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noting the following exceptions to the general rule that there is no appeal from a plea of guilty: appeals following a conditional guilty plea; appeals relating to issues involving testimony and evidence which occurred after the guilty plea but before statutorily authorized sentencing hearings; and appeals from postjudgment motions to amend incorrect or illegal sentences, which follow a guilty plea
Summary of this case from Johnson v. StateOpinion
CR 98-872
Opinion delivered December 2, 1999
1. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — NO APPEAL FROM PLEA OF GUILTY OR NOLO CONTENDERE — GENERAL RULE. — Pursuant to Ark. R. App. P. — Crim. 1(a), there is no appeal from a plea of guilty or nolo contendere except as provided by Ark.R.Crim.P. 24.3(b). 2. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — NO APPEAL FROM PLEA OF GUILTY OR NOLO CONTENDERE — FIRST EXCEPTION. — The first exception to the general principle that there is no appeal from a plea of guilty or nolo contendere is the procedure for a conditional plea of guilty alluded to in Ark. R. App. P. — Crim. 1(a) [ see Ark.R.Crim.P. 24.3(b)]. 3. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — NO APPEAL FROM PLEA OF GUILTY OR NOLO CONTENDERE — SECOND EXCEPTION. — The second exception to the general principle that there is no appeal from a plea of guilty or nolo contendere is a statutory procedure for sentencing hearings before a jury following a guilty plea [ see Ark. Code Ann. § 16-97-101(6) (Supp. 1999)]; the supreme court has permitted appeals relating to issues involving testimony and evidence that occurred after the guilty plea but during those sentencing hearings. 4. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — NO APPEAL FROM PLEA OF GUILTY OR NOLO CONTENDERE — THIRD EXCEPTION. — The third exception to the general principle that there is no appeal from a plea of guilty or nolo contendere is for postjudgment motions to amend incorrect or illegal sentences that follow guilty pleas. 5. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — MOTION TO MODIFY ILLEGAL CONDITION OF PROBATION — ANALOGOUS TO MOTION TO CORRECT ILLEGAL SENTENCE. — The supreme court views an order from a postjudgment motion to modify an illegal condition of probation pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-306(b) (Repl. 1997), after a guilty plea, as sufficiently analogous to cases dealing with postjudgment motions to correct illegal sentences; yet, in applying this authority to the case at hand, the court could not say that the exile condition for probation was not an integral part of the plea agreement; in fact, it appeared to have been a vital part of the probated sentence. 6. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — MOTION TO MODIFY CONDITION OF PROBATION — LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY FOR APPEAL FROM DENIAL OF. — The first reason why appellant's appeal was well taken was because the supreme court was dealing with a motion to correct a condition of probation, and probation often accompanies a guilty plea; it would be meaningless for the General Assembly to enact a procedure where a defendant could move to modify a condition of probation following a guilty plea but where there was no accompanying right to appeal from a denial of that motion; the supreme court does not construe acts of the General Assembly to be meaningless. 7. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — MOTION TO MODIFY CONDITION OF PROBATION — TRIAL COURT HAD AUTHORITY TO MODIFY ILLEGAL CONDITION. — The second reason why appellant's appeal was well taken was that Arkansas statutes provide that a circuit court may correct an illegal sentence at any time [ see Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-111(a) (Supp. 1999)]; because a person on probation is by definition not in custody, Rule 37 and its time requirements did not apply; the supreme court held that the trial court had the authority to modify the illegal condition of probation under Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-111(a). 8. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — ORDER ON MOTION TO MODIFY CONDITION OF PROBATION — FELL WITHIN EXCEPTION TO RULE DISALLOWING GUILTY PLEAS. — The supreme court concluded that the order in this case fell within an acknowledged exception to the rule disallowing appeals from guilty pleas. 9. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — EXILE PROHIBITED — BANISHMENT DEFINED. — Article 2, section 21, of the Arkansas Constitution provides that no person, under any circumstances, shall be exiled from the state; banishment or exile has been defined as an order that compels a person to quit a city, place, or county for a specific period of time, or for life. 10. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — PROBATION CONDITION REQUIRING EXILE VOID AS MATTER OF LAW — ORDER DENYING MOTION TO MODIFY CONDITION REVERSED REMANDED. — Where appellant was effectively exiled from the state for seven years; where, although she was permitted returns to the state twice a year for three consecutive days, such meager visits did not cure what was essentially probation conditioned on a court-ordered exile; and where exile was expressly forbidden by the state constitution, which rendered the condition requiring exile void as a matter of law, the supreme court reversed the order denying the motion to modify the illegal condition of probation and remanded the matter. 11. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — MODIFICATION OF CONDITION OF PROBATION — TRIAL COURT INSTRUCTED TO STRIKE EXILE CONDITION. — Where one of three conditions attached to a valid sentence of seven years' probation was illegal, but where the others were proper, and where, the modification of a condition of probation being specifically contemplated under Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-306(b), the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to strike the illegal condition; the supreme court remanded the matter with instructions to strike the exile condition of probation.
Appeal from Lonoke Circuit Court; Lance Hanshaw, Judge; reversed and remanded.
Jeff Rosenzweig, for appellant.
Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: Vada Berger, Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee.
Appellant Emma Reeves appeals an order of the trial court denying her motion to modify a condition of her probation which, she contends, mandates that she be exiled from the state. We agree that the condition requires her exile, and we reverse the trial court's order and remand the matter for resentencing in accordance with this opinion.
On February 14, 1996, a criminal information was filed against Reeves charging her with stalking in the first degree in violation of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-71-229 (Repl. 1993). On April 9, 1996, she entered into a Guilty Plea Agreement relating to this charge. The punishment agreed to by Reeves and her attorney included seven years' supervised probation with probation conditioned on immediate entry into mental health counseling, a requirement that Reeves leave the state except for two specified return trips a year of three days each, and a requirement that she have no contact with the victim or members of his family either personally or by mail, telephone, fax, or electronically. The condition of probation contained in the agreement, which is the focal point of this case, reads as follows:
The defendant is to leave the State of Arkansas prior to April 13, 1996 and shall remain in the Lonoke County Jail until she leaves and is to remain outside the State of Arkansas until after the suspended imposition of sentence expires. (For a total period of seven years). The defendant may return to the State of Arkansas no more than two (2) times per calendar year and for no more than three (3) consecutive days per trip. Upon returning to Arkansas the defendant shall notify the Sheriff of Lonoke County that she is returning to the State of Arkansas and where she will be staying while in the State of Arkansas. Defendant shall give the Sheriff of Lonoke County at least 48 hours notice prior to returning to the State of Arkansas. Defendant shall also notify the Sheriff of Lonoke County when she is leaving the State of Arkansas. First return trip to the State of Arkansas shall be after April 15, 1997.
On that same date (April 9, 1996), a judgment and disposition order was entered sentencing her to seven years' probation for first-degree stalking, with probation conditioned in part upon her remaining out of the state of Arkansas unless permission was obtained from the probation officer to enter the state.
The judgment and disposition order also made reference to a suspended sentence, but that issue is not before us in this appeal.
Reeves then moved to Washington State, where she entered into court-ordered counseling. On August 19, 1997, Reeves filed a Motion to Modify Condition of Probation or Suspended Imposition of Sentence pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-306(b) (Repl. 1997). In that motion, she alleged that the condition requiring her to leave the state violated her federal and state constitutional rights against cruel and unusual punishment and due process of law. She further asserted that it violated Article 2, § 21 of the State Constitution, which prohibits exile from the state as a punishment. In the alternative, she requested a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that she was detained by being forced to live out of state.
The State responded that Reeves's request for relief fell within the scope of Rule 37 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure, and because her petition was not timely, the court should reject the petition. The State also argued that habeas corpus was not applicable to this case because Reeves was not in custody, as the rule required. A hearing was held on the matter, and the trial court announced its decision in a letter to the parties:
The Court only carried out the sentence agreed to by and between the State and defendant, pursuant to a negotiated plea. This Court will not set aside a portion of the agreed sentence.
Additionally, I believe that [R]ule 37.2 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure prohibits this Court from entertaining motions for post conviction relief.
On April 13, 1998, a formal order was entered denying the motion.
I. Jurisdiction
The first issue in this case is whether this court has jurisdiction to hear the matter. Rule 1(a) of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure-Criminal states: "Except as provided by ARCrP 24.3(b) there shall be no appeal from a plea of guilty or nolo contendere." This principle has been endorsed by this court on many occasions. See, e.g., L.H. v. State, 333 Ark. 613, 973 S.W.2d 477 (1998); Hill v. State, 318 Ark. 408, 887 S.W.2d 275 (1994); State v. Sherman, 303 Ark. 284, 796 S.W.2d 339 (1990).
This court has, however, recognized certain exceptions to this general principle. The first exception is alluded to in Ark. R. App. P. — Crim. 1(a) itself and that is the procedure for a conditional plea of guilty. See Ark.R.Crim.P. 24.3(b). There is also a statutory procedure for sentencing hearings before a jury following a guilty plea. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-97-101(6) (Supp. 1999). This court has permitted appeals relating to issues involving testimony and evidence which occurred after the guilty plea but during those sentencing hearings. See, e.g., Hill v. State, supra.
A third exception has been carved out for postjudgment motions to amend incorrect or illegal sentences, which follow a guilty plea. See Hodge v. State, 320 Ark. 31, 894 S.W.2d 927 (1995); State v. Sherman, supra; Jones v. State, 301 Ark. 510, 785 S.W.2d 217 (1990); Brimer v. State, 295 Ark. 20, 746 S.W.2d 370 (1988). In Jones v. State, supra, we entertained an appeal from denial of the defendant's motion for jail-time credit after a guilty plea and modified the sentence to allow for the credit. In Brimer v. State, supra, the sentence following a guilty plea included a suspended sentence with conditions to be satisfied for a period of years that exceeded the maximum sentence for the crime involved. The defendant appealed from denial of her motion to correct an illegal sentence, and we held that the sentence was unauthorized and remanded the case for resentencing.
In Hodge v. State, supra, the plea agreement signed by the defendant stated that he had one prior conviction, but at the sentencing hearing, the prosecutor presented no proof of that conviction. Hodge, accordingly, was sentenced to forty years for rape, kidnapping, robbery, and theft. The State moved to vacate the sentence after discovering two prior rape convictions. The trial court granted the motion and sentenced Hodge to life in prison. On appeal, we said: "We . . . do not allow appeals from guilty pleas when the appeal alleges an error having to do with an integral part of the plea and its acceptance by a trial court. (Citations omitted.)" Id. at 33, 894 S.W.2d at 929. We concluded, however, that the appeal from an order granting the motion to vacate was proper because the discovery of other prior convictions did not involve an error having to do with the guilty plea itself.
In State v. Sherman, supra, we held that the defendant could not appeal from the denial of a posttrial motion to correct an unexpected increase in his sentence following a guilty plea, because the increased sentence was an integral part and a direct result of his plea. We observed, however, that the defendant had a remedy in that he could move to correct an illegal sentence under Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-111(b) (Supp. 1989) or our former Rule 37 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure.
We view an order from a postjudgment motion to modify an illegal condition of probation pursuant to § 5-4-306(b), after a guilty plea, as sufficiently analogous to these cases dealing with postjudgment motions to correct illegal sentences. Nevertheless, in applying this authority to the case at hand, we cannot say that the exile condition for probation was not an integral part of the plea agreement. In fact, it appears to have been a vital part of the probated sentence. Thus, at first blush it would seem that this appeal does not fall within the exception to our prohibition against appeals from guilty pleas.
Two reasons, however, convince us that this appeal is well taken. The first is that we are dealing with a motion to correct a condition of probation, and probation often accompanies a guilty plea. See, e.g., Ark. Code Ann. § 16-93-101(1) (1987). It would be meaningless for the General Assembly to enact a procedure where a defendant could move to modify a condition of probation following a guilty plea but where there was no accompanying right to appeal from a denial of that motion. We do not construe acts of the General Assembly to be meaningless. See, e.g., Snyder v. State, 332 Ark. 279, 965 S.W.2d 121 (1998).
The second reason is equally convincing. Our statutes provide that a circuit court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-111(a) (Supp. 1999). It is true that this statute was declared superseded by the time limitations in Ark.R.Crim.P. 37.2(c), which provides for postconviction relief while in custody. See Harris v. State, 318 Ark. 599, 887 S.W.2d 514 (1994). Here, however, we are not dealing with a petition for Rule 37 postconviction relief following imprisonment but rather a motion to modify a condition contained in a judgment of probation under § 5-4-306(b). A person on probation by definition is not in custody. See Black's Law Dictionary 1220 (7th ed. 1999). Hence, Rule 37 and its time requirements do not apply. We hold that the trial court had the authority to modify this illegal condition of probation under § 16-90-111(a).
We conclude that the order in the instant case falls within an acknowledged exception to our rule disallowing appeals from guilty pleas.
II. Exile
We turn then to the merits of this case and to the issue of whether Reeves was indeed exiled. If so, can her condition of probation relating to exile be modified?
Article 2 § 21 of the Arkansas Constitution provides:
No person shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized of his estate, freehold, liberties or privileges; or outlawed, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, except by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land; nor shall any person, under any circumstances, be exiled from the State.
Banishment or exile has been defined by the North Carolina Court of Appeals as an order which compels a person "to quit a city, place, or county for a specific period of time, or for life." State v. Culp, 226 S.E.2d 841, 842 (N.C. 1976) ( quoting 8 C.J.S. Banishment p. 593).
The effect of imposing banishment or exile as a condition of probation was discussed by the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1967. See State v. Young, 154 N.W.2d 699 (Minn. 1967). In Young, the trial court granted the defendant probation on the condition that the defendant leave the State of Minnesota and take up residence in Nevada. The defendant was willing to leave the state and said so at his sentencing hearing. The defendant then sought to modify that condition. The Minnesota Supreme Court agreed that the exile condition was void and said:
We are in accord with the great weight of American decisional law which holds that it is beyond the power of a court to impose banishment as a condition of probation. The imposition of such a condition is [a]void and separable part of the judgment of conviction. The condition is unauthorized by statute, is contrary to public policy, and is repugnant to the underlying policy of the probation law, which is to rehabilitate offenders without compromising public safety.
Id. at 702. But see State v. Collett, 208 S.E.2d 472 (Ga. 1974) (Georgia Supreme Court upheld condition of probation banishing the defendant from seven counties within the state).
We have no doubt that in the case before us Reeves was effectively exiled from this state for seven years. She was permitted returns to the state twice a year for three consecutive days. Such meager visits do not cure what is essentially probation conditioned on a court-ordered exile. As already noted, exile is expressly forbidden by our state constitution, which renders this condition requiring exile void as a matter of law. The order denying the motion to modify this condition of probation is reversed, and this matter is remanded.
We are mindful in this regard of the State's argument that a condition of probation is not necessarily invalid merely because it restricts a probationer's ability to exercise constitutionally protected rights. See Young v. State, 286 Ark. 413, 692 S.W.2d 752 (1985). The State also urges that the exile condition is not unduly restrictive of Reeves's liberty. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-303(c)(10) (Repl. 1997). Finally, the State argues that exile is reasonably related to the stalking crime and future criminality. See Young v. State, supra. We are not persuaded by the State's arguments. We view this situation as altogether different from the prohibition against nude dancing which was a condition of the appellant's suspended sentence in Young v. State, supra, and which the appellant argued impinged upon her freedom of expression. In the case at hand, the public policy of this state is set forth clearly, emphatically, and unmistakably in our state constitution, and exiles such as we have before us are expressly prohibited.
What remains for this court to decide are the instructions to the trial court upon remand. The State urges that in the event of reversal, this case must go back to the trial court for complete resentencing pursuant to the guilty plea. We agree with the State that the guilty plea should remain in place. We disagree, however, that resentencing in toto is required.
The State cites us to Meadows v. State, 324 Ark. 505, 922 S.W.2d 341 (1996), for the proposition that complete resentencing is necessary. In the first Meadows appeal, we remanded the matter for resentencing because the trial court suspended execution of the sentence rather than imposition of the sentence. At resentencing, the trial court increased the years of imprisonment and the term of the subsequent suspended sentence. The defendant argued on appeal that the trial court was limited to substituting imposition for execution and that the court could not increase his sentence. We affirmed for three reasons: (1) defense counsel agreed that resentencing, following the hearing, could be based on the full range of punishment; (2) a sentence is an indivisible totality; and (3) the remand was for resentencing and not for the limited purpose of substituting "imposition" for "execution."
In the instant case, Reeves has never acceded to complete resentencing but has only urged the elimination of the exile condition. In addition, we are dealing here with a valid sentence of seven years' probation with that probation being subject to three conditions. One of those conditions is illegal, but the other two dealing with mental health counseling and prohibition against any contact with the victim or the victim's family are proper. Modifying a condition of probation is specifically contemplated under § 5-4-306(b), and in this case the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to strike the illegal condition. Under these circumstances, we do not view Meadows v. State, supra, as controlling.
We remand this matter with instructions to strike the exile condition of probation. The trial court, of course, may impose additional conditions of probation, fines, or confinement in a local facility during the period of probation as authorized by Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-306(b) (Supp. 1999).
Reversed and remanded.