Summary
superseding cause doctrine does not apply if the superseding causes that defendant alleges are exactly the types of foreseeable consequences that he should be prepared to guard against
Summary of this case from NON TYPICAL INC. v. TRANSGLOBAL LOGISTICS GROUP INCOpinion
September 8, 1966. —
October 4, 1966.
APPEAL from judgments of the county court of Buffalo county: GARY B. SCHLOSSTEIN, Judge. Affirmed.
For the defendant-appellant there was a brief by Donald J. Harman and Johns, Pappas Flaherty of La Crosse, and oral argument by Mr. Harman.
For the plaintiff-respondent there was a brief by Roger L. Hartman of Alma, and Fugina, Kostner, Ward, Kostner Galstad of Arcadia, and oral argument by Mr. Hartman.
For the defendants-respondents there was a brief by Wilcox Wilcox of Eau Claire, and oral argument by John F. Wilcox.
The plaintiff, Ruff, brought an action for damages, claiming that two of his cows were electrocuted on July 12, 1963, as the result of the negligence of the defendants, Burger Construction Company (hereinafter referred to as Burger) and Reynolds Brothers (hereinafter referred to as Reynolds), another construction company.
It appears that sometime prior to May of 1962 the plaintiff granted an easement on his land to permit the Buffalo county soils and water conservation district to construct a dam for soil and wildlife conservation purposes. The district contracted with Burger for the construction work. Burger performed work during the 1962 season, and then subcontracted a portion of its work to Reynolds. Both Burger and Reynolds performed work on the dam during the 1963 construction season prior to the date the cows died.
A house trailer type of structure was placed on the land to be used by the United States government inspector. Burger, in accordance with his obligation under the contract, provided electricity for the shack at the request of Pauly, the inspector. The Buffalo Electric Cooperative (hereinafter referred to as Buffalo Electric) placed a transformer and meter on a power pole near the shack and also placed on the pole a plug-in receptacle, so that an ordinary electric plug could be inserted. Thereafter, an employee of Burger installed a cable from this pole outlet to the shack. The cable drooped from the outlet down to the ground and ran across the ground directly across the path for vehicular traffic to the shack, where the wires were taped to terminals. The cable was described as being flexible, easily bent into loops, and covered with a metal covering. Mr. Pauly, the government inspector, described it as a "spiral" cable.
In 1962, while Burger alone was operating on the premises, trucks, caterpillars, automobiles, and other vehicles were driven over the cable. Soon after the installation of the cable, a caterpillar tractor was driven over the cable, and shortly thereafter a Burger employee asked the plaintiff, Ruff, for friction tape to repair the cable. The plaintiff testified that at this time the cable "was plainly visible, it was wrinkled up as though it had gone through a crimper." Shortly thereafter an electric company lineman noticed that the insulation was "busted."
During the 1963 season both Burger and Reynolds moved heavy vehicles over the cable, but there is no evidence that there was additional damage to the cable in 1963.
On July 12, 1963, it had been raining and the fields were wet and muddy. The plaintiff's nine-year-old son was bringing the cattle to the barn for milking when a few of the cows left their usual cow path and started down the vehicular path to the construction site. The plaintiff's son said that he suddenly saw that two of the cattle were down and lying motionless on the cable. He stated that their tongues were out "about a foot," that their legs were limp, and that they were "kind of puffed up." The rest of the cattle, those who had not reached the cable, stood motionless. The boy called his father, who came running and jumped on the cable to disconnect it from the plug. As soon as the cable was disconnected, the other cows crossed the cable. The plaintiff found the downed cattle in the condition described by his son: On their sides, tongues out, and eyeballs rolled back so that the whites showed. He slapped the cows, but they did not revive. Approximately ten minutes later, he secured a butcher knife from the house and cut the cows' throats in an attempt to salvage the carcasses. Mr. Pauly, the government inspector, testified that there was "little" blood. The plaintiff testified that the cattle were down on the cable at the points where it had been repaired with friction tape — it was the same "old cable," and it was kinked. Mr. Pauly stated that upon observing the cable the next day it was dented, it looked like it had "rough usage," and he could see the wire that was below the insulation.
During trial, defendants' motions for nonsuit and directed verdict were denied. The verdict found the defendant Burger negligent in the manner in which the electric power was supplied to the shack and in the manner in which it (Burger) had traveled over the cable. The jury found that the negligence of Burger caused the death of the two cattle. The plaintiff and Reynolds were found not negligent. The motion of the defendant Burger to change the jury's answer to the special verdict was denied. The defendant Burger has appealed from the judgments.
On review this court only asks whether there is any credible evidence that under any reasonable view supports the verdict. When the verdict has received the trial court's approval, as in this case, this court on review will look with particular favor upon the verdict if it is supported by any credible evidence. Schwalbach v. Antigo Electric Gas, Inc. (1965), 27 Wis.2d 651, 654, 135 N.W.2d 263; Cheetham v. Piggly Wiggly Madison Co. (1964), 24 Wis.2d 286, 290, 128 N.W.2d 400. Hence, the appellant takes on an onerous burden in seeking a reversal.
Was there credible evidence that the cows died of electrocution?
The appellant first seeks a reversal on the threshold question that, irrespective of negligence, there was no proof that the cows died by electrocution. The defendant attempted in testimony to raise inferentially the possibility that the death of the cattle might have been the result of disease or trauma unrelated to any conduct of Burger or that the cows did not die until their throats were slashed by the plaintiff. These inferences are speculative, and, even though reasonable, the jury can accept another inference based on credible evidence, and that inference will be supported by the reviewing court. Hanz Trucking, Inc., v. Harris Brothers Co. (1965), 29 Wis.2d 254, 138 N.W.2d 238; Dickman v. Schaeffer (1960), 10 Wis.2d 610, 616, 103 N.W.2d 922.
The circumstances of the cows' death, their propinquity to the cable, the battered condition of the cable, the wet earth and grass, the appearance of the cattle while lying on the cable, the undisputed fact that the cable was energized with electric power at the time of the incident, and the evidence that there was little blood after their throats were cut are all evidence that would support the inference that the cows died of electrocution.
This case is not unlike Musil v. Barron Electrical Co-operative (1961), 13 Wis.2d 342, 108 N.W.2d 652, where the only testimony as to the cause of death of a woman was that she was lying dead in the backyard of her house with a wire in both hands and that the attending physician "assumed" her death was due to electrocution. This court there stated, "There was nothing to warrant a contrary assumption." This statement was made in spite of testimony by an experienced electrician who came to the rescue of the woman that, "I could not tell whether or not the wire that was in Mrs. Musil's hand was hot or not at that time." Similarly, there being nothing to warrant a contrary assumption in this case, the conclusion that death was caused by electrocution is supported by the evidence presented. The case at hand is to be distinguished from Bergeler v. Waukesha Gas Electric Co. (1917), 165 Wis. 68, 160 N.W. 1076, which was an action for the value of a horse alleged to have been electrocuted. There the court found the proof of death by electrocution to be insufficient because (1) the cable was in perfect condition, (2) there were other possible sources of electricity, and (3) there was no proof that the horse was in contact with the cable. All of these factors are reversed in this case.
Was there credible evidence to support the jury's verdict that Burger was negligent?
The rules set forth above also control this question. It was Burger's employees who ran the cable from the pole to the shack. This cable, apparently lightly armored at best, was placed directly on the track where heavy vehicles would almost surely damage it, and the evidence is clear that heavy equipment was run across the cable and the cable was "crimped" and wrinkled up to the extent that a Burger employee thought it necessary to repair the cable with friction tape. Despite the knowledge that the cable had been damaged and the complaints of the plaintiff, nothing was done to change the type of electrical cable or to reposition it out of the path of vehicular travel. It is apparent from the evidence that Burger connected and placed a lightly covered cable across the road and then ran heavy vehicles across the cable that inevitably caused damage to it. The verdict of the jury that Burger was negligent as to the manner of supplying power to the shack and in the manner in which it traveled over the cable is supported by credible evidence. It is equally apparent that the type of cable negligently furnished and the damage done to it by the negligent abuse of it by Burger's trucks traveling over it lead to the conclusion that this negligence was the cause of the death of the cattle. It is a reasonable inference based upon the evidence that the negligence of Burger resulted in the rupture of the cable and the consequent escape of electrical energy, thus causing the death of the two cows.
Was there evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that Reynolds was not negligent?
The Reynolds company had no part in the supplying of the electric current, and, hence, cannot be negligent in that respect. During 1963, the second year of construction, Reynolds moved equipment down the road and across the cable in the same way that Burger did. However, there is no evidence that Reynolds had any notice the nature of the cable or that he had been warned by Burger (who, under the contract, was responsible for safety at the site) of the condition of the cable or of its likelihood of rupturing or disintegrating if driven over by heavy vehicles. Reynolds testified that he knew that the cable was there, but he had never been given any information in regard to the cable by Burger, nor had he ever received any complaints from the plaintiff, Ruff. Reynolds had no knowledge of the nature of the cable, nor is there any evidence of any facts known to Reynolds that would impel a reasonable man to make any inquiries in regard to the cable or to adopt any special precautions concerning it. ". . . the individual will not be held to knowledge of risks which are not known or apparent to him." Prosser, Law of Torts (hornbook series, 3d ed.), p. 162, sec. 32. He may, of course, be engaged in an activity that obliges him to find out what risks exist even if they are not apparent to him. The record, however, is devoid of any evidence that places that responsibility on Reynolds.
See Presser v. Siesel Construction Co. (1963), 19 Wis.2d 54, 59, 119 N.W.2d 405, re obligation pursuant to agreement of a general contractor for duty of care and safety over and above common-law negligence.
The testimony indicated that the dead cows were lying on the places in the cable where damage was done by Burger in 1962, before Reynolds came on the job. Hence, though a jury were to find negligence upon Reynolds, a cause problem would still remain, since the apparent damage preceded any negligence by Reynolds. However, there is credible evidence to support the jury's conclusion that Reynolds was not negligent.
Was there evidence to support the jury's verdict that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent?
The plaintiff had no control over the operations at the site of the dam. Although he had the right to pasture his cattle in the same field where the cable was laid, he testified that he had never traveled over the cable. He did testify that after seeing the damaged condition of the cable he complained to Burger about it. His responsibility in regard to the gate through which the cows strayed was limited to closing the gate when he used it. On the day in question, some of the young cows inexplicably wandered through the open gate and the electrocution resulted. There is nothing in the evidence to show that plaintiff or his son was negligent. The cows were brought home by the usual route in the usual manner, and nothing out of the ordinary occurred until the cows wandered through the open gate. There is credible evidence from which the jury could conclude that the plaintiff was free of negligence.
Did the conduct of the Buffalo Electric Cooperative and the federal inspector constitute intervening causes?
The appellant also contends that the negligence of Buffalo Electric and the government inspector were intervening causes. The negligence of Buffalo Electric he attributes to the fact that the company reenergized the line after its lineman knew of the difficulty with the cable, and he asserts that the government inspector was negligent in leaving the gate open. The appellant's first obstacle is the jury's specific finding that no person other than Burger was negligent. No negligence has been found in regard to Mr. Pauly, the inspector, or Buffalo Electric. The inspector's responsibility was to leave the gate as he found it. There is no evidence that Pauly opened the gate. The testimony is to the contrary. The record is devoid of any evidence which would sustain a finding of negligence on his part.
While the jury might have concluded that there was negligence on the part of Buffalo Electric, the testimony does not compel such a conclusion. There has not been a showing that the cable was so evidently a hazard that the Buffalo Electric lineman should not have reenergized it and, as a matter of law, was therefore negligent in doing so. The lineman did not conclude that the outage that occurred in 1962 was caused by the cable. He testified that he did not ascertain the cause, and that it could have been lightning. The jury, on the basis of the evidence, could find that there was no negligence chargeable to Buffalo Electric.
Since the jury has found no negligence upon either the inspector or Buffalo Electric, the question of intervening cause is moot. Nevertheless, the negligence that appellant urges here would not appear to constitute an intervening cause in the sense that would insulate him from liability. The intervening causes that appellant alleges are exactly the types of foreseeable consequences that he should be prepared to guard against as the consequence of his own negligence. It is nonsense to say that the energizing of the cable was an intervening cause that will protect the defendant from liability, when the cable was constructed by the defendant for the purpose of being energized. If there was negligence in the manner in which Burger supplied power to the shack, this was the very hazard to be anticipated. Nor can Burger be exonerated because Pauly left the gate open. It was expected that Pauly would leave the gate open if he found it that way. This, too, was a foreseeable risk, and Burger should not be relieved of his liability as the result of the consequences that he should have anticipated. Prosser, Law of Torts (hornbook series, 3d ed.), pp. 310, 311, sec. 51, states the rule:
"If the intervening cause is one which in ordinary human experience is reasonably to be anticipated, or one which the defendant has reason to anticipate under the particular circumstances, he may be negligent. . . because he has failed to guard against it. . . ." (p. 311.)
"The question is . . . . whether the intervention of the later cause is a significant part of the risk involved in the defendant's conduct, or is so reasonably connected with it that the responsibility should not be terminated." (p. 310.)
The appellant does not make out a case for negligence as a matter of law against either Buffalo Electric or Pauly, and has not satisfied this court that their conduct is, in fact, an intervening cause (since it is not a superseding cause, Merlino v. Mutual Service Casualty Ins. Co. (1964), 23 Wis.2d 571, 579, 127 N.W.2d 741), since such conduct would be a foreseeable result Burger's negligence. In Merlino v. Mutual Service Casualty Ins. Co., supra, page 579, we quoted with approval from Restatement, 2 Torts, p. 1184:
"If the effects of the actor's negligent conduct actively and continuously operate to bring about harm to another, the fact that the active and substantially simultaneous operation of the effects of a third person's innocent, tortious or criminal act is also a substantial factor in bringing about the harm does not protect the actor from liability."
See also Strahlendorf v. Walgreen Co. (1962), 16 Wis.2d 421, 430, 114 N.W.2d 823, and Schneider Fuel Supply Co. v. Thomas H. Bentley Son (1965), 26 Wis.2d 549, 554, 133 N.W.2d 254.
We conclude that there is credible evidence to support the verdict of the jury.
By the Court. — Judgments affirmed.