Opinion
520072.
04-07-2016
In the Matter of Frank ROGERS Jr., Respondent, v. Cathy PHILLIPS, Appellant.
Patrick A. Perfetti, Cortland, for appellant. Frank Rogers Jr., Owego, respondent pro se.
Patrick A. Perfetti, Cortland, for appellant.
Frank Rogers Jr., Owego, respondent pro se.
Before: McCARTHY, J.P., EGAN JR., LYNCH, DEVINE and CLARK, JJ.
Opinion
EGAN JR., J. Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Tioga County (Keene, J.), entered October 7, 2014, which granted petitioner's application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct. Act article 8, for an order of protection.
In July 2014, petitioner commenced this Family Ct. Act article 8 proceeding against respondent, his former girlfriend, alleging that she committed the family offense of harassment in the first or second degree by, among other things, prying open the gas tank door on his vehicle, ripping off the gas cap and pouring a handful of dirt into the tank. Following a hearing, Family Court found that respondent committed the family offense of harassment in the second degree and issued a one-year no-contact order of protection in favor of petitioner. This appeal by respondent ensued.
Although the underlying order of protection expired by its own terms on October 6, 2015, respondent's appeal is not moot in light of the “enduring legal and reputational consequences” that may flow from a contested order of protection (Matter of
Respondent does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence adduced at the hearing but, rather, contends only that petitioner failed to negate what she characterizes as the statutory exception set forth in Penal Law § 240.26. Insofar as is relevant here, “[a] person is guilty of harassment in the second degree when, with intent to harass, annoy or alarm another person ... [h]e or she engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits acts which alarm or seriously annoy such other person and which serve no legitimate purpose” (Penal Law § 240.26[3] ). The statute further provides that the cited subdivision “shall not apply to activities regulated by the national labor relations act, as amended, the railway labor act, as amended, or the federal employment labor management act, as amended” (Penal Law § 240.26 [footnotes omitted] ). Respondent contends that this exclusionary language constitutes an exception and, therefore, petitioner's failure to plead and negate this “ element” of harassment in the second degree renders the family offense petition jurisdictionally defective. We disagree.
“The general rule regarding statutory crimes is that ‘exceptions must be negatived by the prosecution and provisos utilized as a matter of defense’ ” (People v. Adekoya, 50 Misc.3d 99, 102, 25 N.Y.S.3d 776 [2015], quoting People v. Devinny, 227 N.Y. 397, 401, 125 N.E. 543 [1919] ). In attempting to distinguish between exceptions and provisos, courts will look to whether the defining statute “contains as part of its enacting clause an exception to the effect that under certain circumstances the offense is not to be considered as having been committed” (People v. Sylla, 7 Misc.3d 8, 12, 792 N.Y.S.2d 764 [2005], lv. denied 4 N.Y.3d 857, 797 N.Y.S.2d 431, 830 N.E.2d 330 [2005] ; see People v. Santana, 7 N.Y.3d 234, 236–237, 818 N.Y.S.2d 842, 851 N.E.2d 1193 [2006] ), in which case a true exception generally will be found, or whether the exception arises either by way of a statutory amendment or reference to a statute outside of the Penal Law, in which case the exception generally will be regarded as a proviso (see People v. Santana, 7 N.Y.3d at 236–237, 818 N.Y.S.2d 842, 851 N.E.2d 1193 ; People v. McPherson, 32 A.D.3d 558, 559, 819 N.Y.S.2d 366 [2006], lv. denied 7 N.Y.3d 868, 824 N.Y.S.2d 613, 857 N.E.2d 1144 [2006] ; People v. Sylla, 7 Misc.3d at 12, 792 N.Y.S.2d 764 ).
As originally enacted, Penal Law § 240.26 did not contain the exclusionary language at issue; such language was added when the statute was amended in 1994 (see L. 1994, ch. 109, § 1) to “clarif[y] that activities protected by certain federal labor statutes are not included within the definition of harassment” (Governor's Approval Mem, Bill Jacket, L. 1994, ch. 109, at 7). Further, as a review of the statute itself makes clear, application of the exclusionary language requires reference to numerous federal statutes outside of the Penal Law. Under these circumstances, the language excluding certain labor activities or disputes from the definition of harassment in the second degree “is more accurately construed as a proviso, which may be raised as a defense [by the charged party], rather than an exception, which must be [affirmatively] pleaded” and negated by the charging party (People v. McPherson, 32 A.D.3d at 559, 819 N.Y.S.2d 366 ; cf. People v. Santana, 7 N.Y.3d at 237, 818 N.Y.S.2d 842, 851 N.E.2d 1193 ; People v. Kaous, 126 A.D.3d 440, 441, 5 N.Y.S.3d 65 [2015] ; People v. Mingo, 66 A.D.3d 1043, 1044–1045, 887 N.Y.S.2d 666 [2009], lv. denied 14 N.Y.3d 843, 901 N.Y.S.2d 149, 927 N.E.2d 570 [2010] ; People v. Jones, 63 A.D.3d 1643, 1643, 881 N.Y.S.2d 256 [2009], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 746, 886 N.Y.S.2d 100, 914 N.E.2d 1018 [2009] ). Accordingly, respondent's claim that the petition was jurisdictionally defective lacks merit.
ORDERED that the order is affirmed, without costs.
McCARTHY, J.P., LYNCH, DEVINE and CLARK, JJ., concur.
Veronica P. v. Radcliff A., 24 N.Y.3d 668, 673, 3 N.Y.S.3d 288, 26 N.E.3d 1143 [2015] ; accord Matter of Jazmyne II. [Meagan JJ.-Frank MM.], 135 A.D.3d 1090, 1091, 24 N.Y.S.3d 425 [2016] ; see Matter of Elizabeth X. v. Irving Y., 132 A.D.3d 1100, 1101, 19 N.Y.S.3d 114 [2015] ).