Summary
holding that plaintiffs could not state a claim for negligent marketing against gun manufacturer for injuries arising out of criminal misuse of stolen gun absent special relationship between manufacturer and victims
Summary of this case from Leslie v. U.S.Opinion
Docket No. 185069, 185116.
Submitted September 12, 1996, at Lansing.
Decided May 9, 1997, at 9:15 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Dean, Dean, Segar Hart, P.C. (by Max Dean and Clifford H. Hart), for Harold Resteiner and James and Anna Thomas.
Cline, Cline Griffin (by Glenn M. Simmington), for Sturm, Ruger Company, Inc.
Braun Kendrick Finkbeiner P.L.C. (by Scott C. Strattard, Gregory E. Meter, and James Hecht Nisidis), for Brent Walker.
In these consolidated cases, plaintiffs appeal as of right the circuit court's order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition dismissing all of plaintiffs' claims against defendants. We affirm.
We concur and join in all portions of Judge WHITE'S opinion except section VI. Regarding the issue of sanctions, we find that plaintiffs' claims of appeal are not supported by any authority from Michigan, other jurisdictions, or recognized legal sources. As stated by defendant Sturm, Ruger Company, Inc., in the introductory paragraph of its brief:
The trial court was entirely correct in dismissing plaintiffs' respective complaints for failure to state any legally recognizable cause of action. Michigan courts have already repeatedly rejected plaintiffs' theories. Buczkowski v McKay, 441 Mich. 96; 490 N.W.2d 330 (1992), reh den 441 Mich. 1202; 491 N.W.2d 830 (1992); King v R G Industries, Inc, 182 Mich. App. 343; 451 N.W.2d 874 (1990); Raines v Colt Industries, Inc, 757 F. Supp. 819 (ED Mich, 1991). Additionally, plaintiffs' theories have been rejected in every state to consider them, as long ago as 1973 and as recently as August 2, 1995. See, e.g., Bennet v Cincinnati Checker Cab Co, 353 F. Supp. 1206 (ED Ky, 1973); Forni v Sturm, Ruger, et al, slip op No. 132994-94 (S Ct NY County, NY, 8/2/95). Plaintiffs' complaints simply ignore this clear precedent.
In light of this authority, as well as Williams v Cunningham Drug Stores, Inc, 429 Mich. 495; 418 N.W.2d 381 (1988), and Scott v Harper Recreation, Inc, 444 Mich. 441; 506 N.W.2d 857 (1993), we conclude that plaintiffs have not advanced a reasonable, good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. MCR 2.114(D)(2). For these reasons, we hold that plaintiffs' appeals are vexatious because they were taken without any reasonable basis for belief that there was a meritorious issue to be determined on appeal. MCR 7.216(C)(1)(a). Dillon v DeNooyer Chevrolet Geo, 217 Mich. App. 163, 169-170; 550 N.W.2d 846 (1996); Cvengros v Farm Bureau Ins, 216 Mich. App. 261; 548 N.W.2d 698 (1996).
The motion by defendant Sturm, Ruger for sanctions on appeal is granted. Pursuant to MCR 7.216(C)(2), we remand to the circuit court for a determination and an award of defendant Sturm, Ruger's actual damages and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees, incurred in defending against plaintiffs' appeals.
Affirmed. Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
D.C. KOLENDA. J., concurred.
In these consolidated cases, plaintiffs appeal as of right the circuit court's order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition dismissing all of plaintiffs' claims against defendants. We affirm.
Kevin Lovett and James Thomas were both intentionally shot and killed by Ronnie Johns in Flint during the summer of 1991. In both shootings, Johns used a .44 caliber Redhawk revolver that was manufactured and sold by defendant Sturm, Ruger Company, Inc. The Redhawk handgun was purchased by defendant Brent Walker and was stolen from Walker's home in Saginaw County in May 1991 by an unknown person.
Representatives of the victims filed actions against defendants. The suits were nearly identical and alleged that Sturm, Ruger was liable in negligence for selling the handgun to the general public with knowledge that the gun could foreseeably come into the hands of criminals who would create a high risk of harm to the general public. Plaintiffs further alleged theories of gross negligence, strict liability, and failure to recall an ultrahazardous product. Regarding defendant Walker, plaintiffs alleged that he was strictly liable for keeping the Redhawk gun unsecured at his residence and that he knew or should have known that the gun could be stolen and used by thieves.
The circuit court initially denied Sturm, Ruger's motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), finding that the Redhawk was inherently dangerous because of its high power and that Sturm, Ruger owed a duty to warn the public of the gun's inherent danger. The trial court determined that summary disposition was not appropriate with respect to Walker because it found it significant that Walker purchased such a powerful gun when other types of weapons could be used just as well for protection.
A different judge later determined that the court's previous denial of summary disposition constituted palpable error because the court considered facts not within the pleadings. The circuit court then granted defendants' motions for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). The court determined that Sturm, Ruger had no duty to warn purchasers of the dangers of theft and criminal misuse of the firearm and no duty to limit marketing of firearms to segments of society able to secure and protect firearms, such as the police or military. The court reasoned that under Michigan law, the danger associated with firearms is considered "open and obvious" and that a firearm is considered a simple tool that does not require a duty to warn or protect against known or obvious dangers. Additionally, the court concluded that an act or omission by Sturm, Ruger could not have been a proximate cause of the deaths of the victims and that the concept of strict liability does not apply to plaintiffs' claims. With respect to defendant Walker, the court determined that he did not have a legal duty to refrain from possessing a legally purchased and registered weapon and that his purchase and possession of the gun was not the proximate cause of the victims' injuries.
I
Plaintiffs first contend that Sturm, Ruger was negligent for marketing its Redhawk revolver to members of the general public, such as Walker. We conclude the case is controlled by Buczkowski v McKay, 441 Mich. 96, 106; 490 N.W.2d 330 (1992), and King v R G Industries, Inc, 182 Mich. App. 343; 451 N.W.2d 874 (1990). Summary disposition was therefore proper.
II
Plaintiffs next contend that Sturm, Ruger owed a duty to warn against the danger of theft of the Redhawk magnum. We disagree. In Michigan, the manufacturer of a simple product has no duty to warn of the product's potentially dangerous conditions or characteristics when they are readily apparent or visible upon casual inspection and reasonably expected to be recognized by the average user of ordinary intelligence. Boumelhem v Bic Corp, 211 Mich. App. 175, 178-179; 535 N.W.2d 574 (1995). The determination whether a danger associated with a product is open and obvious is objective. Adams v Perry Furniture Co (On Remand), 198 Mich. App. 1, 12; 497 N.W.2d 514 (1993). The focus is on the typical user's perception and knowledge, and whether the feature that creates the danger is fully apparent, widely known, commonly recognized, and anticipated by the ordinary user. Id., 13. Theft and subsequent use by a criminal are widely known, commonly recognized and unfortunate realities regarding which Strum, Ruger had no duty to warn. The court did not err in granting summary disposition.
III
Plaintiffs also challenge the circuit court's dismissal of their gross negligence, recall, and ultrahazardous claims. We conclude that the rationale of King, supra, applies to these claims as well, and that dismissal was proper.
IV
Plaintiffs further contend that Walker is strictly liable for keeping an abnormally dangerous and ultrahazardous weapon in his home. Again, we disagree. Walker's possession of the firearm was not an abnormally dangerous activity. The abnormally dangerous activity in this case was the criminal use of the handgun by Ronnie Johns. Further, while Michigan law does require that Walker, as the owner of a dangerous instrumentality such as a firearm, exercise a high degree of care when using the firearm or authorizing its use, Ruste v Helton, 139 Mich. App. 404, 410; 362 N.W.2d 300 (1984), the imposition of strict liability for mere possession of such a weapon is a policy decision appropriately left to the Legislature. See King, supra at 345.
V
Plaintiffs lastly contend that Walker was negligent in possessing a handgun that could not safely be secured against theft. We conclude that the court properly dismissed this claim as well. Under the circumstances of this case, where there are no special relationships, and the victims were fatally injured in a criminal assault by a third person involving Walker's stolen weapon, Walker had no duty to protect the victims from harm.
VI
After oral argument, Sturm, Ruger filed a motion for sanctions on appeal, arguing that the appeal is vexatious under MCR 7.216(C)(1)(a). Under the circumstances that Buczkowski involved ammunition, rather than a firearm; plaintiffs here alleged claims in addition to those rejected in King, which is not automatically controlling under Administrative Order No. 1996-4, because it was decided before November 1, 1990; the circuit court originally denied defendants' motions; and the circuit court's opinion regarding defendant Walker includes factual assertions although the motion was granted under MCR 2.116(C)(8), I do not conclude that the appeals were taken for purposes of hindrance or delay, or without any reasonable basis for belief that there was a meritorious issue to be determined on appeal, such that sanctions should be imposed.