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holding that a Rule 33 motion could not be considered a collateral attack for the purposes of § 2255 because "[a]n argument of actual innocence . . . does not implicate the Constitution."
Summary of this case from Tennison v. United StatesOpinion
No. 01-2006.
Submitted June 22, 2001.
Decided September 12, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, John Daniel Tinder, J.
George H. Ruth (Submitted a brief), Milan, MI, pro se.
Gerald A. Coraz (Submitted a brief), Office of the U.S. Attorney, Indianapolis, IN, for respondent-appellee.
Before MANION, DIANE P. WOOD, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.
George Ruth filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 collaterally attacking his 120-month prison sentence, imposed in 1994 for possession of phenylacetic acid with intent to manufacture methamphetamine. The district court determined that Ruth's prior motion for a new trial under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33 constituted a collateral attack within the scope of § 2255 ¶ 1, and thus that his current § 2255 motion was successive. Because Ruth lacked permission from this court to file a successive challenge, the district court dismissed Ruth's motion for lack of jurisdiction. Ruth appeals the dismissal of his § 2255 motion and disputes the district court's construction of his prior Rule 33 motion.
This case illustrates a point we made in United States v. Evans, 224 F.3d 670 (7th Cir. 2000): "A bona fide motion for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence falls outside § 2255 ¶ 1 because it does not contend that the conviction or sentence violates the Constitution or any statute." Id. at 673-74. As we explain below, Ruth's prior motion for a new trial was a bona fide Rule 33 motion. The district court's conclusion that his current § 2255 motion constitutes an improper second collateral attack was therefore incorrect. Accordingly, we vacate the district court order and remand the case for further proceedings.
Following a 1995 conviction for possession of phenylacetic acid (PAA) with intent to manufacture methamphetamine, Ruth was sentenced to 120 months' imprisonment and three years' supervised release. We affirmed his conviction and sentence on direct appeal. United States v. Ruth, 65 F.3d 599 (7th Cir. 1995). In April 1998 Ruth filed a Rule 33 motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. At trial the government had theorized that Ruth had utilized numerous aliases, including an allegedly phony company called Countryside Fragrances, to arrange his purchases of PAA. Ruth contended that newly discovered evidence, which he received following a Freedom of Information Act request, supported his argument that Countryside Fragrances was a legitimate company that existed independently of him. This new evidence, he argued, bolstered his claim of innocence and required a new trial. The government opposed Ruth's motion, claiming that the evidence of his guilt was overwhelming. In denying Ruth's motion, the district court held that the evidence Ruth offered was merely cumulative and would not likely lead to an acquittal if presented at a new trial.
Earlier this year, Ruth filed a § 2255 motion raising an argument under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), and asking the district court to correct his sentence because the amount of PAA for which he was held responsible was not included in the indictment. The district court acknowledged Ruth's earlier Rule 33 motion and, citing Evans, concluded that it "must" be treated as a § 2255 motion. The district court then determined that it lacked jurisdiction to hear Ruth's § 2255 motion because he had not obtained this court's permission to file a second or successive collateral attack and dismissed the motion. See Nunez v. United States, 96 F.3d 990 (7th Cir. 1996).
Ruth then filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) asking the district court to reconsider its judgment because, according to Ruth, the court erred in construing his prior Rule 33 motion as a collateral attack under § 2255 ¶ 1. The district court denied Ruth's motion to reconsider because it believed Ruth's Rule 33 motion fit the description of § 2255 ¶ 1. See, e.g., Evans, 224 F.3d at 672 (holding that "any post-judgment motion in a criminal proceeding that fits the description of § 2255 ¶ 1 is a motion under § 2255"). Ruth renews his arguments in this court.
A Rule 33 motion must be considered a collateral attack for purposes of § 2255 ¶ 8, the provision governing successive habeas corpus filings, when the substance of the motion falls within the scope of § 2255 ¶ 1. Evans, 224 F.3d at 672-73; see also Romandine v. United States, 206 F.3d 731, 734-35 (7th Cir. 2000). In Evans, a prisoner who lost his direct appeal and his first § 2255 motion filed a Rule 33 motion seeking a new trial on the basis of what he considered to be "newly discovered evidence." Evans's motion, however, revealed a different underlying argument. His purported "new evidence" was that the prosecution had failed to disclose evidence in violation of his due process rights under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Evans also argued that he was entitled to a new trial because the prosecution violated federal law by using witnesses who anticipated lenient treatment in exchange for their testimony. Labels to one side, these were the kinds of arguments contemplated by § 2255 ¶ 1: the Brady argument raised a constitutional attack on the conviction, and the witness argument rested on statutory grounds. We held that his motion, properly construed, was a collateral attack and instructed the district court to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under Nunez.
In analyzing Evans's motion and our prior law concerning successive filings, we noted that "[a] bona fide motion for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence falls outside § 2255 ¶ 1 because it does not contend that the conviction or sentence violates the Constitution or any statute." Evans, 224 F.3d at 673-74. An argument of actual innocence, based on newly discovered evidence, does not implicate the Constitution, Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 400-01, 113 S.Ct. 853, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993), and so a Rule 33 motion that actually argues innocence, rather than offers "new evidence of a constitutional violation or other ground of collateral attack," is not a § 2255 filing.
The latter kind of motion is what we have here. Ruth asserted in his Rule 33 motion that his new evidence of Countryside Fragrances's legitimate and independent existence supported his claim of innocence. He did not argue that the government violated Brady by failing to disclose this information, nor did he assert that the existence of this information rendered his sentence excessive or called into question the jurisdiction of the court. If he had raised those arguments — all listed in § 2255 ¶ 1 as grounds for a collateral attack — the district court's resolution would have been correct. Instead, Ruth's bona fide Rule 33 motion is not properly characterized as one under § 2255. His latest filing is therefore his first collateral attack under § 2255, and the district court should have addressed it on its merits. Accordingly, we Vacate the district court judgment and Remand the case with instructions to do so.