Summary
In Salim v LaGuire, 138 Mich App 334, 341; 361 NW2d 9 (1984), the Court of Appeals similarly observed, "(1) the former bar against contribution among nonjoint tortfeasors is abolished; (2) the right of contribution exists among nonintentional wrongdoers who share a common liability; and (3) common liability exists among individuals who are responsible for an accident which produces a single indivisible injury."
Summary of this case from Gerling Konzern v. LawsonOpinion
Docket No. 72904.
Decided October 15, 1984. Leave to appeal denied, 420 Mich. 853.
Collins, Stecco Wascha (by Donald A. Wascha, P.C.), for plaintiff.
Wilson, Portnoy Leader, P.C. (by Robert P. Roth), for defendants.
On June 22, 1983, a jury found that defendant Arlen J. LaGuire, Jr., while intoxicated and driving an automobile owned by his father, negligently hit plaintiffs' decedent. The jury determined that plaintiffs had suffered $45,000 in damages but reduced the verdict against defendants to $33,750 on account of the contributory negligence of plaintiffs' decedent. Plaintiffs had previously settled a claim against the vendor who sold liquor to the minor LaGuire in violation of the dramshop act, MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993. Following a post-trial hearing, the trial court granted defendants' motion to set off the $42,000 dramshop settlement against the verdict against defendants. The trial court entered an order awarding plaintiffs no amount for damages. Plaintiffs appeal as of right from that order.
This case presents a variation of an issue previously addressed by this Court. In the instant case, we must decide whether the amount plaintiffs received to settle their claim under the dramshop act was properly deducted from the damages awarded to plaintiffs for their claim against the defendants under the wrongful death act, MCL 600.2922; MSA 27A.2922. In Barton v Benedict, 39 Mich. App. 517; 197 N.W.2d 898 (1972), overruled on other grounds, Podbielski v Argyle Bowl, Inc, 392 Mich. 380, 386; 220 N.W.2d 397 (1974), I concurred in an opinion by Judge McGREGOR which held that a judgment against a dramshop defendant was properly mitigated and set off by the amount of plaintiffs' prior consent judgment against the intoxicated driver. I conclude that the reasoning underlying the Barton decision is just as applicable to the instant case, and, accordingly, hold that the trial court did not err in deducting the settlement amount from the verdict against defendants.
In Barton, supra, p 524, we reasoned that mitigation of damages was necessary to avoid redundancy of compensation. This principle was discussed by Justice WILLIAMS in Stitt v Mahaney, 403 Mich. 711; 272 N.W.2d 526 (1978), reh den 406 Mich. 1102 (1979); where plaintiff Stitt was injured in an automobile accident and was taken to a hospital where he was treated by various doctors. Stitt settled with the driver of the automobile and brought a malpractice action against the doctors. Although Justice WILLIAMS dissented on a separate issue, he agreed with the majority that the trial court erred by instructing the jury to deduct from any award of damages the amount plaintiff received in his settlement with the driver. Justice WILLIAMS distinguished the facts of the case at bar from Cooper v Christensen, 29 Mich. App. 181; 185 N.W.2d 97 (1970).
"In Cooper, the plaintiff was attacked by three youths at defendant's drive-in. Plaintiff recovered a sum of money from the boys who perpetrated the attack and then sued defendant. The court instructed the jury as follows:
"`And I also charge you that the plaintiff has received a sum, according to the testimony, of $1,037.94 from the three boys that committed the assault. And therefore, if you should find the defendant liable, you must deduct the sum of $1,037.94 from the amount of damages you find the plaintiff has proven.' Cooper, supra, p 183.
"In Cooper the tortfeasors were not joint but independent in that the defendant did not act in concert with the youths and owed plaintiff a different duty than did the youths. See Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed), § 46, p 291, fn 2. However, the injury for which the plaintiff sought recovery was the identical injury in nature, time and place, as the one for which plaintiff had already partially recovered from the youths. There were no means by which to distinguish a portion of what was due to the action or inaction of defendant and another portion of what was due to the actions of the youths. The Court of Appeals in Cooper was correct in not allowing plaintiff to recover doubly for the identical injury." 403 Mich. 735-736.
The recent decision by the Supreme Court in Tebo v Havlik, 418 Mich. 350; 343 N.W.2d 181 (1984), is inapplicable to the present case. In that case, the rationale for denying setoff of no-fault insurance benefits received against the damages recovered from a dramshop defendant was the "collateral source" rule. That rule provides that compensation received from an independent source other than a tortfeasor does not operate to lessen damages recoverable from a wrongdoer. In the instant case, the dramshop settlement was not recovered from a collateral source. This distinction between a collateral source and damages from another tortfeasor was discussed by Justice LEVIN in his dissenting opinion in Tebo, supra, pp 389-390.
In Barton, supra, we found no intent evinced in the dramshop act to depart from the general principle of full compensation without redundancy. In particular, we focused on the type of damages provided under the dramshop act. We concluded that, where the plaintiff sought to recover only actual damages, the Legislature did not intend to provide the plaintiff with double recovery.
At the time the Barton decision was rendered, the dramshop act provided for recovery of exemplary as well as actual damages. In 1972, the Legislature amended the act to limit recovery to actual damages. 1972 PA 196.
The majority opinion in Barton, supra, acknowledged the rule that a dramshop defendant cannot require contribution from the driver defendant. Virgilio v Hartfield, 4 Mich. App. 582; 145 N.W.2d 367 (1966). However, we distinguished the question of contribution from the question of mitigation by a prior settlement. Barton, supra, p 523. The third member of the panel was unpersuaded by this distinction. He reasoned that our "conclusion seeks to do by indirection that which cannot be done directly", Barton, supra, p 525. Although one later panel followed the Barton majority, Reno v Heineman, 56 Mich. App. 509; 224 N.W.2d 687 (1974), lv den 394 Mich. 751 (1975), the dissenting position was adopted by another panel in Putney v Gibson, 94 Mich. App. 466; 289 N.W.2d 837 (1979), rev'd on other grounds 414 Mich. 181; 324 N.W.2d 729 (1982), reh den 414 Mich. 1111 (1982). (The Supreme Court expressly declined to review the setoff issue when it reviewed this Court's decision in Putney.) The split in this Court was noted in Friend v Campbell, 102 Mich. App. 278, 282-283; 301 N.W.2d 503 (1980), lv den 412 Mich. 864 (1981), and Brown v Dep't of State Highways, 126 Mich. App. 392, 395-396; 337 N.W.2d 76 (1983).
The Barton dissent did not specifically take issue with our conclusion that the dramshop act should be construed as precluding double recovery. Rather, the dissent reasoned that the consequence of the majority's construction was to effect a right of contribution as between the dramshop defendant and the driver defendant. If such a right does exist, then, logically, the dissent's argument fails.
In Virgilio, supra, the Court reasoned that there was no right to contribution as between the dramshop defendant and the driver defendant because the right to contribution belonged to joint tortfeasors whose liability was premised on a common theory. A dramshop defendant and a driver defendant are not joint tortfeasors; the former's liability is statutory while the latter's liability is grounded in negligence.
In 1970, the Michigan Supreme Court overruled what was left of Michigan's common-law bar against contribution between or among "wrongdoers", excepting wilful or intentional wrongdoers. Moyses v Spartan Asphalt Paving Co, 383 Mich. 314; 174 N.W.2d 797 (1970). The Court returned the doctrine of contribution to the original equitable rules, one of which is the requirement that the wrongdoers owe a "common liability" to the plaintiff. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich. 401, 420; 231 N.W.2d 46 (1975). "Common liability" was discussed by the Court in Caldwell:
"If the jury believed that both original defendants and the third-party defendants were responsible for the injuries to the plaintiff, then a basis for allowing contribution would exist. All of the defendants would share a common liability to the plaintiff because the type of injuries suffered by the plaintiff are not apportionable amongst the various defendants on any rational basis. Where two or more individuals are responsible for an accident which produces a single indivisible injury, each individual wrongdoer may be held liable for the entire amount of the damages and thus each of the defendants shares a common liability with the others that are also responsible for the injury." Caldwell, supra, p 420, fn 5.
Putney, supra, did not refer to Moyses, supra, or Caldwell, supra. However, in Friend v Campbell, supra, this Court noted that the federal courts had reinterpreted Michigan law in light of Moyses, supra.
" Moyses was subsequently cited in Herrera v Voris, 365 F. Supp. 744, 745-747 (ED Mich, 1973), aff'd sub nom, Frank v Voris, 503 F.2d 1023 (CA 6, 1974), for the proposition that a driver defendant may seek contribution from the tavern which he claimed illegally sold the liquor to him. The Sixth Circuit specifically stated that Moyses superseded Virgilio v Hartfield, supra, on this issue. 503 F.2d 1023, 1024-1025." Friend, supra, p 282.
Notwithstanding the reasoning employed by the federal courts, the Court in Friend, supra, cited Putney, supra, in concluding that "Michigan law still provides that neither the intoxicated driver nor the dramshop defendants may seek contribution from the other for damages assessed in a dramshop case". Friend, supra, p 283.
The Court went on to reason that, even if the federal courts' interpretation were followed, the issue before it, whether the plaintiff was entitled to an instruction which would require the jury to apportion damages on the basis of comparative fault, would not be resolved differently. Friend, supra, p 283.
In 1974, the Michigan Legislature repealed the old statute concerning contribution between joint tortfeasors, MCL 600.2925; MSA 27A.2925, and enacted MCL 600.2925a; MSA 27A.2925(1), which provides in pertinent part:
"(1) Except as otherwise provided in this act, when 2 or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to a person or property or for the same wrongful death, there is a right of contribution among them even though judgment has not been recovered against all or any of them."
MCL 600.2925a; MSA 27A.2925(1) was made applicable only to torts committed on or after January 1, 1975. Putney, supra, involved an accident which occurred prior to 1975. The opinion in Friend, supra, does not indicate when the accident at issue occurred.
The new contribution statute supports the federal courts' interpretation of Moyses, supra. Reading Moyses, supra, and Caldwell, supra, in conjunction with the contribution statute, I deduce the following rules: (1) the former bar against contribution among nonjoint tortfeasors is abolished; (2) the right of contribution exists among nonintentional wrongdoers who share a common liability; and (3) common liability exists among individuals who are responsible for an accident which produces a single indivisible injury. Applying these rules to the instant case, the dramshop defendant and the driver defendant share a common liability to plaintiff and, thus, there is a right of contribution between them.
In conclusion, subsequent positions taken by the Supreme Court and the Michigan Legislature reinforce the position adopted by the majority in Barton, supra. In Stitt, supra, the Supreme Court approved our view that the plaintiff could not recover doubly for the single indivisible injury produced by the actions of the dramshop defendant and the driver defendant. Furthermore, in Moyses, supra, and MCL 600.2925a; MSA 27A.2925(1), the Supreme Court and the Legislature removed any obstacle arguably posed by the former rule precluding contribution between the dramshop defendant and the driver defendant. Accordingly, the circuit court correctly set off plaintiff's settlement with the vendor against the amount of damages awarded plaintiff against defendant LaGuire.
Affirmed.