davison, 179 F. 750; and to prevent fraudulent exercise of a power of sale of pledged property by a secured creditor see In re Browne, 104 F. 762.
The delay in selling the security in this case was with the consent of the trustee, and the English rule has no application. Ex parte Ramsbottom, 2 Montague A. 79.
The English decisions have approved other exceptions to the rule relied upon by appellant, viz.: When the assignee disputes the security interest is allowed to the claimant. Ex parte Pollard, 1 Mont. D. D. 264. When there are two debts, the one provable, the other not, and the security was given to cover debts in general, the security may be applied in payment of the debts not provable. Ex parte Kensington, 2 M. A. 300, 304. The income of the security earned since the bankruptcy may be set off against interest on the debt accrued for the same period. Ex parte Penfold, 4 De Gex Smale, 282.
In both of these cases secured creditors selling their security some time after the filing of the petition in bankruptcy and finding the proceeds not enough to pay the whole amount of their claims, were allowed by the referee to apply the proceeds first to interest accrued since the filing of the petition, then to principal, and to prove for the balance. The referee certified the question whether the creditors had a right to the interest. The District Judge answered the question in the affirmative, giving the matter a very thorough and persuasive discussion, and declining to follow the English rule. In re Kessler, 171 F. 751. On appeal his decision was affirmed by a majority of the Circuit Court of Appeals. 180 F. 979.
The argument certainly is strong. A secured creditor could apply his security to interest first when the parties were solvent, Story v. Livingston, 13 Pet. 359, 371, and liens are not affected by the statute. Section 67 d. The law is not intended to take away any part of the security that a creditor may have, as it would seem at first sight to do if the course adopted below were not followed. Some further countenance to that course is thought to be found in § 57 h, which provides that the value of securities shall be determined by converting them into money `according to the terms of the agreement,' for it is urged that by construction the right to apply them to interest is as much part of the agreement as if it had been written in. Nevertheless it seems to us that on the whole the considerations on the other side are stronger and must prevail.
For more than a century and a half the theory of the English bankrupt system has been that everything stops at a certain date. Interest was not computed beyond the date of the commission. Ex parte Bennet, 2 Atk. 527. This rule was applied to mortgages as well as to unsecured debts; Ex parte Wardell, 1787; Ex parte Hercy, 1792, 1 Cooke, Bankrupt Laws, 4th ed., 181; (1st ed., Appendix), and notwithstanding occasional doubts it has been so applied with the prevailing assent of the English judges ever since. Ex parte Badger, 4 Ves. 165. Ex parte Ramsbottom, 2 Mont. Ayrt. 79. Ex parte Penfold, 4 De G. Sm. 282. Ex parte Lubbock, 9 Jur. N.S. 854. In re Savin, L.R. 7 Ch. 760, 764. Ex parte Bath, 22 Ch. Div. 450, 454. Quartermaine's Case, 1 Ch. 639. In re Bonacino, 1 Manson, 59. As appears from Cooke, sup., the rule was laid down not because of the words of the statute but as a fundamental principle. We take our bankruptcy system from England, and we naturally assume that the fundamental principles upon which it was administered were adopted by us when we copied the system, somewhat as the established construction of a law goes with the words where they are copied by another State. No one doubts that interest on unsecured debts stops. See § 63(1). Board of County Commissioners v. Hurley, 169 F. 92, 94.
The rule is not unreasonable when closely considered. It simply fixes the moment when the affairs of the bankrupt are supposed to be wound up. If, as in a well known illustration of Chief Justice Shaw's, Parks v. Boston, 15 Pick. 198, 208, the whole matter could be settled in a day by a pie-powder court, the secured creditor would be called upon to sell or have his security valued on the spot, would receive a dividend upon that footing, would suffer no injustice, and could not complain. If, under § 57 of the present act, the value of the security should be determined by agreement or arbitration the time for fixing it naturally would be the date of the petition. At that moment the creditors acquire a right in rem against the assets. Chemical National Bank v. Armstrong, 59 F. 372, 378, 379. Merrill v. National Bank of Jacksonville, 173 U.S. 131, 140. When there is delay in selling because of the hope of getting a higher price it is more for the advantage of the secured creditor than of any one else, as he takes the whole advance and the others only benefit by a percentage, which does not seem a good reason for allowing him to prove for interest by indirection. Whenever the creditor proves, his security may be cut short. That is the necessarily possible result of bankruptcy. The rule under discussion fixes the moment in all cases at the date which the petition is filed, but beyond the fact of being compelled to realize his security and look for a new investment there is no other invasion of the secured creditor's contract rights, and that invasion is the same in kind whatever moment may be fixed.
It is suggested that the right of a creditor having security for two claims, one provable and the other unprovable, to marshal his security against the unprovable claim, (see Hiscock v. Varick Bank, 206 U.S. 28, 37), is inconsistent with the rule applied in this case. But that right is not affected by fixing a time for winding up, and the bankruptcy law does not touch securities otherwise than in this unavoidable particular. The provision in § 57 h for converting securities into money according to the terms of the agreement has no appreciable bearing on the question. Apart from indicating, in accordance with § 67 d, that liens are not to be affected, it would seem rather to be intended to secure the right of the trustees and general creditors in cases where the security may be worth more than the debt. The view that we adopt is well presented in the late Judge Lowell's work on Bankruptcy, § 419; seems to have been entertained in Coder v. Arts, 152 F. 943, 950, (affirmed without touching this point, 213 U.S. 223), and is somewhat sustained by analogy in the case of insolvent banks. Merrill v. National Bank of Jacksonville, 173 U.S. 131, 140. White v. Knox, 111 U.S. 784, 787.
Interest and dividends accrued upon some of the securities after the date of the petition. The English cases allow these to be applied to the after accruing interest upon the debt. Ex parte Ramsbottom, 2 Mont. Ayrton, 79. Ex parte Penfold, 4 De G. Sm. 282. Quartermaine's Case, 1 Ch. 639. There is no more reason for allowing the bankrupt estate to profit by the delay beyond the day of settlement than there is for letting the creditors do so. Therefore to apply these subsequent dividends,c., to subsequent interest seems just.
Decrees reversed.