Opinion
Submitted Nov. 15, 2007, at Detroit. Reamon Fotieo Szczytko & House (by Themis J. Fotieo, Grand Rapids) and Evans, Portenga & Slater (by John A. Braden) for the plaintiff.
Lacey & Jones, Birmingham (by Gerald M. Marcinkoski) for the defendants.
Before: SAAD, P.J., and JANSEN and BECKERING, JJ.
BECKERING, J.
This matter is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for consideration as on leave granted. Defendants appeal a decision of the Workers' Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) affirming the magistrate's decision to award plaintiff benefits. We affirm.
Otis Fahl, a representative of defendant Burt Moeke Hardwoods, Inc. (Hardwoods), recruited plaintiff Pablo Gutierrez Romero, a Mexican citizen, to train as a millwright in the United States. Fahl informed plaintiff that following the training, Hardwoods would employ plaintiff in a sawmill the company intended to open in Mexico. After recruiting plaintiff, Hardwoods assisted him in obtaining a work visa and he began training as a millwright in the United States. During training, a forklift crushed plaintiff's right leg, necessitating surgery and several months of hospital recuperation. As a result of the injury, plaintiff was unable to complete millwright training. Hardwoods continued to employ plaintiff and obtained limited extensions of his visa, but the visa eventually expired. Plaintiff subsequently returned to Mexico and obtained employment working on electronics. But, because of pain and swelling associated with his leg injury, plaintiff was unable to keep working. Plaintiff cannot stand for more than an hour, squat, or climb a ladder without severe pain. He walks with a significant limp and falls down on occasion.
After plaintiff successfully petitioned for workers' compensation benefits, defendants appealed to the WCAC. The WCAC affirmed the award. Defendants then sought leave to appeal in this Court. We denied defendants' application for leave to appeal. Romero v. Burt Moeke Hardwoods Inc, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 13, 2006 (Docket No. 264909). On application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, the matter was remanded to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. Romero v. Burt Moeke Hardwoods, Inc., 475 Mich. 883, 715 N.W.2d 822 (2006).
When this Court reviews a decision of the WCAC, it does not begin by considering the magistrate's decision, but looks first to the decision of the WCAC. Mudel v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.,Id. 462 Mich. 691, 709, 614 N.W.2d 607 (2000). The WCAC is charged with ensuring that the findings of fact in a workers' compensation case are supported by the requisite evidence. at 730, 614 N.W.2d 607. It must determine whether the magistrate's decision is supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence by reviewing the entire record and performing a qualitative and quantitative analysis of all the evidence presented. Id. at 699, 614 N.W.2d 607; MCL 418.861a(4), (13). The WCAC is authorized by MCL 418.861a(14) to " make independent findings of fact, regarding issues that have been addressed or overlooked by the magistrate, as long as the record is sufficient for administrative review and does not prevent the WCAC from reasonably exercising its reviewing function without resort to speculation." Mudel, supra at 730, 614 N.W.2d 607.
If any evidence supports the WCAC's factual findings and if the WCAC did not misapprehend its administrative appellate role in reviewing the magistrate's decision, then this Court must treat the WCAC's factual findings as conclusive. Id. at 709-710, 614 N.W.2d 607. As our Supreme Court expressed in Holden v. Ford Motor Co., 439 Mich. 257, 269, 484 N.W.2d 227 (1992):
If it appears on judicial appellate review that the WCAC carefully examined the record, was duly cognizant of the deference to be given to the decision of the magistrate, did not " misapprehend or grossly misapply" the substantial evidence standard, and gave an adequate reason grounded in the record for reversing the magistrate, the judicial tendency should be to deny leave to appeal or, if it is granted, to affirm, in recognition that the Legislature provided for administrative appellate review by the seven-member WCAC of decisions of thirty magistrates, and bestowed on the WCAC final fact-finding responsibility subject to constitutionally limited judicial review.
This Court reviews de novo of questions of law involved with any final order of the WCAC. MCL 418.861a(14); DiBenedetto v. West Shore Hosp., 461 Mich. 394, 401, 605 N.W.2d 300 (2000). The WCAC's decision may be reversed if it operated within the wrong legal framework or based its decision on erroneous legal reasoning. Id. at 401-402, 605 N.W.2d 300.
I
Defendants first argue that the WCAC misapplied Sington v. Chrysler Corp., 467 Mich. 144, 648 N.W.2d 624 (2002), by engaging in a " reasonable employment" analysis under MCL 418.301(5) without first making a proper determination regarding disability under MCL 418.301(4). According to defendants, in finding that plaintiff suffered a " disability" as defined in MCL 418.301(4), the WCAC failed to consider " the universe of jobs" suitable to plaintiff's qualifications and training as required by Sington, supra. We disagree.
A claimant in a workers' compensation matter must establish a work-related disability and entitlement to benefits by a preponderance of the evidence. MCL 418.851; Aquilina v. Gen. Motors Corp., 403 Mich. 206, 211, 267 N.W.2d 923 (1978). MCL 418.301(4) defines " disability" as " a limitation of an employee's wage earning capacity in work suitable to his or her qualifications and training resulting from a personal injury or work related disease." In Sington, supraId. at 155, 648 N.W.2d 624, our Supreme Court found that the plain language of this provision " indicates that a person suffers a disability if an injury covered under the WDCA [Worker's Disability Compensation Act] results in a reduction of that person's maximum reasonable wage earning ability in work suitable to that person's qualifications and training." Thus, if because of a work-related injury an employee can no longer perform one specific job that pays the maximum salary in light of the employee's qualifications and training, but the employee can perform an equally well-paying job that is suitable to his or her qualifications and training, the employee is not disabled.
The Sington Court instructed that in determining whether an employee is disabled under MCL 418.301(4), the magistrate and the WCAC " should consider whether the [work-related] injury has actually resulted in a loss of wage earning capacity in work suitable to the employee's training and qualifications in the ordinary job market." Id. at 158, 648 N.W.2d 624. In making this determination, the magistrate and the WCAC may inquire into " the particular work that an employee is both trained and qualified to perform, whether there continues to be a substantial job market for such work, and the wages typically earned for such employment in comparison to the employee's wage at the time of the work-related injury." Id. at 157, 648 N.W.2d 624. The Court further noted that " the focus of the inquiry is not on every single job suitable to an employee's qualifications and training-only those that produce the maximum income." Id. at 160, 648 N.W.2d 624. An employee is disabled if he or she " is no longer able to perform any of the jobs that pay the maximum wages, given the employee's training and qualifications...." Id. at 157, 648 N.W.2d 624.
Our Supreme Court recently held that in order to establish a prima facie case of disability under Sington, supra, the employee must show more than an inability to perform a previous job. Stokes v. Chrysler LLC, 481 Mich. 266, 281, 750 N.W.2d 129 (2008). Rather, the employee must prove a work-related injury and that the injury caused a reduction of his or her maximum wage-earning capacity in work suitable to his or her qualifications and training. Id. The Stokes Court held that to establish the latter element, the employee must complete four steps: (1) the employee must fully disclose his or her qualifications and training; (2) the employee must consider other jobs that pay his or her maximum preinjury wage to which the employee's qualifications and training translate; (3) the employee must show that his or her work-related injury prevents him or her from performing some or all of the jobs identified as within his or her qualifications and training that pay his or her maximum wages; and (4) if the employee is capable of performing some or all of the jobs identified, the employee must show that he or she cannot obtain any of those jobs. Id. at 281-283, 750 N.W.2d 129.
In this case, we cannot conclude that the magistrate and the WCAC erred in determining plaintiff disabled under MCL 418.301(4). The magistrate and the WCAC properly applied Sington, supra, in reaching this conclusion and their factual findings were supported by the record. Plaintiff presented evidence that he was trained and qualified to work on electronics and that he was training to be a millwright at the time of his injury. During millwright training, plaintiff earned the highest wage he had ever earned. But, because of his injury, plaintiff was unable to complete the training. It is undisputed that plaintiff is now unable to work as a millwright. After plaintiff's injury, Hardwoods continued to give him " odd jobs." Hardwoods paid plaintiff the same hourly wage that he earned during millwright training, but he worked fewer hours. Upon returning to Mexico, plaintiff obtained employment working on electronics, earning substantially less than he made during millwright training. Because of complications from his injury, however, plaintiff was unable to keep the job.
Considering the evidence presented by plaintiff that he earned his highest wage during millwright training and that he is only trained and qualified to perform lesser-paying work, the magistrate and the WCAC properly determined that plaintiff's injury reduced his " maximum reasonable wage earning ability" in work suitable to his qualifications and training. Sington, supra at 155, 648 N.W.2d 624. Contrary to defendants' argument on appeal, the magistrate and the WCAC need not consider the " universe of jobs" suitable to plaintiff's qualifications and training, only those that produce the maximum income. Id.Sington at 160, 648 N.W.2d 624. To the extent that the WCAC erred in stating that " a full review is not appropriate in this case," any error in this regard was harmless because the evidence presented established that plaintiff is disabled under MCL 418.301(4).
II
Defendants next argue that the magistrate and the WCAC erred in awarding plaintiff wage-loss benefits because plaintiff has not demonstrated that his wage loss is attributable to his work-related injury. Defendants attribute plaintiff's wage loss to the expiration of the visa allowing him to work in the United States, not to his injury. We disagree.
Aliens in the United States who work in the service of another under any contract of hire are employees under the WDCA and are eligible for benefits. MCL 418.161(1)( l ); Sanchez v. Eagle Alloy, Inc., 254 Mich.App. 651, 661-663, 658 N.W.2d 510 (2003). In order to be entitled to wage-loss benefits under the WDCA, an employee must establish a work-related disability under MCL 418.301(4) and demonstrate that the disability resulted in a wage loss. Sington, supra at 160 n. 11, 648 N.W.2d 624; Haske v. Transport Leasing, Inc., 455 Mich. 628, 642-643, 566 N.W.2d 896 (1997), overruled in part in Sington, supra at 146, 648 N.W.2d 624. In Haske, supra at 654, 566 N.W.2d 896, our Supreme Court stated that even if an employee establishes a disability, he or she must further prove wage loss because, pursuant to the second sentence of MCL 418.301(4), " [t]he establishment of disability does not create a presumption of wage loss." Additionally, the employee's unemployment or reduced wages must be causally linked to the work-related disability. Id. at 658, 566 N.W.2d 896. See also Sweatt v. Dep't of Corrections, 468 Mich. 172, 186, 661 N.W.2d 201 (2003) (opinion by MARKMAN, J.) (stating that " there must be a linkage between the disabling work-related injury and the reduction in pay" ).
The portion of Haske requiring proof of wage loss and a causal connection between the disability and the wage loss was not overruled by Sington. In addressing the import of the second sentence of MCL 418.301(4), that " [t]he establishment of disability does not create a presumption of wage loss," the Sington Court stated, in part: [T]he second sentence [of MCL 418.301(4) ] reflects an understanding that there may be circumstances in which an employee, despite suffering a work-related injury that reduces wage earning capacity, does not suffer wage loss. For example, an employee might suffer a serious work-related injury on the last day before the employee was scheduled to retire with a firm intention to never work again. In such a circumstance, the employee would have suffered a disability, i.e., a reduction in wage earning capacity, but no wage loss because, even if the injury had not occurred, the employee would not have earned any further wages. [ Sington, supra at 160-161, 648 N.W.2d 624.]
Defendants characterize plaintiff as the functional equivalent of a retiree, asserting that plaintiff " can ‘ never work again’ until he obtains another visa that would allow him to work again in this country. Like the retiree in Sington's example, plaintiff has no wages to replace in the United States." But, this case is factually distinguishable from the illustration in Sington. In that illustration, the employee was injured just before retirement. Id. at 160, 648 N.W.2d 624. He had no intention of ever working again, and even in the absence of the injury he would not have earned further wages. Id. at 160-161, 648 N.W.2d 624. In this case, plaintiff was 21 years old when he was injured and was training for a future job as a millwright. Hardwoods was training plaintiff with the intent to employ him as a millwright in Mexico. But, because of his injury, plaintiff is now unable to work as a millwright in the United States or Mexico. While defendants are correct that plaintiff cannot legally work in the United States without a valid visa, plaintiff could have earned wages as a millwright in Mexico had the injury not occurred. Therefore, contrary to defendants' assertion, there is a causal connection between plaintiff's work-related injury and wage loss.
The additional cases relied on by defendants, Reinforced Earth Co. v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Bd. (Astudillo), 570 Pa. 464, 810 A.2d 99 (2002), and Cenvill Dev. Corp. v. Candelo, 478 So.2d 1168 (Fla.App. 1985), are also distinguishable from this case. In those cases, the claimants were never legal aliens and their wage loss was attributable to their illegal-alien status. Reinforced Earth, supra at 467, 479, 810 A.2d 99; Cenvill Dev., supra at 1169-1170. In this case, plaintiff obtained a valid nonimmigrant work visa and then began training as a millwright in the United States. Hardwoods intended to open a sawmill in Mexico and employ plaintiff at that sawmill. After plaintiff's injury, Hardwoods continued to give him " odd jobs" and obtained limited extensions of his visa. But, the visa eventually expired and plaintiff returned to Mexico. As we previously explained, plaintiff could have worked as a millwright in Mexico had the injury not occurred. Therefore, plaintiff's wage loss is attributable to his work-related injury, not the expiration of his visa.
Defendants also argue that requiring them to pay wage-loss benefits to plaintiff, to whom they cannot offer reasonable employment because he can no longer work in the United States, constitutes a denial of equal protection. While defendants are correct that an employer has the right to mitigate with an offer of reasonable employment under MCL 418.301(5), an employer's mitigation rights are not absolute. The employer's rights must be balanced with the employee's right to refuse employment for good and reasonable cause. MCL 418.301(5); Pulver v. Dundee Cement Co., 445 Mich. 68, 80-81, 515 N.W.2d 728 (1994); Sell v. Mitchell Corp. of Owosso, 241 Mich.App. 235, 251-252, 615 N.W.2d 748 (2000). Whether the employer has made a bona fide offer of reasonable employment and whether the employee reasonably refused are questions of fact decided case by case. Pulver, supra at 80-81, 515 N.W.2d 728; Jones-Jennings v. Hutzel Hosp. (On Remand), 223 Mich.App. 94, 103, 565 N.W.2d 680 (1997). MCL 418.301(9) defines " reasonable employment" as " work that is within the employee's capacity to perform that poses no clear and proximate threat to that employee's health and safety, and that is within a reasonable distance from that employee's residence." Further, there are many factors to consider in determining the reasonableness of an employee's refusal, including whether the employee has moved and the reasons for the move. Pulver, supra at 81, 515 N.W.2d 728. A bad-faith attempt to avoid reasonable employment by moving never constitutes good and reasonable cause. Id. at 81 n. 12, 515 N.W.2d 728; Jones-Jennings, supra at 111, 565 N.W.2d 680.
Defendants contend that they have been deprived of their mitigation rights under MCL 418.301(5) because plaintiff cannot legally work in the United States. But, the cases on which defendants relied, Del Taco v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Bd., 79 Cal.App.4th 1437, 94 Cal.Rptr.2d 825 (2000), Tarango v. State Industrial Ins. Sys., 117 Nev. 444, 25 P.3d 175 (2001), and Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Nat'l Labor Relations Bd., 535 U.S. 137, 122 S.Ct. 1275, 152 L.Ed.2d 271 (2002), address equal-protection arguments in the context of illegal aliens, not aliens legally working in the United States at the time of their injuries. In this case, Hardwoods employed plaintiff knowing that his visa was temporary. Plaintiff had a valid visa at the time of his injury and only returned to Mexico after attempts to renew his visa failed. It is undisputed that he can no longer legally live or work in the United States. Clearly, plaintiff has not attempted to avoid an offer of reasonable employment in bad faith. Furthermore, there is no evidence that Hardwoods has offered plaintiff employment that he is able to perform within a reasonable distance from his home in Mexico. Therefore, defendants' equal-protection argument must fail.
III
Next, defendants argue that because the magistrate failed to make a factual finding regarding the reason for plaintiff's return to Mexico, the WCAC erred in making its own finding. We disagree.
After plaintiff's injury, Fahl's daughter accused plaintiff of sexual misconduct. The police investigated the incident and issued a warrant for plaintiff's arrest. Defendants alleged that plaintiff fled to Mexico to avoid arrest, but plaintiff testified that he was unaware of the warrant and returned to Mexico because his visa had expired. On appeal to the WCAC, defendants argued that the magistrate erred in failing to determine the reason for plaintiff's return to Mexico. The WCAC noted that the magistrate presiding over plaintiff's case was no longer on the bench at the time of its review of that decision. After reviewing the record, the WCAC determined that plaintiff returned to Mexico not to avoid arrest, but because his visa had expired.
Contrary to defendants' assertion that the WCAC conducted improper review de novo in determining the reason for plaintiff's return to Mexico, MCL 418.861a(14) specifically contemplates that the WCAC will make findings of fact. " As long as the WCAC is presented with a record that allows it to intelligently make its own factual findings, the Legislature has declared that the WCAC is free to do so." Mudel, supra at 711, 614 N.W.2d 607. Here, the WCAC found sufficient evidence on the record to make a finding and determined that plaintiff left the United States because his visa had expired. Because there is record evidence to support the WCAC's finding, we will not overturn it on appeal. Id. at 701, 709-710, 614 N.W.2d 607.
IV
Finally, defendants challenge the award of specific-loss benefits to plaintiff, asserting that the WCAC failed to review the magistrate's award of benefits under recent caselaw that clarifies the specific loss provisions. We find no error.
Pursuant to MCL 418.361(2)(k), an employee may collect benefits for 215 weeks for the specific loss of a leg. Cain v. Waste Mgt., Inc. (After Remand), 472 Mich. 236, 241, 697 N.W.2d 130 (2005). The employee is entitled to compensation for a specific loss regardless of the effect on the employee's earning capacity. Id. at 245, 697 N.W.2d 130. In Cain, supra, our Supreme Court found that the term " loss" as used in MCL 418.361(2) " includes not only amputation but also loss of usefulness." Cain, supra at 257, 697 N.W.2d 130. The Court stated that in Pipe v. Leese Tool & Die Co., 410 Mich. 510, 527, 302 N.W.2d 526 (1981), it described this loss of usefulness as " ‘ loss of the industrial use....’ " Cain, supra at 256, 697 N.W.2d 130. But, " [t]he phrase ‘ loss of industrial use’ does not appear anywhere in the specific loss provisions, and seems to have been intended as judicial shorthand to describe the condition of the injured member from the standpoint of its use in employment." Id. The CainId. Court reiterated, however, that specific loss may be determined " without reference to the plaintiff's earning capacity or ability to return to work." at 257, 697 N.W.2d 130.
Here, the magistrate found that plaintiff suffered a loss of the industrial use of his leg and the WCAC affirmed this finding without explanation. The magistrate stated, in part:
... Plaintiff sustained the loss of the industrial use of his right leg as a result of the injuries he sustained at [Hardwoods]. That finding is based upon Dr. [Michael J.] Forness' opinion that Plaintiff cannot perform significant physical activity with the right leg as a result of the injuries he sustained at [Hardwoods]. The photographs admitted into evidence at trial significantly demonstrate the deformities in the right leg. Dr. Forness testified that Plaintiff almost lost the leg because of the injury and he would be limited to sedentary activities with the leg and would not be able to use the leg in an industrial capacity. Therefore, Plaintiff is entitled to specific loss benefits because of the loss of industrial use of the right lower extremity.
Defendants argue that in affirming the magistrate's award of specific-loss benefits, the WCAC failed to apply the specific-loss standard articulated in Cain, supra. We disagree. Although the magistrate used the phrase " loss of industrial use" in awarding plaintiff benefits, there is no indication that the magistrate or the WCAC misunderstood or misapplied the specific-loss standard. As the Cain Court indicated, the reference to industrial use in Pipe, supra, " seems to have been intended as judicial shorthand" for describing the specific-loss requirement. Cain, supra at 256, 697 N.W.2d 130. Cain suggests that the phrase " loss of industrial use," although potentially misleading, can be equated with amputation or loss of usefulness. Id. at 256-257, 697 N.W.2d 130. Moreover, the magistrate's findings of fact, which the WCAC reviewed, were supported by competent evidence in the record pertaining to loss of usefulness and must be affirmed. Mudel, supra at 701, 709-710, 614 N.W.2d 607.
Affirmed.