Summary
recognizing an action in negligence for an employer's failure to properly supervise an employee who was serving as a host at a party where intoxicated beverages were furnished
Summary of this case from Millross v. Plum Hollow Golf ClubOpinion
Docket No. 54245.
Decided June 22, 1982. Leave to appeal applied for.
Leonard Lemberg and Gromek, Bendure Thomas (by James G. Gross), for plaintiff.
Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt, Watters, Stanczyk Pedersen (by Raymond W. Morganti), for defendant Ernst Whinney.
Before: N.J. KAUFMAN, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and CYNAR, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals from an order of summary judgment in favor of defendant Ernst Whinney (hereinafter defendant) based on plaintiff's failure to state a cause of action, GCR 1963, 117.2 (1).
Plaintiff's wrongful death action arose out of an automobile accident that occurred at approximately 2:30 a.m. on the morning of April 6, 1978. On April 5, 1978, defendant held a party for one of its corporate clients to further the business relationship with that client. Defendant authorized a number of its employees and representatives, including John Neil Van Otterloo, to host the event. In the course of discharging this responsibility, Van Otterloo was present at the party from 6:00 p.m. until 2:15 a.m., during which time he drank alcoholic beverages. While he was driving home, Van Otterloo crossed the center median of the highway and collided with two vehicles, fatally injuring the driver of one of the vehicles, plaintiff's husband, Thomas Romeo. A subsequent blood test revealed that Van Otterloo had a blood alcohol content of .17%.
Plaintiff's claim against defendant is based upon two theories. First, plaintiff contends that defendant is liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the conduct of its employee, Van Otterloo. Second, plaintiff alleges that defendant was itself negligent by failing to supervise its employees and guests at the function and in failing to provide an alternate means of transportation for Van Otterloo.
In an opinion filed September 9, 1980, the trial court ruled that plaintiff's negligence claim was barred by the exclusive nature of the dramshop act, MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993. Moreover, the trial court stated that the theory of respondeat superior was inapplicable since Van Otterloo had left the party prior to the accident and was, therefore, not acting within the scope and course of his employment.
A motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2 (1) tests the legal basis of the complaint, so it is to be evaluated on the pleadings alone. The factual allegations of the complaint are taken as true, along with any inferences or conclusions which may be fairly drawn. Weckler v Berrien County Road Comm, 55 Mich. App. 7, 9; 222 N.W.2d 9 (1974). Unless the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery, the motion should be denied. Crowther v Ross Chemical Manufacturing Co, 42 Mich. App. 426, 431; 202 N.W.2d 577 (1972).
The essence of the doctrine of respondeat superior is that the acts of an employee committed during the course of his employment are legally the acts of the employer. Gifford v Evans, 35 Mich. App. 559, 568; 192 N.W.2d 525 (1971). In the present case, there is no dispute over the fact that John Neil Van Otterloo was an employee of defendant at the time of the accident or over whether that fact was sufficiently alleged in plaintiff's complaint. Rather, defendant argues, and the trial court ruled, that since Van Otterloo was on his way home from the party he was, as a matter of law, not acting within the scope of his employment. We disagree and reverse.
In Ten Brink v Mokma, 13 Mich. App. 85, 87; 163 N.W.2d 687 (1968), this Court cited with approval the following test from Blashfield for determining whether an employee in transit is within the scope of his employment:
5 Blashfield's Cyclopedia of Automobile Law Practice (perm ed), § 3034, pp 374, 375.
"`If the work of the employer creates the necessity for travel, he is in the course of his employment, though he is serving at the same time some purpose of his own. If, however, the work is merely incidental to the travel, and the trip would not have been made but for the private purpose of the servant, he is out of the scope of his employment in making it.'"
Stated in another way, if the employee's trip involves a service of benefit to the employer, the employer is liable for the torts of the servant while going to or coming from work. Kester v Mattis, Inc, 44 Mich. App. 22, 24; 204 N.W.2d 741 (1972).
We believe the allegations of plaintiff's complaint stated sufficient facts to satisfy this test. The complaint alleged that the function, although a party, was held for the furtherance of defendant's business, and that Van Otterloo acted on defendant's behalf as a host of the affair. The party was conducted outside of normal business hours and at a separate location from defendant's normal place of business. The natural inference to be drawn from these facts is that defendant created the necessity for Van Otterloo's travel and derived a benefit from his trip. Thus, it cannot be said that plaintiff's claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.
Under like circumstances in Rowe v Colwell, 67 Mich. App. 543; 241 N.W.2d 284 (1976), this Court held allegations in the plaintiff's pleadings to be sufficient to withstand a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2 (1), although the Court sustained a grant of summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2 (3). There, a bank employee attended an open house party and dinner held by one of the bank's clients, consuming alcoholic beverages at each engagement. The employee later consumed more alcohol at the home of a bank vice president and, while proceeding homeward, struck the plaintiff with his automobile. This Court held that it could be concluded from the allegations in the complaint that the employee acted at the various functions in furtherance of the past and future business relationships of the bank. This Court upheld summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2 (3) based on the fact that the employee's later visit to the vice president's home was purely social and unrelated to his job assignment. Nonetheless, the Court stated:
"Our conclusion does not go so far as to hold that in off-hours social engagements an employee as a matter of law is not within the scope of his employment. We can conceptualize instances where a jury question would be presented, as for example, a social occasion where some business was transacted. We hold only that on the file presented in this case defendant Colwell was not so acting." (Emphasis in original.) 67 Mich. App. 555.
See, also, Long v Curtis Publishing Co, 295 Mich. 494; 295 N.W. 239 (1940). In view of facts alleged in plaintiff's complaint we can only conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment with regard to plaintiff's respondeat superior claim.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred in summarily disposing of her allegations of negligence against defendant. The essence of plaintiff's negligence claim is that defendant failed to properly supervise Van Otterloo at the party and failed to provide alternate transportation home for its employees attending the function.
Initially, we reject the trial court's conclusion that plaintiff's action is foreclosed by the exclusive nature of the dramshop act, MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993. The dramshop act provides the exclusive remedy for recovery for injuries arising out of the unlawful sale, giving away, or furnishing of intoxicating liquor by licensed retailers of beer, wine, or spirits for consumption on the premises and other specially designated merchants. Manuel v Weitzman, 386 Mich. 157; 191 N.W.2d 474 (1971). However, because defendant is not a liquor retailer, liability here may not be premised on the provisions of the act. Guitar v Bieniek, 402 Mich. 152, 166-167; 262 N.W.2d 9 (1978). Nonetheless, in the instant case, plaintiff is attempting to state a common-law cause of action distinct from that under the dramshop act; plaintiff does not seek to hold defendant liable for the unlawful furnishing of liquor to Van Otterloo, but rather for defendant's failure, under the circumstances, to properly supervise its employee and provide him with other means of transportation. We conclude, therefore, that such a cause of action is not precluded by the dramshop act.
A second and separate question is presented here, namely, whether this jurisdiction will recognize such a cause of action for negligence. The question translates into whether we recognize the existence of a duty to act in such a situation. As stated in Cook v Bennett, 94 Mich. App. 93, 97-98; 288 N.W.2d 609 (1979):
"The threshold element in a negligence case is that there must exist a duty, or obligation, recognized by law, requiring the actor to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of others against unreasonable risks. Holloway v Martin Oil Service, Inc, 79 Mich. App. 475; 262 N.W.2d 858 (1977). Unless defendant owes a duty to plaintiff, negligence analysis can proceed no further, Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich. 425; 254 N.W.2d 759 (1977)."
As a general rule, an actor is not liable to an innocent bystander to take affirmative action to use care to control the conduct of a third person when he has the physical ability to do so but no other legal responsibility for that conduct. 2 Harper James, The Law of Torts, § 18.7, p 1054. Exceptions to the general rule exist nonetheless.
"There are, however, situations in which `a previous course of action, not in itself creating risks to others, may have brought the actor into certain socially recognized relations with others which are of such a character as to require affirmative acts to protect them from risks which the person thus required to act had no part in creating'. Where such a duty exists, it is only an obligation to use reasonable care, not an absolute one to control the other person's conduct at all events. A duty to control the conduct of others may be brought into play by a relationship between the actor and the person who causes the injury, or between the actor and the victim of the injury." Harper James, supra, pp 1054-1055. (Footnotes omitted.)
An example of the occurrence of such a duty is an employer's duty to supervise the activity of his servant or agent. An instructive case involving such a duty is International Distributing Corp v American Dist Telegraph Co, 186 US App DC 305; 569 F.2d 136 (1977). There, the court reversed a summary judgment dismissing the plaintiff's claim of negligent supervision. The defendant provided the plaintiff with a burglar alarm service, the conduct of which gave the defendant's employees access to the plaintiff's liquor store. Two of the employees repeatedly stole large quantities of liquor from the premises. In concluding that a cause of action for negligent supervision was sufficiently presented, the court stated:
Restatement Agency, 2d, § 213, p 458, 461 provides:
"§ 213. Principal Negligent or Reckless
"A person conducting an activity through servants or other agents is subject to liability for harm resulting from his conduct if he is negligent or reckless:
* * *
"(c) in the supervision of the activity; or
* * *
"Comment: * * *
"g. Inadequate regulations. A master is negligent if he fails to use care to provide such regulations as are reasonably necessary to prevent undue risk of harm to third persons or to other servants from the conduct of those working under him. * * * One who engages in an enterprise is under a duty to anticipate and to guard against the human traits of his employees which unless regulated are likely to harm others."
See, also, Seavy, Law of Agency, § 82B, p 138; Restatement Torts, 2d, § 317.
"On the record established to date in this case, a jury could reasonably conclude that ADT did not exercise reasonable care to supervise its employees. The thieves were able to bypass the alarm system and enter the protected premises at will, conducting a burglary of one of ADT's customers nearly every other day and looting IDC's store ten to fifteen times. A jury might conclude from these facts that the occasional spot checks conducted by ADT were inadequate in view of the ease with which employees could conduct major thefts. Consequently, the summary judgment on the tort counts must be reversed and the case remanded for trial." 186 US App DC 308-309; 569 F.2d 139-140.
The instant situation is an analogous one. In International Distributing Corp, supra, the defendant's conduct in hiring the particular employees and giving them access to the customer's premises, done in furtherance of the defendant's business, created the risk of harm to the plaintiff. Here, in order to further its business, defendant required Van Otterloo to play the role of party host in circumstances where the possibility of alcohol consumption could be presumed. In doing so, defendant created the risk that Van Otterloo would become intoxicated and endanger others, including those in his path as he traveled home. These circumstances, as alleged in plaintiff's complaint, were sufficient to state a cause of action for negligent supervision by defendant of Van Otterloo. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2 (1).
In so ruling, we do not intend to prejudge defendant's liability in this regard. In order for negligence to exist there must be an unreasonable, foreseeable risk of harm. Samson v Saginaw Professional Building, Inc, 393 Mich. 393, 404; 224 N.W.2d 843 (1975), McLaughlin v Great Lakes Contracting Co of Detroit, 82 Mich. App. 729, 732; 267 N.W.2d 489 (1978). As the underlying facts of this case are developed, it may well appear that this particular risk was not foreseeable.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
J.H. GILLIS, J., concurred.
I concur in the result reached by the majority, but I disagree with the proposition that the instant case is analogous to International Distributing Corp v American Dist Telegraph Co, 186 US App DC 305; 569 F.2d 136 (1977). By drawing this analogy, the majority implies that the mere fact that Van Otterloo was hired as a party host where alcohol would be served might be enough to support a finding of negligent supervision. I believe that more must be shown to prove the case. Specifically, plaintiff must prove that defendant knew or should have known that Van Otterloo could not be trusted with the responsibility which he was given by defendant. I assume that this is what is meant by the majority's closing comment about the development of the underlying facts of the case.