Opinion
September, 1904.
Edward Harris, for the appellant.
H.W. Rippey and George Raines, for the respondent.
The complaint in this action alleges that plaintiff, for some time prior to the date of the accident (October 9, 1901), had been employed by the defendant as a common laborer upon a work train operated by the defendant, and that at the time of the accident he was employed in working upon and around defendant's switches and tracks in and about the railroad yards at Niagara Falls, N.Y. That by reason of the negligence of the defendant in neglecting to give signals of the approach of a train, its failure to use diligence in the selection of servants and agents, its employment of an incompetent foreman and the carelessness, negligence and unskillful management by the defendant and its employees, its neglect and failure to ring a bell or blow a whistle, and the failure of the foreman over and in control of this plaintiff to give plaintiff signal of the train's approach, he was struck by a train and thrown to the track in such a way that the wheels of the train and locomotive passed over and mutilated plaintiff's legs and body.
The evidence shows that plaintiff was and for some time prior to the accident had been in the employ of the defendant upon a work train; that at the time of the accident he was engaged in working near a switch sweeping with a broom, and the engine backing down behind him, struck him as he was stooping over cleaning a point on the switch, and injured him seriously. He testified that prior to the accident, while he was standing up, the boss asked him why he didn't work, and he said, "The train coming, I want to see, watch the train coming;" he said, "Never mind, work; I will tell you when train coming." The foreman making this statement was one Doyle. The foreman and conductor of the work train having charge of all of the work train gang was one Donahue, but on this particular occasion Donahue had left the yards, taking a portion of the gang of the work train with him to Tonawanda to clear away a wreck, leaving the remainder in the yard at Niagara Falls under the charge of Doyle.
The trial court charged the jury that if Doyle promised to watch for the train and warn the plaintiff of its approach, and failed and neglected to do so, the jury were authorized to find that defendant was guilty of negligence. To this instruction an exception was taken.
The court was requested to charge: "That if the jury find that the plaintiff had begun to work under Doyle, as foreman, the latter gave assurance or promise to the plaintiff that he, Doyle, would notify the plaintiff of any danger of a train or engine, and that the plaintiff need not look out for himself, that such assurance or promise was that of a fellow-servant, for which the defendant is not responsible."
This was declined, and the defendant excepted. The court stated: "Of course, that would be true, and I would charge it, except that I think my charge should stand as it has already been given, providing the jury find that Doyle had authority to hire and discharge these men and to direct them as to what they should do and the manner in which they did their work, and in that capacity represented the master and acted as its agent."
An exception was taken to the submission to the jury of the question as to whether Doyle was authorized to make any such promise.
The testimony of the plaintiff as to the employment was: "I was hired by Vincenzo Maragandi, who engaged the labor for the New York Central. The foreman under whom I worked at Tonawanda was Patsy (Patrick Donahue). Patsy was foreman and he was conductor, too, of the work train. I worked upon the work train, doing everything, unloading and loading ties and rails, etc., and putting them in the tracks wherever the work train took us in our work. I was part of the work train gang. I had worked in Niagara Falls yard five days before the accident, but not in the same place. It was between the bridge and Niagara Falls, under another foreman, and then I went back to the work train again, and then another morning they fetched me to Niagara Falls to work in the place where the accident happened. Q. Who told you where to work? A. Patsy, he left us there. I had worked in the Niagara Falls yard before the morning that I was hurt. Q. How many times? A. Every time we (were) going to load the ashes with the work train. We worked there gathering up ashes and cleaning. * * * I had worked under this section boss (John Doyle) * * *; he was boss over the gang. Q. How did you come to go under him that morning of the accident? A. It was a wreck in Tonawanda, and Patsy took seven or eight men and took them to Tonawanda, and left us under this foreman John in the Niagara Falls yard."
We think the evidence clearly establishes that Doyle was the foreman of the gang about the yard, and that the evidence did not establish that he was authorized to make any special contract or promise on behalf of the defendant by which it should become responsible for his acts or negligence in the discharge of his duty as foreman of the gang. The testimony of Doyle himself was that he had no authority whatever to make any rule or regulation for the company in regard to the men or in regard to giving them notice of the approaching trains.
The case was left to the jury to determine whether Doyle had authority to make a contract, and as stated by the court, it being assumed as the law that, unless there was such a contract, the failure of Doyle to give the signal to the plaintiff was not chargeable to the defendant. We think the evidence did not warrant the submission of that question to the jury. Plaintiff and Doyle were at the time employees of the defendant, the original hiring having been entered into some months previous to the time of the accident. The original contract of hiring contained no stipulation of this kind, and the only basis for a holding that there was a contract is the statement of the foreman to his fellow-employee that he would look out for trains. It is sought to make this statement a binding contract as against the defendant and a guaranty that it would notify him of approaching trains.
The rules formerly governing the relation of master and servant have been in some particulars modified or extended in favor of the servant, but the proposition that a statement of a foreman, as to the manner in which he intends to perform the detail of the work under his control, constitutes a guaranty on the part of the master that he will thus perform it, is certainly novel.
The situation we have is this: The master has furnished a reasonably safe place to work in, that is, a place which is as safe as the business required permits, and which is not made more dangerous by any negligence of the defendant. It is not contended that the danger was one not known, but the contention is that the danger arose and the injury was caused by reason of the failure of the foreman to give the notice. What was the common-law liability of the master under these circumstances? It was to furnish a reasonably safe place, proper appliances and competent foremen. There is no evidence in this case that the foreman was an incompetent foreman; there is no evidence that any improper appliances were used. An employee, with full knowledge of the danger incurred in working upon a railroad track where moving trains and engines are in operation, supplied with a competent foreman, with proper appliances for his work, assumes the apparent risks, the law leaving the details of the accomplishment of the work to the judgment of the foreman, without imputing negligence to the defendant upon his failure to exercise proper judgment. This was a detail of the work which was properly left to the judgment of the foreman. ( Perry v. Rogers, 157 N.Y. 251.)
Doyle's duty was to see that the work was properly performed by the men under him, but his statement that he would look out and see if the train was coming had no more binding force upon the defendant as a contract than the statement of any other employee engaged in the same common employment with the plaintiff. Doyle's statement in that regard we think is not be construed as a contract, but rather as a statement of an employee engaged in a common employment to a fellow-employee that he will discharge a part of the work which is incumbent upon both to see is performed. The fact that the person making the statement is a foreman makes it no more binding as a contract than if made by any other member of the gang, it being a statement and direction as to the manner of performing the detail of work which was properly left to the judgment of the foreman. If Doyle had placed a man on guard to watch for trains and this man had failed to warn plaintiff of an approaching train, could it be said that this negligence was imputable to defendant, and was not that of a fellow-servant?
The case of Bradley v. N.Y.C.R.R. Co. ( 62 N.Y. 99) is a peculiar case resting upon its own facts, and the decision is there put upon the fact that it was part of the original condition of hiring that the plaintiff should be notified of the trains, and without which he would not have undertaken the service, the authority to make the contract having been found But in the case under consideration the statement of the foreman, we think, cannot fairly be construed as a contract binding upon the defendant. The complaint in this action is the usual complaint, setting up the common-law liability of the defendant by reason of negligence in various particulars, and contains no suggestion that it is not based upon the ordinary liability created by the relation of master and servant.
We are cited to a number of adjudications which by implication are said to bear out the theory of the plaintiff in this case, and as is usual, there are features similar to the case under consideration attaching to most of the cases cited. But we think the facts in this case bring it clearly within the well-defined rules governing master and servant, namely, that the duty of the master was to furnish a reasonably safe place, proper appliances and competent foremen, leaving the detail of the work to the judgment of the foreman, and in these respects the master has not been shown to be guilty of negligence. The statement made by Doyle to plaintiff that he would watch for trains was not a warranty or contract of any character on the part of the defendant, but was a direction as to a detail of the work which was properly within the charge of the foreman; that the negligence, if any, in the failure to give notice of the approach of the switch engine was that of a fellow-employee, for which the master was not liable.
The instruction of the court was, therefore, erroneous, and the judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted.
McLENNAN, P.J., and WILLIAMS, J., concurred; SPRING and HISCOCK, JJ., dissented.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide event.