Opinion
1064 CA 20-00103
07-09-2021
In the Matter of Edward C. ROBINSON, Esq., as Temporary Guardian of the Property of Josephine T.B., Petitioner-Respondent, v. KATHLEEN B., Respondent-Appellant, and Carmen B., Respondent.
LIPPES MATHIAS WEXLER FRIEDMAN LLP, BUFFALO (TESSA R. SCOTT OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLANT. DOMINICA P., RESPONDENT PRO SE.
LIPPES MATHIAS WEXLER FRIEDMAN LLP, BUFFALO (TESSA R. SCOTT OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
DOMINICA P., RESPONDENT PRO SE.
PRESENT: PERADOTTO, J.P., CARNI, NEMOYER, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is modified on the law by substituting Dominica P., as executrix of the estate of Josephine T.B., for Edward C. Robinson, Esq., as temporary guardian of the property of Josephine T.B., as the petitioner in this proceeding, and as modified the order is affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: While serving as the temporary property guardian for Josephine T.B., petitioner (hereafter, guardian) filed a turnover petition that sought, inter alia, to compel respondents to return a sum of money that allegedly belonged to Josephine (see Mental Hygiene Law § 81.43 ). Following a hearing at which respondents did not appear, Supreme Court granted the petition, directed respondents to deliver $100,760.12 to the guardian, and entered judgment jointly and severally against both respondents for that sum. Respondent Kathleen B. subsequently moved to vacate, inter alia, the court's order and judgment against her for lack of personal jurisdiction (see CPLR 5015 [a] [4] ). The court denied Kathleen's motion to vacate, and she now appeals from that order.
We note at the outset that, in the order appealed from, the court erroneously used the caption from a prior proceeding concerning the appointment of Josephine's guardian, and we therefore amend the caption to reflect the names of the parties and the nature of this proceeding at its inception (see generally Boyd v. Town of N. Elba , 28 A.D.3d 929, 930, 813 N.Y.S.2d 247 n [3d Dept. 2006], lv dismissed 7 N.Y.3d 783, 820 N.Y.S.2d 545, 853 N.E.2d 1113 [2006] ; Nappi v. Nappi , 181 A.D.2d 1067, 1068, 581 N.Y.S.2d 969 [4th Dept. 1992] ).
We must next address another minor technical issue that the parties did not raise either in the motion court or on appeal. Josephine died at some point before the entry of the order on appeal, and the executrix of her estate, Dominica P., was never formally substituted as the petitioner in this proceeding. There is no dispute, however, that Dominica was properly served with Kathleen's motion to vacate, and Dominica never objected to adjudicating Kathleen's motion in the absence of a formal substitution order. To the contrary, Dominica—acting in her capacity as the executrix of Josephine's estate—appeared and successfully opposed Kathleen's motion on the merits. Dominica likewise appeared in this Court to oppose Kathleen's appeal. Because Dominica appeared and actively litigated Kathleen's motion on the merits, it is well established that any "defect in failing to first effect substitution was a mere irregularity" ( Wichlenski v. Wichlenski , 67 A.D.2d 944, 946, 413 N.Y.S.2d 211 [2d Dept. 1979] ; see Matter of Panchame v. Staples, Inc. , 178 A.D.3d 1174, 1176 n., 115 N.Y.S.3d 157 [3d Dept. 2019] ; Aziz v. City of New York , 130 A.D.3d 451, 452, 13 N.Y.S.3d 64 [1st Dept. 2015]; Matter of Sills v. Fleet Natl. Bank , 81 A.D.3d 1422, 1423, 917 N.Y.S.2d 484 [4th Dept. 2011] ). Moreover, to formally correct this irregularity, we now modify the order by substituting Dominica as the petitioner in this proceeding (see CPLR 2001 ; Matter of Barone v. Dufficy , 186 A.D.3d 1358, 1359-1360, 128 N.Y.S.3d 891 [2d Dept. 2020] ; Durrant v. Kelly , 186 A.D.2d 237, 237-238, 588 N.Y.S.2d 196 [2d Dept. 1992], appeal dismissed 81 N.Y.2d 758, 594 N.Y.S.2d 717, 610 N.E.2d 390 [1992] ; Wichlenski , 67 A.D.2d at 946, 413 N.Y.S.2d 211 ; see also Aziz , 130 A.D.3d at 452, 13 N.Y.S.3d 64 ).
Our dissenting colleagues would dismiss the appeal under these circumstances. We respectfully disagree. It is true, as the dissent notes, that a legal ruling made after the death of a party and without proper substitution "will generally be deemed a nullity" ( Vapnersh v. Tabak , 131 A.D.3d 472, 473, 15 N.Y.S.3d 131 [2d Dept. 2015] [emphasis added and internal quotation marks omitted]). As we noted above, however, all four Departments of the Appellate Division have recognized that the "general[ ]" rule articulated in Vapnersh does not apply when, as here, the decedent's proper successor appears and actively litigates on behalf of the decedent's interests (see Panchame , 178 A.D.3d at 1176 n., 115 N.Y.S.3d 157 ; Aziz , 130 A.D.3d at 452, 13 N.Y.S.3d 64 ; Sills , 81 A.D.3d at 1423, 917 N.Y.S.2d 484 ; Wichlenski , 67 A.D.2d at 946, 413 N.Y.S.2d 211 ). The foregoing exception—which fits this case perfectly—allows a court to acknowledge and ratify a de facto substitution that already occurred. Notably, the cases upon which the dissent relies did not feature active litigation by the decedent's proper successor, and the dissent does not explain its unwillingness to apply the de facto substitution exception here.
As to the merits of this appeal, we agree with Kathleen that all three of the court's rationales for denying her motion to vacate were erroneous. First, contrary to the court's determination, the substantive merit of the guardian's turnover petition could not, standing alone, confer personal jurisdiction over Kathleen. As the United States Supreme Court once observed, "[t]he question of jurisdiction of course precedes any inquiry into the merits" ( Oregon v. Hitchcock , 202 U.S. 60, 68, 26 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed. 935 [1906] [emphasis added]).
Second, even if a person could theoretically consent to personal jurisdiction by the mere act of sending a letter about the case to opposing counsel (compare Matter of Kimball , 155 N.Y. 62, 69-71, 49 N.E. 331 [1898] with Cohen v. Ryan , 34 A.D.2d 789, 789-790, 311 N.Y.S.2d 644 [2d Dept. 1970] ), it is well established that such a letter will not be deemed to consent to personal jurisdiction so long as it makes such a jurisdictional objection among its points (see Matter of Katz , 81 A.D.2d 145, 147-149, 439 N.Y.S.2d 941 [2d Dept. 1981], affd for reasons stated 55 N.Y.2d 904, 449 N.Y.S.2d 29, 433 N.E.2d 1277 [1982] ; Matter of Sessa v. Board of Assessors of Town of N. Elba , 46 A.D.3d 1163, 1166, 847 N.Y.S.2d 765 [3d Dept. 2007] ; Matter of Hauger v. Hauger , 275 A.D.2d 953, 954, 713 N.Y.S.2d 425 [4th Dept. 2000] ). Thus, contrary to the court's determination, Kathleen's pre-hearing letter to the guardian did not consent to personal jurisdiction because the letter explicitly objected to exercising personal jurisdiction over her in this proceeding (see Katz , 81 A.D.2d at 149, 439 N.Y.S.2d 941 ).
Third, and contrary to the court's final determination, Kathleen's alleged appearance in a separate criminal action arising from the same underlying facts is irrelevant to the existence of personal jurisdiction over her in this Mental Hygiene Law § 81.43 turnover proceeding. It is well established that a party's "position in a different case, in a different forum, with different [opponents] ... has no bearing on whether personal jurisdiction exists over [that party] in this case" ( Dumler v. Wright Med. Tech., Inc. , 2018 WL 576848, *8 [N.D. Iowa, Jan. 26, 2018, No. C71-2033-LTS] ; see Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro Ed Altri-Gestione Motonave Achille Lauro in Amministrazione Straordinaria , 937 F.2d 44, 50 n. 5 [2d Cir. 1991] ; Pinto-Thomaz v. Cusi , 2015 WL 7571833, *6 [S.D. N.Y., Nov. 24, 2015, 15-cv-1993 (PKC)]). Indeed, we "know[ ] of no authority for the assertion that personal jurisdiction over a [party] in one case confers personal jurisdiction over the [party] in a separate case" ( Kim v. Magnotta , 49 Conn. App. 203, 210, 714 A.2d 38, 42 [1998], revd on other grounds 249 Conn. 94, 733 A.2d 809 [1999] ).
Despite the court's erroneous analysis, the denial of Kathleen's motion to vacate was nevertheless proper because it lacked merit (see generally PNC Bank, N.A. v. Steinhardt , 159 A.D.3d 999, 1000, 74 N.Y.S.3d 62 [2d Dept. 2018] ; Caracaus v. Conifer Cent. Sq. Assoc. , 158 A.D.3d 63, 74, 68 N.Y.S.3d 225 [4th Dept. 2017] ). First, Kathleen argues that the court lacked jurisdiction over her in the turnover proceeding because the notice of petition and petition did not name her as a respondent thereto. That contention is factually incorrect; Kathleen was explicitly named as a respondent to the proceeding within the body of both the notice of petition and the petition (cf. Matter of Loretta I. , 34 A.D.3d 480, 482, 824 N.Y.S.2d 372 [2d Dept. 2006] ). Although Kathleen's name was not included in the caption of either pleading, that omission was a mere irregularity that did not prejudice her (see CPLR 2001 ; Weiss v. Markel , 110 A.D.3d 869, 871, 973 N.Y.S.2d 318 [2d Dept. 2013] ; Matter of Theresa BB. v. Ryan DD. , 64 A.D.3d 977, 977 n., 882 N.Y.S.2d 580 [3d Dept. 2009], lv denied 13 N.Y.3d 707, 2009 WL 2998205 [2009] ; see also Martin v. Witkowski , 158 A.D.3d 131, 139, 68 N.Y.S.3d 603 [4th Dept. 2017] ; see generally Matter of Great E. Mall, Inc. v. Condon , 36 N.Y.2d 544, 549, 369 N.Y.S.2d 672, 330 N.E.2d 628 [1975] ).
Second, Kathleen contends that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over her in the turnover proceeding because she was never served with the underlying notice of petition and petition. Kathleen's affidavit in support of her motion to vacate, however, did not deny service of those pleadings. Although Kathleen's attorney asserted in various submissions that Kathleen had not been served, the attorney's claim was not made on personal knowledge and was therefore inadmissible (see e.g. Dae Hyun Chung v. Google, Inc. , 153 A.D.3d 494, 495, 59 N.Y.S.3d 465 [2d Dept. 2017] ). Given Kathleen's failure to "submit an affidavit from one with personal knowledge denying receipt of the [notice of petition] and [petition]," she is not entitled to vacatur of the resulting order and judgment on that ground ( State of New York v. Mappa , 78 A.D.3d 926, 927, 911 N.Y.S.2d 426 [2d Dept. 2010] ; see Selene Fin. LP v. Okojie , 57 Misc 3d 1214[A], 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 51430[U], *3, 2017 WL 4892230 [Sup. Ct., Suffolk County 2017] ; see also Simonds v. Grobman , 277 A.D.2d 369, 369, 716 N.Y.S.2d 692 [2d Dept. 2000] ; see generally Matter of Jean G.S. , 59 A.D.3d 998, 998-999, 872 N.Y.S.2d 303 [4th Dept. 2009] ).
Third, Kathleen contends that the New York courts lacked personal jurisdiction over her in the turnover proceeding because she was a Nevada resident when the proceeding was commenced. We reject that contention. New York courts may "exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary [where] two requirements are satisfied: the action is permissible under the long-arm statute ( CPLR 302 ) and the exercise of jurisdiction comports with due process" ( Williams v. Beemiller, Inc. , 33 N.Y.3d 523, 528, 106 N.Y.S.3d 237, 130 N.E.3d 833 [2019] ), and Kathleen does not argue that exercising personal jurisdiction over her would contravene either CPLR 302 or due process. Thus, the mere fact that Kathleen was a Nevada resident when the proceeding was commenced does not relieve her from the resulting order and judgment (see generally Cole v. Safety-Kleen Sys., Inc. , 189 A.D.3d 2168, 2169, 134 N.Y.S.3d 872 [4th Dept. 2020] ).
All concur except Peradotto, J.P., and Carni, J., who dissent and vote to dismiss the appeal in the following memorandum:
We dissent and would dismiss this appeal because, in our view, the failure to substitute Josephine T.B.’s estate as the petitioner prior to entry of the order appealed from requires us to dismiss the appeal without reaching its merits. "The death of a party divests the court of jurisdiction and stays the proceedings until a proper substitution has been made pursuant to CPLR 1015 (a). Moreover, any determination rendered without such substitution will generally be deemed a nullity" ( Vapnersh v. Tabak , 131 A.D.3d 472, 473, 15 N.Y.S.3d 131 [2d Dept. 2015] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Vicari v. Kleinwaks , 157 A.D.3d 975, 976, 70 N.Y.S.3d 532 [2d Dept. 2018] ; Giroux v. Dunlop Tire Corp. , 16 A.D.3d 1068, 1069, 791 N.Y.S.2d 769 [4th Dept. 2005] ). Here, Supreme Court's decision underlying the order appealed from indicates that Josephine died prior to the entry of that order. Thus, at the time of her death and without substitution, "[the court] lacked jurisdiction to act, its order is a nullity, and this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider ... the appeal[ ] from that order" ( Pavone v. Walters , 214 A.D.2d 1052, 1052, 626 N.Y.S.2d 339 [4th Dept. 1995] ). Although the majority holds that there is an exception to the rule that "fits this case perfectly," it cites no decision from this Department overlooking such a defect where a party has died before the court below reached its decision, where substitution was never sought at any time prior to entry of the order or judgment below or prior to the matter being submitted to this Court on appeal, and where no party addressed the substitution issue either below or on appeal. Under such circumstances, we would not overlook the failure to substitute, and would dismiss the appeal so that any motion for substitution could be resolved by the court below. To that end, because the parties have not themselves addressed the issue of substitution, it is unclear on this record whether the party who the majority would substitute is in fact still the executrix of the estate of Josephine T.B. Indeed, it is unclear whether that estate is still open.
Finally, we note that the captions on the order appealed from, Kathleen B.’s underlying notice of motion to vacate the prior order and judgment, and the prior order and judgment itself were as follows:
In the matter of the application of
DOMINICA [P.], Petitioner ,
Pursuant to Article 81 of the Mental Hygiene Law for the Appointment of a Guardian of the Person and Property of
JOSEPHINE T. [B.], A person alleged to be incapacitated.
Although the majority submits that it is merely amending the caption to, inter alia, "reflect the names of the parties," no prior caption in the proceeding to vacate the order and judgment or in the proceeding that resulted in the order and judgment listed Edward C. Robinson, Esq., Carmen B., or Kathleen B. as a party, and, indeed, throughout the order appealed from the court explicitly referred to Kathleen B. as "nonparty Kathleen [B.]" While the majority cites to authority allowing this Court to amend a caption erroneously reflecting the capacity in which a named party is being sued (see Nappi v. Nappi , 181 A.D.2d 1067, 1068, 581 N.Y.S.2d 969 [4th Dept. 1992] ) or where "the parties are in agreement that" another person has replaced a named party as the proper party in interest ( Boyd v. Town of N. Elba , 28 A.D.3d 929, 930 n., 813 N.Y.S.2d 247 [3d Dept. 2006], lv dismissed 7 N.Y.3d 783, 820 N.Y.S.2d 545, 853 N.E.2d 1113 [2006] ), this is not such a case. Instead, here, the majority is sua sponte amending a caption to include as a party a person never so named in any caption, that even the court below identified as a nonparty, and whom herself contended was not a party. We also note that, although the majority states that "in the order appealed from, the court erroneously used the caption from a prior proceeding concerning the appointment of Josephine's guardian," the court below used the same caption as appears on the order and judgment that Kathleen B. sought to vacate.